Trade and Empire in East Asia

HIST 10043/4/13

Industrial Revolution and Colonialism

• Independence vs. Dependence• Development vs. Underdevelopment• Industrialization vs. Exporters of raw materials• Colonies remain in dependent economies with

no opportunity to develop industry and high-wage industries.

Industrialization in Egypt

• 19th century, Egypt begins to industrialize following French colonial rule.

• Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)• Build up Egyptian economy and military independent of

Ottoman Empire• Importation of European advisors and technicians.• Shift to export cash crops to pay for industrialization.• Britain interferes to protect transport through Egypt.

Industrialization and India• World’s largest producer of cotton textiles, handmade by spinners

and weavers.• British colonialism in 19th century floods India with cheap British

cotton goods.• India’s economy focuses on exporting raw materials for British

factories.• British push railroad to move manufactured goods throughout country and bring raw materials to ports.• Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar: 1854, establishes first Indian textile mill in Bombay.

Qing Empire (r. 1644-1912)

Land Reforms and Internal Revolt

• Population increases led to increased urbanization and internal migration.

• Minority populations in central and southwestern China were pushed off farm lands.

• Northern nomads, especially Mongols, pushed off grazing lands.

Localized Authority

• Displaced populations lead to internal unrest• Weakening of Qing control in the provinces• Vigilante organizations take charge of police

and government.

White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)

• Began in Central China (mountains northeast of Szechuan province)

• White Lotus Society: Messianic Buddhist movement

• Sought the return of the Ming dynasty• 16 million people killed• Turning point in Qing authority.

The British and Opium in China

• 1729 – Qing attempt to ban opium• British merchants smuggle opium from India• Rather trade opium than silver• Smuggling creates price war, spreads opium use and addiction.

Qing, Opium, and Foreign Influence

• 1830’s: Qing debate legalizing and taxing opium.

• 1839: Officials sent to Canton to enforce ban on opium importation.

• Britain views ban on opium trade an attack on British interests.

Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860)

• Inefficiencies of Bannermen and lack of navy led to Chinese defeat. Lack of railroads made supply difficult.

• Treaty of Nanking (1842): Added four new treaty ports, Hong Kong becomes a British colony, and extraterritorial rights.

Opium Wars• Most-favored-nation status: Any privileges

China grants another country, must be granted to Britain.

• Expands rights of missionaries.• By 1900: 90+ treaty ports.

Europeans in Qing China

• Prevented total colonization of China.• Treaty ports become exclusive enclaves of

European merchants.• Drain wealth out of China through “Unequal

Treaties”• Spread of missionaries undermine Chinese culture and Confucian identity.

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

• Begins in southern China (Guangxi province)• Mixture of extreme social and economic division, often along ethnic lines.• Hong Xiuquan (a Hakka), believes he is the brother of Jesus after working with American missionaries.

Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace

• As movement grows, move from anti-Chinese to anti-Manchu

• Forcibly change many traditional Chinese and Confucian practices.• 1853: Rebels capture Nanjing, make it capital of Heavenly Kingdom

Taiping Rebellion

• Western missionaries visit Nanjing, do not see the pious Christian kingdom they had expected.

• Opens the door for Western intervention (in return for more promises from the Qing).

• 1856: British and French engage in attacks on rebels throughout China.

Aftermath

• 20-30 million killed• Years of revolt led many to leave China.• Immigration throughout Southeast Asia and to the

United States.• Britain and France demand roles in governing Qing Empire to guarantee their investments.

Aftermath

• Qing prefer working with the US• Hire American advisors• Send students to missionary run schools in

America.• Internal divisions and weakened Qing state =

increased foreign involvement in Qing affairs

Japan and the West• Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867)• Daimyos: Local lords were allowed to control their

lands and populations with little interference.• Closed society: the shoguns barred foreigners from

entering Japan or Japanese from leaving, under penalty of death.

• Hope to protect Japan from outside influence\invasion.

Daimyos and the Outside World

• Powerful daimyos, especially in the south, engaged in smuggling and pirate operations outside Japan.

• 1792: Russian and British ships appear near Japan, local lords begin building forces to face foreign threats.

• Increases independence of local authorities.• Satsuma and Choshu develop wealthy principalities far from the capital.

Commodore Perry

• 1853: American Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrives off the cost of Japan, looking to use Japan’s ports for trade and a refueling/supply point for American ships traveling to China.

• “Black Ships”: large steam ships impress Japanese• Perry delivers a letter requesting the opening of Japanese ports and promises to return in a year for a response.

“When We Landed in Japan”

• In Perry’s recollection of his arrival in Japan, how does he portray his meeting with the Japanese?

• What does the way the meeting progressed say about Japanese society in the 19th century?

• In what ways did Perry engage the Japanese?• What message did both sides want to portray to

each other?• Historians often say Perry “demanded that Japan

open its ports.” Is this reflected in the reading?

The Opening of Japan

• The Tokugawa advocate opening ports to the US, citing China’s defeats in the Opium Wars.

• 1854: Treaty of Kanagawa, modeled on treaties between Chinese and Western powers.

• Some daiymo disagree and call for the overthrow of the Tokugawa and the banning of foreigners from Japan.

• 1864: British and French shell southern Japan in response to attacks by daiymo on Europeans.

• 1867: Choshu and Satsuma daiymos openly revolt.

Meiji Restoration

• 1868: Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown, Emperor Mutsuhito (r. 1868-1912) “restored”

• Meiji (enlightened rulers) Restoration• Encourages transformation of Japan into an industrialized

country.• “Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world and thus

shall be strengthened the foundation of the imperial polity.”• Embraced foreign ideas, institutions, and techniques which would strengthen Japan.

Modernization of Japan

• Meiji copy Western practices (German government, British navy, Prussian army, etc.)

• Introduce Western postal and telegraph services, railroads and harbors, banking, clocks, and calendars.

• Send students to Britain, Germany, and theUS.• Adopt Western styles

Who are the modernizers?

Modernized but not Colonized

• Establishment of vocational, technical, and agricultural schools and imperial universities.

• State-owned enterprises to manufacture cloth and consumer goods for export.

• 1881: industries sold to private investors• Zaibatsu: conglomerates• Relied on foreign advisors, but sent them

away as soon as Japanese could fill roles.

Modernized but not Colonized

• 1855: Tanaka Hisashige builds a model steam train.• 1870’s import railroad engineers from US and

Britain, build a line from Tokyo to Yokohama.• 1880’s replace them with newly trained Japanese

engineers• Imperial College of Engineering: First professor of electrical engineering in the world

Letter to Mitsubishi Employees

• Iwasaki Yataro (1835-1885)• Financier and shipping industrialist• Founder of Mitsubishi Corporation• What is Yataro’s primary concern in this letter to his employees?• How does he view foreign corporations in Japan?• How does he see Mitsubishi’s role in developing Japan?

Imperial Japan• Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922): Japan must define a sphere of influence including Korea, Manchuria, and parts of China.• Vigorous military industrialization.• 1894: Sino-Japanese War: Japan forces China to leave Korea and cede Taiwan and the Liadong Peninsula .• 1900: Boxer Rebellion: Anti-foreign riots in China. • Japan fights alongside Western powers to put down rebellion.

Russo-Japanese War

• 1905: Russo-Japanese War: Fight over Manchuria • Japan defeats Russia and establishes a protectorate over

Korea.• Humiliating defeat for Russia, cannot keep up with other

colonial powers.• Tremendous victory for Japan, only fifty years after engaging

the outside world.• 1910: Japan annexes Korea• Japan enters the club of colonial powers.