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Today’s ObjectivesToday’s ObjectivesCity-States in MesopotamiaCity-States in Mesopotamia
Summarize how geography affected Summarize how geography affected cultural development in the Fertile cultural development in the Fertile CrescentCrescent
Describe city-states and how other Describe city-states and how other cultures learned about themcultures learned about them
Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and Technologystructure, and Technology
Explain the influence of Sumer on later Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizationscivilizations
Where is Mesopotamia?Where is Mesopotamia?
Where is Mesopotamia?Where is Mesopotamia?
Geography of the Fertile Geography of the Fertile CrescentCrescent
• Living in Mesopotamia has disadvantages as well as benefits– No natural barriers– Limited natural
resources– Tigris/Euphrates
flooded annually & unpredictable(silt)
Sumerians Create City-Sumerians Create City-StatesStates
• Sumerians created city-states ruled by priests– Success of crops depended
on blessings of the gods
• Solving problems together was the beginning of Sumerian organized government– Build city walls,
irrigation, organized trade
Sumerians Create City-Sumerians Create City-StatesStates
• During war, military leaders take over.
• They eventually become full time leaders
Sumerians Create City-Sumerians Create City-StatesStates
• This concept of city-states spread to other cultures through trade– Surplus food allowed
trade to flourish
Sumerian CultureSumerian CultureSumerians believe that natural forces Sumerians believe that natural forces
and human affairs are controlled by and human affairs are controlled by many godsmany godsPolytheismPolytheismEnlil: god of clouds and air—among the Enlil: god of clouds and air—among the
most powerfulmost powerful
Sumerian CultureSumerian CultureSumerian society developed a class Sumerian society developed a class
structurestructureHighest: Priest & KingsHighest: Priest & KingsSecond tier: Wealthy merchantsSecond tier: Wealthy merchantsThird tier: Ordinary SumeriansThird tier: Ordinary SumeriansLowest: SlavesLowest: Slaves
What did each group contribute to What did each group contribute to Sumerian society?Sumerian society?
Sumerian CultureSumerian Culture• Sumerians make
advances in farming and architecture– Invented wheel, sail,
plow– 1st to use bronze– Developed a system of
writing– Developed a number
system in base 60
• The Babylonians divided the day into 24 hours, each hour into 60 minutes, each minute into 60 seconds
First Empire BuildersFirst Empire Builders
• Sargon of Akkad created the first empire by uniting the city-states under his rule, 2350 B.C.– 200 yr rule
• Amorites created a new empire in Mesopotamia with Babylon as the capital
• Babylonian empire: 18th-6th century B.C.
Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi
• Strict legal code of equal retaliation or an “eye for eye” used to govern Babylonia– 282 “laws”
Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi
Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi
• 1792 BCE, Hammurabi becomes king
• Conquers Mari & Babylon
• Hammurabi rules for 43 years– Conquers all the
surrounding area
Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi• Hammurabi is clever
administrator– Control his empire by
promising harmony and obedience
• Brings together all the existing laws from all over Mesopotamia– Becomes the “Code of
Hammurabi
Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi
• 282 laws inscribed on an 8 foot stela– Hammurabi receives
the code from Babylonia Sun-god “Shamash”
• Promote the welfare of the people
HammurabiShamash
Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi
• Code deals with aspects of daily life
• Administered by local judges
• Assembly consisted of free citizens who sat with judges– First juries
Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi
• Refelct the values of Babylonian society
• Babylonian class structure dictated different punishments for same crime based on defendants gender and social class
Questions
SphinxSphinxWhat are the cultural/religious meanings?What are the cultural/religious meanings?
What depictions have you seen in What depictions have you seen in American pop culture?American pop culture?
Geography of EgyptGeography of Egypt
Where is Egypt?Where is Egypt?
Geography of EgyptGeography of Egypt
• The Nile creates rich soil for crops and promotes Egyptian trade– Annual flooding (like
clockwork) left farmland rich
– Nile was worshiped as a god
Pharaohs, believed to be gods, ruled Pharaohs, believed to be gods, ruled the Old Kingdomthe Old Kingdom2 separate rules: Upper and Lower Egypt2 separate rules: Upper and Lower Egypt
Egypt Unites into a Egypt Unites into a KingdomKingdom
King Menes Capitol
Egypt Unites into a Egypt Unites into a KingdomKingdom
Upper/lower united under King MenesUpper/lower united under King Menes
3rd Dynasty known as the “Old 3rd Dynasty known as the “Old Kingdom”Kingdom”
White: UpperRed: Lower
Egypt Unites into a Egypt Unites into a KingdomKingdom
The pyramids, which were tombs for The pyramids, which were tombs for the pharaohs, reflected the strength the pharaohs, reflected the strength of the Egyptian cultureof the Egyptian culture
Egyptian CultureEgyptian Culture
Polytheistic beliefs (many gods)Polytheistic beliefs (many gods)2000 gods and goddesses2000 gods and goddesses
Flexible class structureFlexible class structureLower classes could gain status Lower classes could gain status
(marriage or job success)(marriage or job success)
Egyptian SocietyEgyptian Society
KingQueen
Upper ClassRich Landowners
Government officialsPriests, Army Comdrs
Middle ClassMerchants, artisans
Lower ClassLargest class, Peasant farmers
Unskilled laborers
Not locked into socialClasses
-Must be able to read and write
Egyptian CultureEgyptian Culture
Egyptians preserved bodies by Egyptians preserved bodies by mummificationmummificationEmbalming and drying the corpseEmbalming and drying the corpse
Tut
40 Days to embalm70 days until burial
HieroglyphicsHieroglyphicsEgyptian writing systemEgyptian writing system
Pictures stood for an ideaPictures stood for an idea““Owl” may have stood for the “Owl” may have stood for the “mm” sound” sound
Similar to cuneiform, it most likely came to Egypt when they begantrading with the Sumerians
Questions
Today’s ObjectivesToday’s ObjectivesThe AfterlifeThe Afterlife
Understand how belief systems can affect Understand how belief systems can affect other aspects of cultureother aspects of culture
See that information about a culture is not See that information about a culture is not limited to written sourceslimited to written sources
Understand why many different articles Understand why many different articles were buried in Egyptian tombswere buried in Egyptian tombs
Taking it with YouTaking it with You
Thought to provide the king with an alternative body for the deceased spirit
Jars holding internalOrgans (canopic jars)Qebehsenuef, the falcon head -- intestinesDuamutef, the jackal head -- stomachHapy, the baboon head -- lungsImsety, the human head -- liver
They believed they could only reach their full potential after death
Each person also has a ba. Similar to what we call "personality"
ba is represented as a bird
Each person also has what is called a ka, orlife-force Egyptians would bring food to a dead person's tomb as an offering to his or her ka
"Opening of the Mouth." This ceremony was to magically give the deceased the ability to speak and eat again it releasedThe ba and ka to the next world
Osiris is the god of the dead and the god of the resurrection into eternal life; he is ruler, protector, and judge of the deceased
Anubis: God ofembalming
Judgement
Warm-upWarm-upBegin preparing a list of items you will Begin preparing a list of items you will
need for the afterlife. At a minimum, need for the afterlife. At a minimum, use the following categories:use the following categories:FoodFoodClothesClothesEntertainmentEntertainmentFurnitureFurnitureCosmetics/toiletriesCosmetics/toiletriesHousehold goodsHousehold goodsPersonal belongingsPersonal belongings
You may list other categories—you decide!
Geography of South AsiaGeography of South Asia
The Indus and Ganges Rivers created The Indus and Ganges Rivers created a fertile plaina fertile plain
Geography of ChinaGeography of ChinaThe geography isolates China and The geography isolates China and
determined where early settlements determined where early settlements developeddeveloped
Taklimakn Desert
Pacific Ocean
Himalaya M
tns
Gobi Desert
Geography of South AsiaGeography of South Asia
Geography presented challenges for Geography presented challenges for the Indus Valleythe Indus ValleyWet/Dry seasonsWet/Dry seasonsMonsoons: Yearly floods unpredictableMonsoons: Yearly floods unpredictableWorld’s tallest mountains to the northWorld’s tallest mountains to the north
Civilization Emerges on the Civilization Emerges on the IndusIndus
Early Indus Valley settlers developed Early Indus Valley settlers developed farming villages along the Indus River farming villages along the Indus River (3200 B.C.)(3200 B.C.)Arrived by boat from Africa (?) 7000 B.C.Arrived by boat from Africa (?) 7000 B.C.
Civilization Emerges on the Civilization Emerges on the IndusIndus
Indus Valley cities were well planned Indus Valley cities were well planned and had plumbing and sewage and had plumbing and sewage systems (2500 B.C.)systems (2500 B.C.)Used a grid system and fortified citadelUsed a grid system and fortified citadelSeparate residential areasSeparate residential areas
Civilization Emerges on the Civilization Emerges on the IndusIndus
Ruins reveal the character and Ruins reveal the character and trading patterns of the Indus Valley trading patterns of the Indus Valley civilizationcivilizationUniform housing social divisions not Uniform housing social divisions not
greatgreatFew weapons conflict not greatFew weapons conflict not great
Indus seals in Sumer meant trade Indus seals in Sumer meant trade occurred between the twooccurred between the two
Mysterious End to Indus Mysterious End to Indus Valley CultureValley Culture
The Indus Valley civilization ends The Indus Valley civilization ends mysteriously in about 1500 B.C.mysteriously in about 1500 B.C.Indus River may have change course (no Indus River may have change course (no
floods)floods)Possibly overgrazed/farmedPossibly overgrazed/farmedPossibly natural disaster or attack from Possibly natural disaster or attack from
northnorth
Questions
Geography of ChinaGeography of ChinaThe geography isolates China and The geography isolates China and
determined where early settlements determined where early settlements developeddeveloped
Taklimakn Desert
Pacific Ocean
Himalaya M
tns
Gobi Desert
Geography of ChinaGeography of ChinaEarly settlers faced challenges as a Early settlers faced challenges as a
result of result of China’s geographyChina’s geographyHuang He (Yellow river) floods Huang He (Yellow river) floods Settlers more self reliantSettlers more self reliantNot immune to attack from outsidersNot immune to attack from outsiders
Civilization Emerges in Civilization Emerges in Shang TimesShang Times
Before Sumer, Chinese built Before Sumer, Chinese built settlements along the Huang Hesettlements along the Huang HeLegend: first Chinese dynasty is the XiaLegend: first Chinese dynasty is the XiaLeader: Yu—built first flood control Leader: Yu—built first flood control
projectsprojects
Civilization Emerges in Civilization Emerges in Shang TimesShang Times
When Mesopotamia, Egypt and Indus When Mesopotamia, Egypt and Indus Valley fell to invadersValley fell to invaders
Shang dynasty rose to powerShang dynasty rose to powerBuilt palaces and left written recordsBuilt palaces and left written records
Civilization Emerges in Civilization Emerges in Shang TimesShang Times
Shang society was divided between Shang society was divided between ruling nobles and peasant farmersruling nobles and peasant farmersWarrior/nobles owned the land sent Warrior/nobles owned the land sent
tribute to the Shang rulertribute to the Shang ruler
Origins of Chinese CultureOrigins of Chinese Culture
The Family was central to Chinese The Family was central to Chinese societysocietyChief loyalty throughout your life is to Chief loyalty throughout your life is to
familyfamilyHighest virtue: honor your parents!Highest virtue: honor your parents!Men, most important, made the decisionsMen, most important, made the decisions
Origins of Chinese CultureOrigins of Chinese Culture
Chinese communicated with gods Chinese communicated with gods through ancestor spirits and oracle through ancestor spirits and oracle bonesbonesQuestions written on the bones, then hot Questions written on the bones, then hot
poker applied priests “read” the poker applied priests “read” the cracks for the answerscracks for the answers
Oracle bones were the earliestform of written Chinese language
Origins of Chinese CultureOrigins of Chinese Culture
• China’s written language was not connected to its spoken language– Each character represent
an idea (not sound)
– Advantage: Everyone learned same writing
• Need to know 1000 characters to be literate
Origins of Chinese CultureOrigins of Chinese Culture
Shang artisans made silk and excelled Shang artisans made silk and excelled at bronzeworkat bronzeworkBronze used only for weaponsBronze used only for weapons
Silk was a symbol of civilizationSilk was a symbol of civilization
Zhou Bring New IdeasZhou Bring New Ideas
The Zhou use the Mandate of Heaven The Zhou use the Mandate of Heaven to overthrow the Shang (1121-221 to overthrow the Shang (1121-221 B.C.)B.C.)Natural disasters could spell the end to a Natural disasters could spell the end to a
rulerrulerEstablished the Established the Dynastic CycleDynastic Cycle
Dynastic CycleDynastic CycleMandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven
New Dynasty
-Brings Peace-(Re)builds infrastructure-Gives land to peasants-Protects people
Generations go byNew Dynasty becomes…..
Old Dynasty
-Taxes people too much-Stops protecting people-Lets infrastructure decay-Treats people unfairly
Old Dynasty losesMandate of HeavenProblems
-Floods, earthquakes, etc-Peasant revolt-Invaders attack empire-Bandits raid countryside
New Dynasty claimsMandate of Heaven
Zhou Bring New IdeasZhou Bring New Ideas
Feudalism led to increase local Feudalism led to increase local warfarewarfareZhou rulers gave control to local lordsZhou rulers gave control to local lordsAs lords grew more powerful, became As lords grew more powerful, became
less reliant on Zhou rulers fought less reliant on Zhou rulers fought among themselveamong themselve
Zhou Bring New IdeasZhou Bring New Ideas
War and the collapse of traditional War and the collapse of traditional values bring an end to the Zhou values bring an end to the Zhou DynastyDynasty
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