Transcript of Topic List by Dina Paykina A-Acculturation B- Bilateral Inheritance C-Conflict Theory D-Deviance...
- Slide 1
- Topic List by Dina Paykina A-Acculturation B- Bilateral
Inheritance C-Conflict Theory D-Deviance E-Ethnomethodology
F-Functionalism G- Goffmans Dramaturgical Approach H-Harlows
Experiment I-Institutionalized Discrimination J- de Jure vs de
facto K-Kohlberg Moral Development Sequence L- Looking Glass Self
M- Matza and Sykes N- Norms and values O- Organic Solidarity vs.
Mechanical Solidarity P-Primary Group Q- Question of Race R-
Rebellion S- Symbolic Interactionism T- Theory of Socialization-
Piaget U-Upper Middle Class V- Verstehen W- White Collar Crime
X-Xenophobia Y- Symbols Z- Zimbardo Prison Experiment
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- A is for Acculturation Acculturation is when two cultures
interact and they receive new cultural traits because of this
interaction. Acculturation occurred when Britain occupied India;
Indians learned English and other british cultures, while Britain
learned new types of cuisines and customs as well.
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- B is for B oomerang kids Boomerang Kids are adults who have
lived on their own but choose to return home and live with their
parents. This occurs with many college students after they
graduate.
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- C Is for C onflict theory The Conflict theory is the key to
class conflict. It began with Karl Marx who believed that society
is made up of two classes, the workers and the rich capitalists. He
believed that eventually there would become a classless society.
This is what the Soviet Union tried to create after the Russian
Revolution. However his idea works much better in theory than in
real life.
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- D is for D eviance Deviance depends on bonds between society
and individuals. The more bonds a person has the more internal
control he has. Primary deviance is the occasional breaking of
norms, such as teen drinking. Secondary deviance is when a persons
identity is centered around the breaking of norms. These are career
criminals.
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- E is for E thnomethodology Ethnomethodology is the methods by
which people make sense of everyday interactions. This includes the
rules of everyday behavior and conversations. Some rules include
standing a certain distance away from a person when talking to
him/her.
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- F is for F unctionalism Functionalism is the theoretical
perspective that focuses on the contributions made by each part of
society to the society as a whole. A change to one part of society
leads to a change in all of society. Manifest is the main intended
purpose while latent is the unintended outcome.
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- G is for G offmans Dramaturgical Approach Goffmans
dramaturgical approach states that every person is a performer. We
have rules of language and behavior. The front stage is the formal
stage and is what you want to be seen as in society. The backstage
is the normal, relaxed stage. This is how you act with close
friends or by yourself.
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- H is for H arlows Experiment Harlow created an experiment on
monkeys about social isolation. It was a question of nurture vs.
nature. The monkeys were raised by two different types of mothers.
One mother was made of cloth who contained no food, the other was
made of wire with a bottle of milk attached. The monkeys almost
always went to the cloth moms even when they were hungry which
showed that love did not come from only physical needs. When the
monkeys were separated into two groups, the monkeys who had the
wire mom were more violent, and could not function around other
monkeys. However the monkeys with cloth moms could. It showed that
nurture affected infants more than nature.
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- I is for I nstitutionalized Discrimination Institutionalized
discrimination is the routine negative treatment of different races
and sexes. The discrimination is usually tied into policies, laws,
procedures, or objectives for institutions. This includes the skin
color tax that banks use to keep certain neighborhoods
predominantly white.
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- J is for de J ure vs de facto De Jure means that it is required
by law. De facto means that it is accepted in society and is more
of a custom than a law. In the early 1900s, there were Jim Crow
laws that segregated institutions. However, once those laws were
taken down, there were still certain ways that segregation occurred
because it was so tied into the societys way of life.
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- K is for K ohlberg Moral Development Sequence Preconventional
Morality- birth- 10 years; children avoid punishment and are
obedient. They judge wrong behaviors on whether they will be
punished or not. They obey rules only if they are set by more
powerful people. Conventional Morality- 10-17 years; Children make
decisions based on what action will please authorities and high
status individuals. They think about others before making
decisions. They understand the difference between right and wrong.
Postconventional Morality- 17-adult; they understand that rules can
be used to their benefit and that they protect rights. They also
understand that rules are not the absolute law. They realize that
rules that do not serve societys best interests should be
changed.
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- L is for the L ooking Glass Self The looking glass self theory
was created by Cooley which states that a persons self image comes
from interactions with others and their perceptions. This makes
people believe what they are told about themselves.
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- M is for M atza and Sykes This theory, known as the Techniques
of neutralization, suggests that people resist labels. They try to
say that the victim deserved the crime rather than taking
responsibility. It is a way to try to justify deviance.
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- N is for N orms A norm is a specific guideline for behavior in
given places. Norms include raising your hand before speaking in
class, or shaking hands after a tennis match to show respect for
the other player.
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- O is for O rganic Solidarity vs. mechanical solidarity Organic
is the interdependence in an industrial society. Without each part
the society would not survive. There is a greater division of
labor; people work as a body have different parts, but must work
together. Mechanical is when people perform similar tasks. They
have shared beliefs and values; they all do the same job and
cooperate.
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- P is for P rimary vs Secondary group A primary group is an
intimate relationship; it is long term and is usually small with
continuous contact. A secondary group is more impersonal,
goal-oriented. This is usually a school group or work.
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- Q is for Q uantitative vs. Q ualitative research Qualitative
research allows a researcher to gain underlying reasons and
motives. They provide thought. Quantitative research allows
researcher to gather data and generate a result
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- R is for R ebellion Rebellion is when people completely reject
the goal and the means to achieve the goal. The people also create
a counterculture with new goals and ways to achieve these goals.
These include groups such as the Amish.
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- S is for S ymbolic Interactionism Symbolic interactionism is
how people communicate with each other through symbols. It
determines what should and should not be done. People interact
based on mutual understanding of these symbols. These are things
such as love, parents etc.
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- T is for T heory of Cognitive Development Created by Piaget
Sensory Motor Stage: Birth-2 years, learning comes from direct
contact Pre Operational Stage: 2-7 years, The use of symbols,
language and numbers is important, but role play is not involved.
Concrete Operational Stage: 7-12 years, learn to play games, take
turns. But they struggle with cognitive reasoning. Formal
Operational Stage: 12 years- Adult, intelligence comes from the use
of symbols and how they relate to abstract thought. They use
critical thinking.
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- U is for U pper Middle Class vs. U nderclass This class is
shaped most by education. Most members have at least a bachelors
degree. These people manage corporations owned by the capitalist
class. 15 percent of the population belong to this class, but
everyone wants to be in this class. Underclass is the lowest rung
of the ladder. They usually live in the inner city and have menial
low-paying jobs, if any. Many of these people are homeless. About 5
percent of America is in this class.
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- V is for V erstehen Verstehen means to grasp by insight in
German. Weber believed to understand human behavior, people should
use verstehen. It is like walking in someone elses shoes. To
behavior is understood best by someone who has experienced those
situations. It is important to understand how people interpret
situations in life and what I occurring to them.
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- W is for W hite Collar Crime A white collar crime is when high
status people commit crimes, usually within their jobs. These
include crimes such as insider trading, tax evasion, and
embezzlement. However these criminals usually receive shorter jail
time and go to nicer prisons, than those who commit robberies.
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- X is for X enophobia Xenophobia is the dislike of people from
different countries and they are perceived to be strange and
foreign.
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- Y is for S y mbols Symbols are objects, gestures, and images
that have meaning. They are interpreted differently by people.
These are items such as flags, peace sign, the cross etc.
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- Z is for the Z imbardo Prison Experiment In the Zimbardo Prison
Experiment. Scientists wanted to find out if brutality in prison
was due to violent personalities of the guards or the prison
environment. They took two sets of college males and randomly made
half of them guards the other half became prisoners. Within a short
period of time both groups settled into their new roles and the
guards harassed the prisoners. The experiment shows that people
will settle into social roles they are expected to play.