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CHAPTER 5BODY AS A WHOLE
Ms. Doshi
Organization of the Body
Six Levels of Organization:Chemicals Cells Tissues Organs Body Systems Organism
(atoms/ions molecules organelles cells)
Four main types of tissues
Tissue Function Photo
epithelial covering
connective supporting & protecting
muscular contracting
nervous conductingimpulses
Exercise 2-Match
Terms: Tissue or Organ Formation
Term Definition
dysplasia abnormal development of organs or tissues
aplasia no development of an organ or tissue
hypoplasia below normal amount of normal cells in the organs or tissues
hyperplasia above normal amount of normal cells in the organs or tissues
Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia
Term Definition Photo
anaplasia change in cell structure
hypertrophy above normal size of cells
hyperplasia above normal amount of cells
Terms
homeostasis
-internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body
stem cells
-specialized cells that are able to divide without limit
Example: bone marrow stem cells
Major Body SystemsBody System Major Functions
Muscular System Movement
Skeletal System Provides protection, form, and shape for the body; stores minerals and forms some blood cells.
Cardiovascular System Delivers oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body.; transports cellular waste to the lungs and kidneys for excretion.
Respiratory System Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide and some water.
Nervous System Coordinates the transmission of stimuli; transmits messages to stimulate movement
Reference Planes: Memorize!
Directional Terms (Quizlet pg 104)
Exercise 3
Exercises 4 & 5 (Ex. 5: Instructions are different in Korean textbook)
Other Terms
ambulant
-able to walk
recumbent
-lying down
Pronation vs. Supination
Exercise 6
Body CavitiesCavities: spaces in the body that contain organs.
Figure 5-7-Memorize (This is wrong in your textbook, correct picture is in Kakao Group)!
Fill in the Blank Example:
Exercise 7
Body Regions
The major body regions are:
Head
Neck
Torso
Extremities
Exercise 8
Combining Forms-MEMORIZE (Quizlet pg 111)
Exercise 9
Body Regions Terms I
Term Definition
thorax chest
abdomen between chest and pelvis
abdominothoracic adj. pertains to abdomen and thorax
abdominocentesis(abdominal paracentesis)
surgical procedureremove fluid from abdominal cavity or inject therapeutic agent
ascites abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum
thoracentesis surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of the fluids
Abdominal Quadrants
-used to describe the location of pain or body structures (of the abdomen)
RUQ: right upper quadrant
LUQ: left upper quadrant
RLQ: right lower quadrant
LLQ: left lower quadrant
Abdominocentesis
Ascites
Body Region Terms IITerm Definition
laparotomy incision of the abdominal wall
laparoscopy examination of the abdominal wall
laparoscope instrument used to examine the abdominal wall
pelvic pertaining to the pelvis
cephalopelvic head of the fetus and pelvis of the mother
omphalic pertaining to the umbilicus/navel
omphalitis inflammation of the navel
omphalorrhexis rupture of the navel
omphalorrhagia umbilical hemorrhage
omphalocele hernia of the navel (congenital)
4 types of hernias umbilical, femoral, incisional, and inguinal
Hernias (-cele)Hernia: a protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening in the wall of the cavity that surrounds it.
Body Regions Terms III
Term Definition
cephalad towards the head
cephalometry measure the head
cephalgia; cephalodynia headache
blepharal pertaining to the eyelid
blepharoplegia paralysis of one or both eyelids
blepharospasm twitching of eyelids
blepharotomy incision of eyelids
blepharoplasty plastic surgery of eyelids
Body Region Terms IV
Term Definition
acral pertaining to body extremities (arms and legs)
acrodermatitis dermatitis of extremities
acrocyanosis cyanosis of extremities
acrohypothermy abnormal coldness of extremities
acromegaly large body extremities
dactylography study of fingerprints
dactylospasm cramping of a finger or toe
dactylitis inflammation of a finger or toe
Body Regions Terms V
Term Definition
chiropody pertaining to hands and feet
chiropodist a specialist of the hands and feet
chirospasm writer’s cramp
chiroplasty plastic surgery of the hand
onychophagist someone who bites the nails
onychopathy disease of the nails
onychomycosis disease of the nails caused by a fungus
onychectomy surgical removal of the nail, also means declawing of an animal
Exercise 10
Read pp. 112-116
Do Exercise 10.
Exercise 11
Body Fluids IFluids are more than 60% of an adult’s weight.
Body Fluids IIFluid balance is maintained through intake and output of water.
intracellular fluid-fluid inside cellsextracellular fluid-fluid outside cellsinterstitial fluid-fluid that fills spaces between cellsedema-too much fluid in an interstitial compartment
Body Fluids (word parts)-Memorize!(Quizlet pg 117)
Exercise 12
Blood-IMPORTANT!!
Blood circulates through the heart and blood vessels, carrying oxygen, nutrients, vitamins, antibodies, and other needed substances.
It carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes.
Memorize These! (Quizlet pg 121)
Exercises 13 & 14
Blood
Blood is made of formed elements (about 50% of blood) and plasma.
Three formed elements of blood are:
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
blood platelets (thrombocytes)
Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming tissues, ex: bone marrow and lymphoid tissue.
Blood Coagulation
Exercise 15
Blood Terms ITerm Definition
hematoma localized collection of blood
hemolysis destruction of red blood cells
hemodialysis process of diffusing blood through a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic material
blood coagulation blood clotting (blood in liquid form changes to solid form)
fibrin forms in the clot
anticoagulant delays or prevents blood from clotting
thrombosis formation of clot within bloodvessels, can cause death
blood platelets cell fragments important for blood clottingthrombocytes
Blood Terms IITerm Definition
thrombopeniathrombocytopenia
a low number of blood plateletsRESULT: delayed clotting time
hemoglobin seen in erythrocytestransports oxygen to tissues
anemia number of red blood cells is lowhemoglobin concentration is lowRESULT:pallor (pale)tachycardiadifficulty breathingSOB (shortness of breath)headachefaintingheart failure
Blood Terms IIITerm Definition or Function
leukocytes major function: body defense
phagocytes cells that eat and destroy: bacteria, protozoa, cells, and cell debris
leukopenia, leukocytopenia a small number of white blood cells
leukocytosis a large number of white blood cells, -usually a sign of bacterial infection
leukemia large number of leukocytes
hematopoiesis formation and development of blood cellsblood cells are made in bone marrowBUTsome white blood cells are made in lymphoid tissue.
erythropoietin a hormone in the kidneyscauses production of red blood cells
MEMORIZE!
Exercise 16
Exercise 17
SELF TEST
SELF TEST
SELF-TESTQuestions 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9
SELF-TEST ANSWERS
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