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Marius and Sulla107 BC General Gaius Marius was elected

consul.

He gave the poor jobs in the army and he paid them.

Once they were discharged he promised them land.

First time Rome had a professional army in which soldiers owed allegiance to their commander. Not to the republic.

88 BC The army that Gaius Marius built was used against him.

General Lucius Cornelius Sulla convinced his legions to capture Rome and send Marius into exile.

After 7 years of civil war Sulla appointed himself as dictator.

The army was now so powerful that he was able to take power away from the Assembly of Tribes.

(Violence Overtook Law)

Marius and Sulla

In 70 BC General Gnaeus Pompey and Politician Marcus Lincinius Crassus were elected consuls.

Pompey, Lincinius, and Julius Caesar formed a triumvirate in 60 BC. But this proved to be unstable

Triumvirate – A group of three persons with equal power to control the government.

The First Triumvirate

Caesar took military command in Gaul ( it was inhabited by the Celts). He conquered the Celts.

Crassus was killed in 53 BC in battle Trying to prove he was also a great military leader.

Pompey was afraid of Caesar so with the help of the Senate Caesar was ordered to leave his legions north of the Rubicon River and return to Rome.

The First Triumvirate

According to a legend:

Once Caesar arrived at the Rubicon River he saw an apparition that encouraged him to cross. He said to his troops “Let us accept this as a sign from the gods, and follow where they beckon, in vengeance on our double-dealing enemies. The die is cast.”

The First Triumvirate

By crossing the Rubicon River, Caesar committed treason. This in turn started a civil war.

Within 2 months Caesar had captured all Italy and driven Pompey and is allies out of the country.

The civil war spread to the entire Mediterranean region. Caesar and his legions were hunting down their enemies and overwhelming Pompey’s armies.

The First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar

Julius CaesarIn 45 BC Caesar took over the

Roman government for life.

His rule was like a monarch.

Under his rule the government:◦Gave jobs to the unemployed, public

land to the poor, and citizenship to people who lived in the provinces.

Julius CaesarCaesar added representatives

from the provinces to the Senate.

Julius CaesarMany Romans believed that

Caesar was a wise ruler who brought back order and peace.

Others, considered him to be a tyrant who strived to end the republic and make himself king.

Julius CaesarIn order to stop Caesar from

destroying the republic, a group of senators (led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius) assassinated Caesar on March 15, 44 BC.

Julius Caesar

BBC Ancient Rome

End of the RepublicAfter Caesar was assassinated his

18 year old grandnephew Octavian joined forces with Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus.

Antony and Lepidus were two of Caesar’s top government officers.

End of the RepublicOctavian, Marc Antony, and Marcus

Lepidus made a second triumvirate.

This triumvirate defeated Caesars’s assassins in 42 BC

They condemned to death hundreds of senators and thousands of equites

End of the RepublicThese three generals (Octavian,

Marc Antony, and Marcus Lepidus) divided the Roman world among themselves.

End of the RepublicOctavian took command in Italy

and the west.

Antony ruled in Greece and the east.

Lepidus controlled North Africa