TOURISM IMPACTSgrade 11

Types of Tourism Impacts

ECONOMIC IMPACTS

SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Economic Impacts of TourismPOSITIVE

1. Foreign exchange earnings2. Contribution to government

revenues 3. Generation of employment4. Balance of payment / trade

account balance5. Stimulation of infrastructure

investment6. Contribution to local

economies

NEGATIVE

1. Inflation2. Opportunity costs3. Dependency 4. Seasonality5. Leakage6. Enclave tourism7. Seasonal character of jobs8. Prostitution and the

underground economy

Tourism and its Socio-Cultural Impacts

Introduction to Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism

• sociology and culture• the tourist culture

• elements of culture

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

HANDICRAFTS LANGUAGE TRADITION

LOCAL WORK ARCHITECTUR

E RELIGION

GASTRONOMY ART AND

MUSIC HISTORY

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS DRESS

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

Relevant Cultural Concepts

ORIENTALISM

NORMS AND RULES

EMOTIONOLOGY

PRIMITIVISM

ETHNOCENTRISM XENOPHOBIA

Socio-cultural Impacts of TourismPOSITIVE/BENEFITS

• Preservation and restoration of cultural heritage

• Revival of traditional arts and crafts

• Cultivation of cultural pride and sense of identity

• Cross-cultural exchange

NEGATIVE/COSTS

• Loss of cultural character• Loss of authenticity and

meaning of traditional arts and crafts

• Commercialization of human relationships

• Potential misunderstandings and conflicts between residents and tourists

TOURISM & ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

TOURISM & ENVIRONMENT

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

1. Environmental awareness.2. Enhancements of local environment.3. Protection and conservation of wildlife.

ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS

1. Inappropriate development2. Loss of natural habitat and effects on wildlife3. Pollution4. Loss of spirit5. Overcrowding and traffic congestion6. Activities (affecting the natural environment)

Inappropriate development

• Tourism development may be classed as inappropriate if it fails to be sensitive to the natural environment.

• Long-term planning in environment terms should be done.

• Costa del Sol – had undergone a powerful colonization of modern kind, it had robbed the shore of its natural features, displaced headlands and harbors with badly made structures.

• Resorts in Pattaya, Thailand – considered to be overdeveloped.

Costa del Sol

“Environmental Awareness Raising”

• Tourism has the potential to increase

public appreciation of the environment and to

spread awareness of environmental problems

when it brings people into closer contact with

nature and the environment.

Loss of natural habitat and effects on wildlife

• Development of facilities and subsequent tourist use may result in rapid or more gradual effects on habitats.

• Trampling causes disturbance to vegetation and soil.

• Not unlike the Galapagos Island, 600 miles of the coast of Ecuador.

Wildlife can be disturbed. (cheetahs in Amboseli National Park, Kenya)

• The Loggerhead Turtle in the Greek Island of Zakynthos has become endangered. The development threatens the turtles in six ways:

1. Loss of beach nesting areas.2. Nesting females and young turtles disoriented by

artificial illumination.3. Noise4. Traffic5. Pollution6. Activities in water

Deforestation Effect of trampling Air pollution

POLLUTION

Water

Noise

Land (Solid Waste)

Air

Water Pollution

• Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater.

Air PollutionAir pollution is the

introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause

harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages

the natural environment, into the

atmosphere.

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human-, animal- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life.

Solid Waste

Solid Waste is also referred to as rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk depending upon the type of material and the regional terminology. In living organisms, waste relates to unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from them. (Caribbean Area)

Overcrowding and traffic congestion

• Happens when the volume of tourists exceeds the capacity of an environment.

• Overcrowding poses an increased risk of environmental damage through erosion and restricts visitor appreciation of the destination.

• Inappropriate parking • Congestion damages vegetation, causes erosion

and adds to localized pollution.

Effects of activities• Skiing/alpine tourism

- mountain ecosystems are generally fragile but many are prone to intensive use.- many view skiing as a damaging activity because it requires associated development, such as lodges, resorts, roads and cause severe erosion and deforestation.

Effects of activities

• Ecotourism- while the premise of ecotourism is to assist in conservation and well-being of local communities, it is often the case that ecotourism-based activities lead to deterioration in environmental quality.- proper planning and management is needed

Tourism, Global Warming and

Climate Change

• By 2050, tourism is expected to see its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions rise from 3 to 7%.

• KYOTO Protocol, adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. (highlights the expected impacts of tourism in the environment)

• Very significant because climate and temperature are important determinants of destination selection.

Tourism-related companies realized that turning green makes good

business sense. The German tourism industry experience.

Hotel Sector• installing water saving devices;• Abolishing individually

wrapped food items at the breakfast buffet;

• Using recycled paper and reusable bottles.

Resorts• Decreasing automobile traffic

in resorts, clinic and recreational zones by constructing parking areas outside of the central

Food should be grown in an environmentally friendly way

•Don‘t transport food around the world – buy local products!

Using nature to save

• Collects rain to flush the toilet

Buying locally

• Buys food from the local area

Tourism-related companies realized that turning green makes good business sense.

• Travel Agencies- Publication of brochure

offering tips and information on species protection and environmentally proper behavior to vacationers.

Tourism-related companies realized that turning green makes good business sense.

• Transportation - Use high capacity

airplanes to reduce noise and emissions of pollutants and fuel consumption/trains.

- “Garbage return initiative” LTU International Airways’ ecobag.

In the houseUse of solar energy- Replacing

regular light bulbs for energy-saving bulbs.

- Promoting bicycles for inner city transport

- Use of rain water

Tourism-related companies realized that turning green makes good business sense.

• Cities and Towns- Use of solar energy- Replacing regular light

bulbs for energy-saving bulbs.

- Promoting bicycles for inner city transport

- Use of rain water

CommunityDunedin City Council

• DCC hand out gloves and specially marked rubbish bags to volunteers who offer to clean up their area between August 22nd and September 2nd for “Keep Dunedin beautiful”.

• Offer yellow lidded wheelie bins to Dunedin households

References Tourism impacts• By Reymarie Oohlala, Lobby Ambassador at Pan

Pacific Hotel Singapore on Aug 04, 2013http://www.slideshare.net/reymarieoohlala/chap5-tourism-impacts?qid=2deaba2e-e6a5-4f47-9cf3-bb17e75c41ac&v=qf1&b=&from_search=4

Comenius 2011-Sustainable Tourism in Nuremberg• By Debreceni Bethlen Gábor Közgazdasági

Szakközépiskola on Oct 02, 2013

http://www.slideshare.net/dbgksz/comenius-2011sustainable-tourism-in-nuremberg?qid=750b7567-2e11-4004-8319-fb0ee0fc13d6&v=qf1&b=&from_search=12

• Energy Efficiency Dunedin City http://www.slideshare.net/davidsonkate/responsible-tourism-8889375?qid=0f2adbd0-34ea-4078-8054-c05ba9653e88&v=default&b=&from_search=2

Responsible tourism• By davidson kate on Aug 17, 2011 http

://www.slideshare.net/davidsonkate/responsible-tourism-8889375?qid=0f2adbd0-34ea-4078-8054-c05ba9653e88&v=default&b=&from_search=2