Transportation

Biofuels are Reality –

Current Status and

Future Challenges in Austria

Gerfried Jungmeier L. Canella, M. Beermann, N. Bird, K.-P- Felberbauer,

M. Hingsamer, K. Könighofer, J. Pucker

7th A3PS Conference Eco-Mobility 2012 - Strategies, Roadmaps and R&D Programs

December 11 – 12, 2012, Tech Gate Vienna

Overview of Content

Introduction

Commercial Biofuels

a Reality

Advanced Biofuel

Future Challenges

Outlook

This is Biomass for Transportation Biofuels and Biorefineries

Biomass for Energy in Conflict with Other Uses

Biomass Food (e.g. vegetables, meat)

Feed

Bioenergy (heat, electricity, transportation)

Biomaterials (paper, construction material, cotton, rubber)

Overview Transportation Biofuels 1st and 2nd Generation 1) (pure) Vegetable oil

2) Biodiesel a) conventional biodiesel via esterification

b) hydro-treated biodiesel via hydration

3) Bioethanol a) conventional bioethanol from sugar and starch

b) lignocellulosic bioethanol

4) Biobutanol

5) Biogas

6) Synthetic Biofuels a) Fischer-Tropsch biofuels (e.g. FT-Diesel)

b) Synthetic natural gas (SNG)

c) Dimethylether (DME)

d) Methanol

e) Synthetic hydrogen

7) Biological hydrogen

8) (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil

9) Biofuels from direct liquifaction a) HTU-Biofuels from hydro-thermal upgrading

b) CLC-Biofuels from catalytic low temperature conversion

From Raw Material to Transportation Biofuels

Raw Materials

Agriculture

oil crops

starch crops

…..

Forestry

forest residues

thinnings

Trade and Industry

bark

cooking oil

…..

Aquaculure

algae

seawheat.

….

Conversion

Processes

Bio-chemical

Thermo-chemical

Physical-chemical

others e.g. hydration

Transportation

Biofuels

1) (pure) vegetable oil

2) Biodiesel

3) Bioethanol

4) Biobutanol

5) Biogas

6) Synthetic biofuels

7) Biological hydrogen

8) (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil

9) Biofuels from direct

liquifaction

Currently about 40 combinations

Raw material/Conversion/Biofuel under discussion

Development Status of Technologies for Biofuel Production

Source: IEA Bioenergy: ExCo:2009:06

Overview of Content

Introduction

Commercial Biofuels

a Reality

Advanced Biofuel

Future Challenges

Outlook

Global Biofuel Production

Source: IEA Biofuels Roadmap 2011

Litres not equivalent to energy

Bioethanol&Biodiesel Worldwide

Source: IEA Bioenergy Task 39 „Liquid Biofuels“

Two European Directives are Key Drivers for Transportation Biofeuls in Europe

RED FQD

Aims of the RED&FQD Directives

FQD - “Fuel Quality Directive“ 6% reduction in the greenhouse gas intensity of fuels used in road

transport and non-road mobile machinery by 2020

Austria 2011: GHG reduction by transportation biofuels 3.1%

RED - "Renewable Energy Directive” 10% share for renewable energy in the transport sector in 2020

Austria 2011:

• total transport sector : 378 PJ ( 100%) of which 29 PJ (7.7%)

renewable fuels with Biofuels 21 PJ (5.5%)

• Road transportation fuels: 330 PJ of which 6.3% are biofuels

Aims of the RED&FQD Directives

FQD - “Fuel Quality Directive“ 6% reduction in the greenhouse gas intensity of fuels used in road

transport and non-road mobile machinery by 2020

Austria 2011: GHG reduction by transprotation biofuels 3.1%

RED - "Renewable Energy Directive” 10% share for renewable energy in the transport sector in 2020

Austria 2011:

• total transport sector : 378 PJ ( 100%) of which 29 PJ (7.7%)

renewable fuels with Biofuels 21 PJ (5.5%)

• Road transportation fuels: 330 PJ of which 6.3% are biofuels

Biofuels are Already Part of the Austrian Transportation Sector 2011

Transportation biofuels:

425,000 t/a biodiesel to diesel (B7)

103,000 t/a bioethanol to gasoline (E5)

85,000 t/a pure biodiesel (B100)

18,000 t/a pure vegetable oil

diesel, 71.0%

gasoline,

22.0%

transportation

biofuels, 7.0%

Source: Biokraftstoffe im Verkehrssektor

2011, UBA; own calculations

3.1%-reduction GHG intensity of

road transportation fuels

Biofuel Plants in Austria

(Bioethanol) Pischelsdorf

(Biodiesel)

(Biodiesel)

Feedstock for Biodiesel Production in Austria 2011

Source: ARGE Biokraft 25. April 2012

According to ARGE Biokraft no

fresh palm oil use in Austria

Feedstock for Bioethanol Production in Austria 2011

Source: ARGE Biokraft 25. April 2012

Greenhouse Gas Calculation in RED

E = eec + el + ep + etd + eu – esca – eccs – eccr – eee [g CO2-eq/MJbiofuel] *)

E = (Efossil – Ebiofuel) / Efossil [%] > 35% (50%, 60%) E = total emissions from the use of the biofuel;

eec = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;

el = annualized emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change;

ep = emissions from processing;

etd = emissions from transport and distribution;

eu = emissions from the fuel in use;

esca = emission saving from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricult. management;

eccs = emission saving from carbon capture and geological storage;

eccr = emission saving from carbon capture and replacement; and

eee = emission saving from excess electricity from cogeneration.

Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into account *) values calculated in terms of g CO2-eq/MJ may be adjusted to take into account

differences between fuels in useful work done, expressed in terms of km/MJ.

The AGRANA Bioethanol-Plant Bioethanol capacity

240,000 m³/a

Bioethanol

up to 190,000 t/a

Animal feed (DDGS 3))

Up to 190,000 t/a

Liquified biogenic

CO2 up to 135,000 t/a

Raw materials

up to 620,000 t/a Dry maize

Wet maize 1)

Thick jucie (sugar beet)

Wheat

Triticale, rye, barley

Starch slurry 2)

1) max. 2 month during harvesting time; 2) by-product of nearby starch factory

(starting 2013); 3) Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles”;

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Bioethanol from Pischelsdorf

Without CO2-use:

42.0 g CO2-eq/MJ

Current greenhouse

gas reduction:

70% (58% - 87%)

Own calculations of Austrian

plants (2008 -2012) according to

RED-methodology

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Biodiesel in Austria

Current greenhouse

gas reduction:

58% (46% - 79%)

Own calculations of Austrian plants

(2008 -2012) according to

RED-methodology

Overview of Content

Introduction

Commercial Biofuels

a Reality

Advanced Biofuel

Future Challenges

Outlook

Most Interessting Raw Materials and Processes for Advanced Biofeuls in Austria

Processes Thermo-

chemical

conversion

Biochemical

conversion

Combination

thermo&bio-

chemical

Biofuel FT-biofuel Bioethanol Bioethanol & FT-

biofuel

Raw material (Black&sulfite) Liquor X X (X)

Saw mill residues and

wood chips without bark

-- X X1)

Wood chips of forest

residues

X -- --

Straw X X X1)

X…..most interessting;

1) Lignin for FT-Biofuel

Bisunfuel: Zuckerhirse als

Zwischenfrucht zur

Produktion von Biotreibstoffen

Anbau, Erntelogistik, Lagerungsverfahren im

Großversuch

Verfahrenstechnische Optimierung zur

energetischen und stofflichen Nutzung der

Zuckerhirse

Bioethanol- & Biogas/Biomethan-Produktion,

Futter- & Düngemittel

Ökologische Bewertung der Nutzungsvarianten

über den Lebenszyklus

Zukunftssicherheit von Zuckerhirse unter dem

Aspekt des Klimawandels

24

Sustainability Assessment of 13 Ligno-

cellulosic Bioethanol Concepts in Austria

Sustainability

Assessment

Aspects: Technical

Economic

Environmental

Green Bioethanol for Green Styria in a Pulp and Paper Biorefinery

„Feasibility analysis for the production of bioethanol

in the Styrian paper and pulp industry”

Integrated production of biofuels from wood in pulp&paper

industry many technical, economic&infrastructural advantages

Bioethanol from Sulfite Spent liquor commercial possible of about

0.6 €/lgasoline-eq., but amounts are limited 10,000 – 20,000 t/a

Bioethanol from wood still precommercial, bioethanol costs about

1 €/lgasoline-eq, demonstration plant next step

Greenhouse gas reduction 60-80%$

Funded by: Projectpartners:

Land Use Issues Could reduce soil organic carbon during first 20 years

Limited number of studies

Dependant on:

Reference use of crop residues;

Amount of crop residues removed

Crop yields;

Existing stable soil carbon content;

Climate; and

Clay content

Can be mitigated by (for example):

Increasing yield (fertilization);

Change of tillage practices; and

Returning ash to land

Biorefining Offering Synergies of Different Biomass Uses

www.IEA-Bioenergy.Task42-Biorefineries.com

Austria is participating

in IEA Bioenergy

Task 42 „Biorefinery“

With 12 Countries

National Task leader:

Gerfried Jungmeier

Algae - A Future Renewable Austrian Energy Source?

Optimal&efficient algae use: bio-refinery for bioenergy&biomaterials

Photobioreactors most promissing technology due to Austrian climate

Obstacles in Austria: climate: sunshine duration, temperature

area demand: no non-arable land in Austria, especially in the surroundings of CO2 sources

Contribution of algae energy in Austrian energy system

probably low medium term (“piloting”)

possible in a long term

R&D demand: cultivation

algae production with waste water treatment

harvesting

hydrothermal processes

upscaling

FUEL4ME Future European League 4 Microalgal Energy

Project funded by program FP7-ENERGY-2012-1

Project coordinator: Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (Wageningen, Netherlands)

Overall aim: Establishing a sustainable chain for biofuel production using microalgae

Making 2nd generation biofuels competitive alternatives to fossil fuels

Overview of Content

Introduction

Commercial Biofuels

a Reality

Advanced Biofuel

Future Challenges

Outlook

Direct (dLUC) and indirect Land Use Change (iLUC)

Direct Land Use Change (dLUC):

If for cultivation of energy crops a direct land use change takes place,

e.g. from pasture agricultural land. Direct effects can be calculated, e.g.

change of carbon storage pools.

Indirect Land Use Change (iLUC):

if existing agricultural land is now used for energy crops, which was

used for other product before. The demand for these products remain

and additional land is used causing land use change on global scale,

e.g. conversion of natural forests into agricultural land. Indirect effects

can be calculated after localisation, which is difficult on global level.

New Proposed Amendments in RED & FQD

Limiting share of biofuels from

food crops:max. 5%

Greenhouse gas emissions of iLUC

GHG Emissions of Bioethanol with iLUC-Factors of Proposed Amendments

GHG Emissions of Biodiesel with iLUC-Factors of Proposed Amendments

Austrian Options for 10%-Target on Renewable Fuels in 2020

34 PJ Biofuels

in 2020

18.3 PJ resp. max. 5%

biofuels from food crops

15.7 PJ advanced

biofuels

Biodiesel from fresh

vegetable oil

Bioethanol from

starch&sugar

7.85 PJ Biodiesel

from cooking

oil&animal fat

3.9 PJ biofuels

from wood&straw

Factor 2 Factor 4

Bioethanol Synthetic

biofuels

Energie-Strategie Österreich:

Expected energy consumption in transportation sector 2020

366 PJ of which 312 PJ road transportation fuels

Biofuel Demand in Scenario Analyses Total

Jahr Szenario

Biodiesel

fresh

vegetable oils

Bioethanol

starch&

sugar

Biodiesel

cooking

oil&animal

fat

Bioethanol

wood&

straw

synth.

Biofuels

wood&straw sum

1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a

2010 Current 471 106 48 0 0 625

2011 Current 475 103 48 0 0 627

Basic Biodiesel&bioethanol 677 210 92 0 0 979

Biodiesel cooking oil&animal fat 429 93 213 0 0 734

Bioethanol wood&straw 429 93 92 83 0 697

Synth. biofuels wood&straw 429 93 92 0 53 667

Combi-scenrio I 429 93 122 31 20 695

Combi-scenario II 429 93 122 125 79 848

2020

Advanced BiofuelsBiofuels "food crops"

Based on own estimations: October 2012

Higher biofuel blending necessary:

introduction E10&B10 (or higher) or dedicated fleets with high blending

Market introduction of biofuels from wood&straw

Conclusions

Austrian biofuels reduce greenhouse gas intensity of

road fuels already by 3.1%

21 PJ biofuels are 6.3% of the 330 PJ Austrian road

transportation fuels

Austria has already 7.7% renewable fuels on the market: renewable

electricity for rail transport and biofuels for road transport

EU targets 2020: 10% renewable fuels transport

sector + 6% reduction GHG intensity road fuels

Biofuels are reality in Austria and their

importance will further grow

Further increase of biofuel production in

Austria possible, mainly from wood&straw

Your Contact

Gerfried Jungmeier

JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH.

RESOURCES – Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainability

Energy Research Group – Energy Systems and Strategies

Elisabethstraße 18

A-8010 Graz

AUSTRIA

+43 316 876-1313

www.joanneum.at/eng

gerfried.jungmeier@joanneum.at