T I B E T

A P H I L A T E L I C A N D N U M I S M A T I C

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

A C R I T I C A L B IBL IOGRAPHY CONTAINING OVER 5 0 0 T I T L E S OF T I B E T A N

P H I L A T E L Y , NUMISMATICS AND POSTAL AND MONETARY H I S T O R I E S

COMPILED BY

W O L F G A N G C . H E L L R I G L A N D K A R L G A B R I S C H

SANTA MONICA, C A L I F O R N I A , 1983

C O N T E N T S

INTRODUCTION

PART I - PHILATELIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

A ) PHILATELY AN0 POSTAL HISTORY

B) INK AND WAX SEALS

C) CATALOGUES

0 ) SELECTED AUCTION CATALOGUES

PART I 1 - NUMISMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

A ) COINS

B) PAPER MONEY

C) MEDALS

0 ) PRIMIT IVE MONEY

E ) CATALOGUES

F) SELECTED AUCTION CATALOGUES

INDEX

THE AUTHORS

Nos. 1 - 4 4 1

1 - 2 4 6

3 0 0 - 3 1 2

3 6 0 - 3 7 2

4 0 0 - 4 4 1

@ C o p y r i g h t 1983 b y G. A l e v i z o s , W.C . H e l l r i g l and K. G a b r i s c h

I N T R O D U C T I O N

"Of my total outlay for stamps I use

an average seven percent for the pur-

chase of philatelic literature - a

quota which contains more profit than

one would imagine"

The most favourab le response t o my 'Nepal P h i l a t e l i c B ib l i og raphy ' encouraged me t o devote a s i m i l a r book le t t o t h a t o the r f a s c i n a t i n g Himalayan land, T i b e t .

Apar t from var ious techn ica l improvements, t h i s second b i b l i o g r a p h y con ta ins one ve ry impor tant innovat ion, i . e . the a d d i t i o n o f a nu- mismatic sec t ion , compiled by Dr. Kar l Gabrisch, an engaged student and c o l l e c t o r o f T ibetan co ins and paper money. A lso inc luded i s a chapter on i n k and wax seals , a s i d e l i n e t h a t has always been most popular w i t h p h i l a t e l i s t s .

The present volume l i s t s over 500 books, a r t i c l e s and catalogues. pub l i shed throughout the wor ld ( i n no less than ten d i f f e r e n t l an - guages ! ) . A c r i t i c a l b i b l i o g r a p h y o f t h i s order should n o t o n l y be regarded as a complete record o f the e x i s t i n g l i t e r a t u r e , b u t i t should a l s o he lp i n b r i n g i n g c o l l e c t o r s and students i n t o c l o s e r con tac t w i t h the h i s t o r i e s o f p h i l a t e l i c and numismatic research from the ve ry beginning through t o the present days.

Each e n t r y shows f u l l b i b l i o g r a p h i c d e t a i l s and i s fo l l owed by a b r i e f comment so as t o convey a general idea and summary eva lua t ion o f i t s contents . The dates o f the va r ious pub l i ca t ions , the sub- j e c t s t rea ted , the numbers o f pages invo lved as w e l l as a spec ia l index a re a l l supplementary i n d i c a t o r s t h a t should he lp the reader i n s e l e c t i n g the t i t l e s bes t s u i t e d t o h i s i n d i v i d u a l requirements and i n t e r e s t s .

I s i n c e r e l y wish t o thank the f o l l o w i n g p h i l a t e l i s t s who have sup- p l i e d me w i t h numerous a r t i c l e s and/or u s e f u l b i b l i o g r a p h i c i n f o r - mat ion: Derek H. Bates, Richard E . Clever, Peter C o l l i n s . P i e r - r e Couvreur, Kur t H. Dahnke, F reder i c C.J. de Ridder, Les te r A. Michel , James Negus, L ione l R.F. P resco t t , John A. Randall . Ar- mand E . Singer, Roger D. Skinner. H.S. Whit taker and the L i b r a - r i a n o f the Munich P h i l a t e l i c L i b r a r y . On the numismatic s ide. Dr. Gabrisch wishes t o add h i s thanks t o N icho las G. Rhodes, Anno A. Remmelts and Bhupendra N. Shrestha.

Our spec ia l thanks go t o George A lev izos , whose encouragement, f u l l suppor t and keen i n t e r e s t i n research has made t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n pos s i b l e .

Bozen, March 1983 Wolfgang C. H e l l r i g l

P A R T I

P H I L A T E L I C B I B L I O G R A P H Y

BY

WOLFGANG C. H E L L R I G L

A ) P H I L A T E L Y A N D P O S T A L H I S T O R Y

1 ADGEY-EDGAR. W.H., 'A Rare T ibetan Campaign Cover' (The Stamp Magazine, Vo1.17, pp.232, 237; Jan. 1951) The a u t h o r r e c o r d s a n d - i u u s t r a t e s a n i n t e r e s t i n g F i e l d P.O. c o v e r , w i t h o u t a d h e s i v e s and er,dor-

sed ' s t a m p s n o t o b t a i n a b l e ' , f rom t h e Younghusband M i l i t a r y E x p e d i t i o n .

2 ADGEY-EDGAR, W.H., '1933 Issue o f T i b e t ' (The Stamp Magazine. Vo1.20, pp.159-161, 165; Dec. 1953) T h i s i n t e r e s t i n g a r t i c l e d e a l s w i t h t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f c u t t i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l c l i c h 6 s o f t h e 1933

i s s u e . Oppos ing averb beck's ' M a s t e r Die ' t h e o r y , t h e a u t h o r i n t r o d u c e s h i s own t h e o r y o f a ' ,%fa-

s t e r o u t l i n e ' p r o c e s s o f t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e s t a m p d e s i g n t o t h e c l i c h 6 b l o c k s .

3 ANON., 'The F i r s t Issue o f Th ibe t ! ' (The London P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1 .14, pp.175-176; J u l y 1905) A somewhat c o n f u s i n g n e w s i t e m r e g a r d i n g t h e LAHSSA d a t e s t a m p u s e d d u r i n g t h e Younghusband Expe-

d i t i o n .

4 ANON., 'The Chinese Post O f f i c e ' (The Times. 30 May 1911) A s h o r t c o n t e m p o r a r y a c c o u n t o f t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t and d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e C h i n e s e I m p e r i a l P o s t

O f f i c e , w i t h i n t e r e s t i n g n o t e s o n t h e s i t u a t i o n i n T i b e t .

5 ANON., 'Postage Stamps f o r the Forbidden C i t y ; The Proposed New Stamps o f t h e D a l a i Lama' (The Stamp Lover, Vo1.5, p.103; c .0c t . 1912)

R v e r y e a r l y r e c o r a and i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e r a r e D a l a i Lama p r o o f s h e e t o f t h e f i r s t n a t i v e i s -

s u e , e x h i b i t e d i n London , i n O c t o b e r 1 9 1 2 , p r i o r t o t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e i s s u e d s t a m p s .

6 ANON., ' T i b e t ' (Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung, Vo1.23, pp.62, 195-196; Vo1.24, pp.79-80, 84; 1912-1913) I n German. Four e a r l y a r t i c l e s d e a l i n g m a i n l y w i t h t h e 1 9 1 2 i s s u e and g e n e r a l p o s t a l h i s t o r y

o f T i b e t .

7 ANON., 'Ma i l s i n T i b e t ' ( P h i l a t e l i c Magazine, Vo1.37. No.11, p.401; May 1936) A r a t h e r u t o p i c n e w s i t e m o n a p r o p o s e d a i r l i n k b e t w e e n Lhasa and t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d , a s p a r t o f a modern p o s t a l s y s t e m e x p e c t e d t o b e i n s t a l l e d i n 1 9 3 7 !

8 ANON., ' T i b e t - e i n wenig bekanntes Markenland' (Sammler-Express, No.21, p.331; 1951)

A g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t ' s p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

9 ANON., 'Secrets on the Roof o f the World' ( P h i l a t e l i c Magazine, Vo1.60, pp.643-644; Aug. 1952) A g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y , w i t h e m p h a s i s o n t h e h i s t o r i c b a c k g r o u n d .

10 ANON.. 'The Present Posta l S i t u a t i o n i n T i b e t ' (China Sect ion B u l l e t i n , Vol.1; Nov. 1953)

A b r i e f n o t e o n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n , o n 1 s t J u l y 1 9 5 3 , o f C h i n e s e s t a m p s i n T i b e t .

11 ANON., 'Rura l Posta l Serv ices i n T i b e t ' (Peking Review, No.18; 2 May 1975. Repr in ted i n Journal o f Chinese P h i l a t e l y , Vo1.23, p.9; Oct. 1975) I n t e r e s t i n g r e m a r k s o n m a i l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n r u r a l a r e a s , i n 1 9 7 4 .

12 ARDIFF, V.L., ' T i b e t : I t s Pos ta l H i s t o r y ' (Mekeel 's Weekly Stamp News, Vo1.48, No.32; Aug. 1934. Repr in ted i n Stamp C o l l e c t i n g , Vo1.42, pp.487, 490; Aug. 1934) .: b r i e f s k e t c h o f T i b e t ' s p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

ARDIFF. V.L., 'T ibe tan Posta l A f f a i r s ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.32, pp.149-151, 178, cont.; Apr. 1936) This is a comprehensive, accurate and well-written account of the postal history of Tibet. ~t is one of the earliest serious studies on the subject. With some illustrations.

ARMSTRONG. D.B.. 'Tu rbu len t Th ibe t Viewed from a P h i l a t e l i c Standpoint ' (The Postage Stamp, Vo1.6, No.21, pp.223-224; Aug. 1910) The author describes Tibet's postal arrangements on the eve of the takeover by the Imperial Chi-

nese Post Office. A Younghusband Expedition cover is illustrated.

ARMSTRONG, D.B., ' T i b e t ' (Ewen's Weekly Stamp News, Vo1.22, p.3193; Mar.1913) The author gives a brief account of the 1912 issue.

BEACH, B., 'Fo rger ies o f the 1914 Issue o f T i b e t ' (Journal o f Chinese P h i l a t e l y , Vo1.5. p.72; Mar. 1958) The first record of the 8 trangka forgery, printed in red and blue, respectively. With illustra- tions.

BECKSTXDT, A., ' F i l a t e l i s t i s c h e Kostproben' (Berner Briefmarken-Zeitung, Vo1.38, pp.2-4; 1946) An interesting account of the findings of a German scientific expedition to Tibet, during 1 9 3 8 /

1939. Led by Dr.Schlfer, the party collected various philatelic items, including some 4 trang-

kas of the second issue. The article contains interesting notes on mail transport.

BECKSTXDT, A., 'Geheimnis T i b e t ' ( D i e Samnler-Lupe, Vo1.4, pp.206-208; 1949) The author gives important details on the British-Indian and Tibetan courier systems along the

postal route between Lhasa and Darjeeling. The article includes a map of this route as well as most interesting photographs of post runners and of the actual exchange of mails.

BECKSTXDT. A., ' T i b e t : 4 Trangha b l a u ' (Welt-Ring, No.9, p.23; 1949. Repr in ted as 'D ie b laue M a u r i t i u s des Fernen Ostens' i n Mergen- the imer Sammler-Post, p.157; 1949) Brief notes on the rare 4 trangka stamp of the second issue.

BERNHARDT, E. , ' D i e Verwendung i n d i s c h e r Marken i n T i b e t ' (Schweizer Briefmarken-Zei tung, Vo1.82, No.10, pp.377-381; Oct. 1969) An account of the British-Indian period. The interesting illustrations include two covers from

the Tibetan Frontier Commission of 1903.

BINDER, A., 'Mount Everest and P h i l a t e l y ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.60, pp.174-175; Apr. 1955) A general, illustrated introduction to Tibet's postal history.

BLOSFELD, G., 'T ibe tan ische Pos tve rha l tn i sse ' ( A r b e i t s m a t e r i a l Z e n t r a l e r A r b e i t s k r e i s Asien, No.1/2, pp.13-14; 1977)

A general introduction to Tibet's postal history.

BUDDICKER, H., ' E i n Zensurb r ie f aus T i b e t ' ( D i e C h i n a - P h i l a t e l i e , No.46, pp.29-30; Apr. 1980) The illustrated story of a censored cover, of 1919, sent from Gyantse to Sweden.

BOGGS, W.S. , 'Postage Stamps o f T i b e t ' (Stamp Review, Vo1.3, pp.408-411; J u l y 1939)

A fine and well-illustrated account of Tibetan postal history, with valuable notes on the postal routes and cancellations.

BRAUEN. M., 'He in r i ch H a r r e r ' s Impressionen aus T i b e t ' ( Innsbruck: Pinguin-Verlag, pp.162-164, 181, 232; 1974)

B r i e f n o t e s o n p o s t a l h i s t o r y , w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No .515) .

BRAUN, J., 'D ie B r i t i s c h - I n d i s c h e Post i n T i b e t ' (Die Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e . No.21, pp.39-50; N0.22, pp.35-46; N0.23, pp.51-62; No.25, pp.45-56; No.28, pp.37-46; Jan. 1974-Dec. 1975) T h i s i s a t h o r o u g h s t u d y , d e a l i n g p r i m a r i l y w i t h t h e h i s t o r i c b a c k g r o u n d t o t h e T i b e t a n F r o n t i e r

Commiss ion and t h e Younghusband M i l i t a r y E x p e d i t i o n . W i t h n u m e r o u s m a p s , i l l u s t r a t i o n s ( i n c l u - d i n g p o s t m a r k s d r a w i n g s ) and h i s t o r i c d o c u m e n t s .

BONING. P., 'P laudere ien uber Afghanis tan und d i e ind ischen Eingeborenenstaaten' ( B e r l i n e r Briefmarken-Zeitung, No.4, p.53; 1932) A v e r y b r i e f g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e 1 9 1 2 i s s u e .

CANE, L.B., 'The Stamps o f China' (London: Stamp C o l l e c t i n g , p.30; 1938) A b r i e f n o t e o n t h e I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e s u r c h a r g e d s t a m p s .

CHIU, C.W., 'Pos ta l H i s t o r y o f T i b e t ' (Ch iu ' s Supplement, Vo1.4, pp.60-62, 67-69, 75-78, 86, 89-91, 94-95, 97-98, 102-105; Vo1.5, pp.108-109, 116-117, 121-122, 126-129, 133-134, 143-144, 156-157, 162, 167; V01.6, pp.178, 186, 188, 196, 214, 226-227; V01.7, pp.253, 334; V01.8, pp.335-337, 352-354, 372-374; V01.9, pp. 380-381, 385, 286, 289-290, 302-303, 315; Vol . l o , pp. 354-355, 366-367, 374-375, 402-403, 408; Vol .ll, pp.413-415, 419-420, 424-425, 427-429, 433-434, 443-444, 450-452, 457-458, 472-473; Vo1 .12, pp.479-480; Aug. 1955-July 1963) T h i s s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s c o n t a i n s a w e a l t h o f i n f o r m a t i o n o n many a s p e c t s o f T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s -

t o r y . E a s i l y t h e m o s t r e l i a b l e and u s e f u l p a r t d e a l s w i t h t h e p o s t o f f i c e s o f t h e p e o p l e ' s Re-

p u b l i c o f C h i n a and p o s t a l r o u t e s i n T i b e t and a d j o i n i n g S i k a n g p r o v i n c e . Mos t C h i n e s e p o s t - m a r k s o f t h i s p e r i o d , h o w e v e r , a r e s o l i b e r a l l y drawn a s t o b e o f d o u b t f u l u s e to c o l l e c t o r s .

COOPER, J., ' I n d i a Used i n T i b e t ' ( ' I n d i a Used Abroad', 1 s t ed., Bombay: J.Cooper, pp.73-75; 1950. Znd, abr idged ed.. London: Robson Lowe, p.64; 1972) A b r i e f , i l l u s t r a t e d i n t r o d u c t i o n t o B r i t i s h - I n d i a n p o s t a l m a r k i n g s u s e d i n T i b e t .

CRAWFORD, A.M., 'Ob ta in ing Stamps i n T i b e t ' (Gibbons' Stamp Monthly, Vo1.24, No.7, p.81; Mar. 1951) T h e s t o r y o f a v i s i t t o t h e p o s t o f f i c e s o f Y a t u n g and P h a r i j o n g .

CRONIN, A . , 'Chinese Post O f f i ces i n Sink iang, Tannu Tuva and T i b e t ' (Journal of Chinese P h i l a t e l y , Vo1 .12, pp.86-90; Apr. 1965) A r e c o r d o f t h e o f f i c i a l U . P . U . l i s t i n g o f p o s t o f f i c e s , o f 1937 . T h e e n t r y f o r T i b e t s h o w s o n -

l y s i x f o r m e r I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e P.O.s, i n c l u d i n g Gyamda b u t e x c l u d i n g Chamdo!

DAHNKE. K.H., 'Der G.T.0.-Stempel von Gyantse' (Wolfsburg P h i l a t e l i c E x h i b i t i o n Catalogue, pp.11-12; Apr. 1966) A d e t a i l e d s t u d y o f t h e G y a n t s e t e l e g r a p h c a n c e l l a t i o n . T h e a u t h o r r e c o g d s a n e w s u b - t y p e w h i c h i s a c c u r a t e l y compared w i t h t h e b a s i c t y p e .

DAHNKE, K.H. , 'T ibet -Fa1 schungen' (D ie Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e , No.7, pp.23-28b; 1970) I l l u s t r a t e d n o t e s o n v a r i o u s f o r g e r i e s o f t h e 1912 and 1933 i s s u e s .

DAHNKE, K.H., ' T i b e t , se ine P h i l a t e l i e m i t i h r e n v i e l e n Falschungen' (D ie Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e , No.9, pp.41-45; No. 10, pp.38-59; No. 11, pp.55-65; No.12, pp.65-75; 1971)

A detailed and systematic study of the forged native stamps and cancellations. Several previous- ly unrecorded types are shown. With numerous important illustrations.

DAHNKE. K.H.. ' D i e Houston-Mount-Everest-Expedit ion 1933' (Sammler-Dienst, Vo1.22. No.24, pp. 1655-1657; Nov. 1971) The full story of the Houston Mount Everest Flights of 1933, with illustrations of the special

cancellations used on the occasion.

DAHNKE, K.H., 'Neues aus T i b e t ' (D ie Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e , No.15. pp.36-39; 1972) The interesting discovery, by the author. of a rare and dangerous forged cancellation, of Hol-

kar, with illustrations of the forged and genuine types.

DAHNKE, K.H., ' D i e ka ise r l i ch -ch ines ische Post i n T i b e t ' (Sammler-Dienst, Vo1.24, No. 10, pp.729-730; May 1973) A brief, illustrated introduction to the Imperial Chinese period.

DAHNKE, K.H., ' T i b e t - Handbuch und Kata log de r Marken und Stempel' (BayreuthIEssen: Forschungsgemeinschaft Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e e.V. Par t I, 84pp.; Apr. 1978. P a r t 11. 272pp.; May 1981. P a r t 111, 41pp.; Mar. 1982. P a r t IV i n p r i n t ) This is an in-depth handbook dealing with all aspects of Tibetan philately and postal history. Largely following the 1st edition of Waterfall's book, this loose-leaf volume contains a wealth

of information, numerous drawings and illustrations.

DAHNKE. K.H., ' E i n ganz a l l t a g l i c h e r B r i e f ' (D ie C h i n a - P h i l a t e l i e , No.45, pp.43-44; Jan. 1980) The story of a modern cover from Lhasa to Nepal, sent on a very unusual route via Shanghai.

DAHNKE, K.H., ' E i n etwas ungewohnlicher Stempel' ( D i e Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e , No.46, pp.31-34; Apr. 1980) A most interesting account of a modern cover from Shetang cancelled with a provisional, wooden

device! With illustrations of this rare cover.

DAHNKE, K.H., 'Zensurpost aus T i b e t ' (D ie C h i n a - P h i l a t e l i e , No.49, pp.12-18; Mar. 1981) An illustrated article on censored mail from Tibet during World War II.

DAHNKE, K.H., 'R -Ze t te l und Stempel aus T i b e t ' (D ie Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e , No.50, pp.41-43; No.51152, p.24; Apr.-Oct. 1981) Brief comments on registration handstamps and labels in use during the late 1950s.

DAHNKE. K.H., 'Das Postwesen i n T i b e t ' (C.C.Muller and W.Raunig, 'Oer Weg zum Dach der W e l t ' . Innsbruck: Pinguin-Verlag & F rank fu r t IM: Umschau-Verlag, pp.221, 238-241; Oct. 1982) A good, illustrated introduction to the postal history of Tibet. (Cf. bibliographic entry 548)

CASTUR, V.S., ' I n d i a Used i n Nepal and T i b e t ' ( ' A n I n t r o d u c t i o n t o I n d i a Used Abroad', Mysore: Mysore P h i l a t e l i c s , pp.46-48; 1977)

d brief introduction to British-Indian stamps used in Tibet. The author lists only 18 cancel-

lations, omitting such important P.0.s as Lhasa and Pharijong!

DE RIDDER, F.C.J., ' F i l l i n g Another Gap i n T ibe tan Posta l H i s t o r y ? ' (The China C l i p p e r , Vo1.45, No.2, pp.49, 63-64; Jan. 1981. Repr in ted i n Posta l Himal, No.25,

pp. 14-16; No.26. pp.19-20; Mar.-Aug. 1981) An illustrated article on the so-called official stamps. The author illustrates a reconstructed

sheet of the 2 shokany denomination, proving that it was printed in sheets of 10 subjects.

47 DIRECTORATE-GENCRAL OF POSTS, TAIPEI. TAIWAN, 'T ibe tan Posta l H i s t o r y ' ( ' P r i z e Select ions from the ROCPEX Ta ipe i e l ' , Ta ipe i , pp.191-196, 488-494, 590-594; Feb.

1982) C h i n e s e and E n g l i s h t e x t s . Genera l a r t i c l e w i t h a number o f i l l u s t r a t i o n s s h o w i n g s t a m p s

and c o v e r s o f t h e I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d .

48 DOUGAN, C.W.. 'Some Tibetan Postmarks' (The China C l ipper , Vo1.21, No.4, pp.66-67; May 1957) ~ o o d i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f s i x p h i l a t e l i c c o v e r s b e a r i n g c l e a r s t r i k e s o f some o f t h e s c a r c e r

n a t i v e p o s t m a r k s i n t r o d u c e d i n 1933.

49 DOUGAN, C.W., ' T i b e t ' (The China Cl ipper , Vo1.27, No.3, p.47; Mar. 1963) The a u t h o r i l l u s t r a t e s and d i s c u s s e s a le t ter , d a t e d 1 9 6 0 , i n w h i c h t h e D a l a i L a m a ' s S e c -

r e t a r y c a t e g o r i c a l l y d e n i e s t h a t t h e T i b e t a n Government h a d e v e r i s s u e d t h e s o - c a l l e d o f -

f i c i a l s t a m p s .

50 DOUGAN, C.W. and RUSSELL, G.S., 'Notes on the Postmarks o f t h e Peoples' Government Post i n T i b e t ' (The China Cl ipper , Vo1.20, pp.51-55; Mar. 1956) An e a r l y l i s t i n g o f t h e C h i n e s e p o s t m a r k s o f t h e 1 9 5 0 s . w i t h c l u m s y d r a w i n g s . I n c l u d e d i s

a u s e f u l t a b l e o f p o s t a l r a t e s and m a i l t r a n s i t t i m e s .

51 EHLERDING, C.W., ' Chinese-Tibetan B i -L ingua l Postmarks' (Journal o f Chinese P h i l a t e l y . Vo1.17, No.1, pp.4a, 12-19; No.3, pp.54-58; No.4, pp.84- 87; Oct. 1969-Apr. 1970) A u s e f u l , i l l u s t r a t e d a c c o u n t o f t h e p o s t a l m a r k i n g s i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e C h i n e s e P o s t O f f i c e ,

i n t h e 1950s . The a r t i c l e i n c l u d e s d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e T i b e t a n a s w e l l a s C h i n e s e

s p e l l i n g s o f some 1 0 0 p o s t o f f i c e s , g r o u p e d i n d i f f e r e n t t a b l e s . T h e T i b e t a n a l p h a b e t and

n u m e r a l s a r e a l s o shown.

52 EHLERDING. C.W., 'Zweisprachige Inlandstempel irn modernen China; T i b e t s Orts-Post-Stem- pel ' (Sammler-Dienst, Vo1.20, No.10, pp.642-645; No. 11, pp.716-717; No.12, pp.786-787; May- Jun. 1969. Repr in ted i n D i e Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e , No.8, pp.36, 42-48; Oct . 1970) T h i s a r t i c l e i s s i m i l a r t o t h e p r e c e d i n g o n e a n d f e a t a r e s t h e same i l l u s t r a t i o n s , b u t i n a much r e d u c e d s i z e .

53 EHLERDING. C.W., 'Merkwurdigkei ten g i b t es immer w ieder ' (Die Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e . No.19, p.52; 1973) A d e s c r i p t i o n o f a s e t o f l a b e l s d e p i c t i n g T i b e t a n a n i m a l s . T h e l a b e l s , w h i c h w e r e i s s u e d b y t h e T i b e t a n Government i n e x i l e , a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

54 EHLERDING, C.W., 'E ine n e t t e T i b e t - S p e z i a l i t a t ' (Die China-Phi l a t e 1 i e , No.20, pp.43-44; 1973) An i l l u s t r a t e d a c c o u n t o f t h e t h r e e e s s a y s f o r T i b e t a n s t a m p s p r e p a r e d b y ~ e i n r i c h H a r r e r , i n 1 9 4 9 , when h e was i n L h a s a .

55 FXRNSTRUM, N., 'Nagot om d e t Dkanda Landet T i b e t s Fr imarken ' (Nord isk F i l a t e l i , No.2, pp.43, 45; 1953) d S w e d i s h a r t i c l e o n T i b e t ' s p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

56 GAZE, R.H., 'A T ibe tan Problem' (The Great Wal l , Vol .l, No.1, pp.9-12; 1956) d n i n t e r e s t i n g a r t i c l e o n t h e i s s u e o f 1 9 3 3 . T h e a u t h o r d i s c u s s e s d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f cli-

c h b f l a w s , p o s s i b l e f l a w r e p a i r s and p l a t i n g p r o b l e m s .

GAZE, R.H.. ' T i b e t - Forger ies of the One Sang. and o the r Dark Mat te rs ' (The Great Wall , Vol.1, No.2, pp.23, 30-32; Jan. 1957) T h e a u t h o r a n n o u n c e s h i s d i s c o v e r y o f t h e I s a n g f o r g e r i e s , p r i n t e d i n v a r i o u s c o l o u r o .

Some f o r g e r i e s o f t h e 1912 i s s u e a r e d i s c u s s e d a s w e l l . An i n t e r e s t i n g a r t i c l e , w i t h good i l l u s t r a t i o n s ( i n c l u d i n g used and u n u s e d s h e e t s o f t h e 1 s a n g f o r g e r y ) .

GEE, S.W., 'Mount Everes t ' ( I n d i a Post, Vo1.12, No.3, pp.58-59; J u l y 1978) A g e n e r a l a c c o u n t o f t h e p o s t a l h i s t o r y o f Mount E v e r e s t E x p e d i t i o n s .

GLASGOW, E.. 'Uneasy Seclus ion i n T i b e t ' (Gibbons' Stamp Monthly, Vo1.24, No.4, pp.38-40; Oec. 1950) A g e n e r a l , h i s t o r i c i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t .

GOLTERMANN, P., ' T i b e t ' (Deutsche Br ie fmarken-Zei tung, Vo1.26, pp.14-15, 23-26; 1915) German t e x t . One o f t h e e a r l i e s t a c c o u n t s o f T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y , w i t h n o t e s o n t h e

p o s t a l r o u t e s and i n t e r e s t i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f p o s t a l m a r k i n g s o f t h e B r i t i s h - I n d i a n , Im-

p e r i a l C h i n e s e and n a t i v e T i b e t a n p e r i o d s .

GREEN, M., 'Cover T e l l s Two-Part T ibetan Ta le ' (Stamp C o l l e c t o r , Vo1.53, p.38; Vo1.54, p.4; Aug.-Sep.1979. Repr in ted i n Posta l Himal, No.25, pp.12-13; Mar. 1981) T h e s t o r y o f a c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n a n Amer ican and a T i b e t a n j o u r n a l i s t , i n t h e 1 9 3 0 s .

HXGER, U., ' T i b e t meldet s i c h wieder ' (Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung. No.15, p.2531; Nov.1972) N o t e s o n t h e l a b e l s i s s u e d i n 1972 b y t h e T i b e t a n Government i n e x i l e .

HALL, B.R., 'A Study i n t h e Stamps o f T h i b e t ' (Stamp C o l l e c t i n g , Vo1.51, pp.487, 520, 549, 551, 575, 577; Jan.-Feb.1939) T h i s s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s o n t h e 1912 and 1933 i s s u e s c o n t a i n s t h e f i r s t m e n t i o n o f f o r g e r i e s o f t h e l a t t e r , h e r e e r r o n e o u s l y l i s t e d a s a g e n u i n e ' l i t h o g r a p h e d i s s u e ' . T h e s i d e w a y s

c l i c h 6 f o r g e r y o f t h e 1 t r a n g k a , 1933 i s s u e , i s i l l u s t r a t e d .

HAVERBECK, H.D.S., ' S o l v i n g the Mystery o f an E a r l y T ibetan Postmark' ( S c o t t ' s Month ly Journal , Vo1 .29, No.8. pp.233, 252; Nov. 1948) A b r i e f , i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n t h e f r e t - t y p e c a n c e l l a t i o n s o f Phar i and S h i g a t s e .

HAVERBECK, H.D.S., 'The Postage Stamps and Posta l H i s t o r y o f T i b e t ' (The C o l l e c t o r s Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.31, No.2, pp.61-82; No.3, pp.137-151; No.4, pp.197- 210; Mar.-July 1952. Pub1 ished as a handbook, New York: C o l l e c t o r s Club; 1 s t ed.. Sep. 1952; 2nd ed.. 1958; 80pp.) T h i s i s a d e t a i l e d h a n d b o o k i n w h i c h t h e a u t h o r g i v e s a c o m p r e h e n s i v e and s y s t e m a t i c a c -

c o u n t o f T i b e t a n p h i l a t e l y and p o s t a l h i s t o r y . Based o n t h e s t u d i e s b y Newman, Holmes and R u s s e l l , t h i s work i s p a r t i c u l a r l y h e l p f u l a s i t c o n t a i n s a l a r g e number o f e x c e l l e n t i l -

l u s t r a t i o n s . T h e 2nd e d i t i o n i s much i m p r o v e d and e n l a r g e d .

HAVERBECK, H.D.S.. ' T i b e t ' (The China C l ipper , Vo1.17, No.6, p.81; Sep. 1953) N o t e s o n t h e o p e n i n g o f C h i n e s e p o s t o f f i c e s , o n 1 s t J u l y 1953 .

HAVERBECK, H.D.S., 'New Stamps from T i b e t ' (The China C l ipper , Vol . l a , No.2, pp.27-28; Jan. 1954) An i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n t h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e s o - c a l l e d o f f i c i a l s t a m p s o f T i b e t .

68 HAVERBECK. H.D.S.. ' T i b e t - Fur the r D iscover ies ' (The Co l lec to rs Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.33, No.2, pp.81-88; Mar. 1954)

his i s a m a j o r s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e 1 s t e d i t i o n o f t h e a u t h o r ' s h a n d b o o k . I t d e a l s p r i m a r i -

l y w i t h t h e I s a n g and t h e o f f i c i a l s t a m p s and i s w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d .

69 HAVERBECK, H.D.S.. 'The Chinese Post O f f i c e i n T i b e t ' (The China Cl ipper , Vo1.18, No.4, pp.59, 65; May 1954. Repr in ted i n Stamp C o l l e c t i n g ,

Vol.B2, p.549; Ju l . 1954. Repr in ted i n P h i l a t e l i c Journal o f I n d i a , Vo1.88, No.9, pp. 145-146; Sep. 1954) A b r i e f a r t i c l e o n t h e p o s t a l a f f a i r s o f T i b e t f o l l o w i n g t h e C h i n e s e o c c u p a t i o n o f 1951 .

70 HAVERBECK. H.D.S., ' T i b e t ' (The Co l lec to rs Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.38, No.6, pp.302-304; Nov. 1959)

T h i s a r t i c l e d e a l s w i t h a l e c t u r e o n t h e p o s t a l h i s t o r y o f T i b e t .

71 HAVERBECK, H.D.S.. 'The Long Way t o T i b e t ' (The Co l lec to rs Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.54, No.6, p.348; NoV. 1975) The a u t h o r r e p o r t s and i l l u s t r a t e s a c o v e r , o f 1 9 1 1 , f rom M o n g o l i a t o T i b e t , t h a t t r a v e l -

l e d a n unusual r o u t e v i a P e k i n g and C a l c u t t a .

72 HEIN, 0.. 'Das Postwesen T i b e t s ' (Sammler-Dienst, Vol .ll. No.26, pp. 1222-1225; Dec. 1960) A g e n e r a l a r t i c l e ' o n t h e p o s t a l h i s t o r y o f T i b e t .

73 HELLRIGL. W.C.. 'Fo rger ies o f the Chinese Post O f f i c e s i n T i b e t ' (The China Cl ipper , Vo1.42, No.6, pp. 198-201; Sep. 1978) A w e l l - i l l u s t r a t e d a c c o u n t o f f o r g e d I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e s u r c h a r g e s and c a n c e l l a t i o n s , w i t h

d e t a i l e d c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n t h e g e n u i n e and t h e f o r g e d t y p e s .

74 HELLRIGL, W.C.. 'A T ibetan Phantasy' (Journal o f Chinese P h i l a t e l y , Vo1.25, No.6, pp.121-122; Vo1.26, No.2, pp.29-30; Aug.- Dec. 1978) N o t e s o n a f o r g e d Lhasa c a n c e l l a t i o n u s e d t o c a n c e l a b o g u s 3 t r a n g k a s t a m p . W i t h i l l u s t -

r a t i o n s .

75 HELLRIGL, W.C., ' T i b e t - A Unique Posta l Mark ing ' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.45, No.3, pp.74-75; Dec. 1978) The d i s c o v e r y o f a ' T e m p o r a r y P.O. Y' p o s t a g e - d u e h a n d s t a m p o f G y a n t s e . W i t h I l l u s t r a - t i o n s .

76 HELLRIGL, W.C., ' T i b e t , 1933 Issue - Recent D iscover ies ' (The China C l ipper , Vo1.43, No.2, pp.49, 56-57; Jan. 1979) N o t e s o n some u n r e c o r d e d p r i n t i n g s t a t e s and s h a d e s o f t h e 1 9 3 3 i s s u e . W i t h a n i l l u s t r a - t i o n o f a new s t a t e o f a 2 / 3 t r a n g k a s e t t i n g .

77 HELLRIGL. W.C.. 'The Proposed China-Tibet Pos ta l L i n k by means o f t h e I n d i a n Post O f f i c e , 1909-1912' (The China C l ipper , Vo1.43, No.4, pp.117, 119-126; No.5, p.162; Mar. -Ju ly 1979) A v e r y d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f t h e p r o p o s a l , b y C h i n a , t o e s t a b l i s h p o s t a l c o n m r u n i c a t i o n s be- t w e e n h e r s e l f and T i b e t , b y m e a n s o f t h e I n d i a n P o s t O f f i c e . W i t h i m p o r t a n t d e t a i l s o n t h e h i s t o r i c b a c k g r o u n d o f t h e 1909-1912 p e r i o d .

78 HELLRIGL, W.C., 'The H i s t o r y o f the Pos ta l Routes Between Lhasa and Kathmandu' ( I n d Oak, Vo1.3, No.5, pp.95, 99-103; No.6, pp.123-129; May-June 1979) A c o m p r e h e n s i v e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p o s t a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n s b e t w e e n T i b e t and N e p a l . T h e a r - t ic le c o n t a i n s maps and f u l l d e t a i l s o f t h e t w o m a i n p o s t a l r o u t e s , i . e . v i a K u t i a n d Ya-

t u n g , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

HELLRIGL. W.C.. 'Notes on T i b e t ' ( I n d Dak, Vo1.4. No.1/2. pp.31-35; Jan. 1980) Recording a new so-called 'official stamp'. a customs seal, a Lhasa Court seal and a em- porary P.O. postage-due handstamp, all of which are illustrated.

HELLRIGL, W.C., 'Three E a r l y T ibe tan Cancel la t ions Re-Discovered' (The China C l ipper . Vo1.44, No.6. pp.179-185; Sep. 1980) The detailed and well-illustrated story of the flower-ornament cancellations of Dechen,

Cyamda and Medagongkur. Formerly believed to be forgeries. they are now restored as ori- ginals, by the author.

HELLRIGL, W.C., ' D i e einheimischen Poststempel von T i b e t ' ( Ind ien-Repor t , spec ia l number ' 10 Jahre Ind ien-Repor t ' , pp.91-99; Sep. 1980. Indien-Re- p o r t . No.32, pp.39-40; June 1981) A complete summary of the native postal markings of Tibet, 70 of which are drawn in actual size. A considerable number of forwarding handstamps are recorded for the first time.

HELLRIGL, W.C., 'Chinese/Tibetan Censorship o f a Nepalese Stamp Issue ' (Pos ta l Himal, Nos.27/28. pp.44-45; Dec. 1981) The unusual story of the censorship, by the Chinese authorities of Tibet, of the Nepalese

'Freedom-from Hunger' issue. With illustrations of three censored covers addressed to Ti- bet.

HELLRIGL, W.C., 'More T i b e t Fo rger ies ' (Pos ta l Himal. No.30, pp.24-26; 2nd Quar te r 1982) An illustrated article dealing with unrecorded forgeries and forged cancellations.

HELLRIGL, W.C., ' T i b e t - A Regis tered 8 Trangka Cover' (Pos ta l Himal , No.32, pp.61-62; Mar. 1983) An illustrated article on what is probably the earliest 8 trangka cover in existence as

well as being the only known second issue cover bearing a registration handstamp.

HEPPER, C., 'Stamps, Covers and Cachets from t h e Nepal Himalayas' (Stamp C o l l e c t i n g , Vo1.130, pp.901, 903, 905, 991, 993, 995; Apr.-May 1978. Repr in ted i n P h i l a t e l y , Vo1.6, No.1, pp.13-19; No.2, pp.13-21; Jan.-July 1979) An interesting account of Himalayan Expeditions, including illustrations of various Mount Everest handstamps and cachets.

HEPPER, C.. 'Stamps, Covers and Cachets from Mount Everest ' ( A l p i n e Journa l , Vo1.84, pp.53-58; 1979) A well-illustrated article on Everest Expeditions and their handstamps and cachets.

HOLCOMBE, P., ' T i b e t ' ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Encyclopaedia o f Stamps, Vo1.6, pp.1834-1836; c . 1971) A general, illustrated introduction to Tibetan postal history.

HOLCOMBE, P., 'Perch@ non i n i z i a r e una c o l l e z i o n e d i T i b e t ? ' ( I 1 Nuovo C o r r i e r e F i l a t e l i co , No.5, pp.158-167; June 1976) Italian and English texts. This is a well-illustrated and comprehensive guide to Tibetan

postal history. The author explains what makes collecting Tibet so attractive. An ideal

introduction to the theme.

HOLMES, H.R., 'The 1933 I ssue o f T i b e t ' ( P h i l a t e l i c Journal o f Great B r i t a i n . Vo1.49. p.159; Aug. 1939) A brief note on the first forgeries of the 1933 issue.

90 HOLMES. H.R., 'The Postage Stamps of T i b e t ' (ph i l a te1 i c Journal o f Great B r i t a i n , V01 .50, pp.25-26, 42-44, 65-67, 84-86, 104-106, 115-116, 135-137, 145, 161-163, 172-173; Feb.-Nov. 1940. Repr in ted, w i t h amendments and a d d i t i o n s , as

a handbook, Leominster: Sef i Pemberton. 23pp.; 1941)

T h i s i s t h e e a r l i e s t handbook o n T i b e t a n p h i l a t e l y and p o s t a l h i s t o r y , o f w h i c h i t c o v e r s a l l

facets. v e r y w e l l - w r i t t e n , i t i n c l u d e s a number o f u s e f u l i l l u s t r a t i o n s and i n t e r e s t i n g i n f o r -

m a t i o n o n t h e e a r l y p o s t a l a r r a n g e m e n t s . Most v a l u a b l e a s a h i s t o r i c r e c o r d .

91 HOLMES, H.R., ' T i b e t : 1912 Issue. Two Unrecorded Stamps and Some Essays' ( P h i l a t e l i c Journal o f Great B r i t a i n . Vo1.52. pp.37-38; Apr. 1942)

The a u t h o r r e p o r t s t h e d i s c o v e r i e s o f t h e 4 and 8 t r a n g k a s t a m p s o f t h e s e c o n d i s s u e and t h e

Water low e s s a y f o r t h e f i r s t i s s u e . An i n t e r e s t i n g a r t i c l e , w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

92 HURT, E.F., 'A T i b e t Discovery - Essay o f the F i r s t I ssue ' (The China Cl ipper , Vo1.6, No.5. pp.42-43; June 1942) The w a t e r l o w e s s a y o f t h e f i r s t i s s u e - d i s c o v e r e d b y t h e a u t h o r - and i t s v a r i o u s p r o o f s a r e

f u l l y d e s c r i b e d .

93 HUT, L.J., 'Grepen u i t de Tibetaanse Postgeschiedenis ' (China F i l a t e l i e , Vol.11, No.2, pp.20-28; No.3, pp.5-13; No.4, pp.14-26; Vo1.12. No.3, pp 22-28; No.4, pp.25-31; Vo1.13, No.3, pp.31-36; Jun. 1979-Sep. 1981) A Dutch series o f a r t i c l e s o n T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y . w i t h many i l l u s t r a t i o n s , m o s t l y t a k e n

from H a v e r b e c k ' s handbook .

94 HUT, L.J., 'D ienst - en Telegraafzegels van T i b e t ' (China F i l a t e l i e . Vo1 .12, No.4, pp.23-24; Dec. 1980) B r i e f comments o n f o r w a r d i n g h a n d s t a m p s and t h e w a v y - l i n e t e l e g r a p h c a n c e l l a t i o n .

95 JEWELL, C., ' T i b e t - Chinese Imper ia l Posta l Serv i ce ' (The West-End P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.44, p.11; Jan. 1954) The i l l u s t r a t e d s t o r y o f a r e g i s t e r e d c o v e r f r o m Lhasa t o P e k i n g , v i a C h e n g t u .

96 JOHNSON, M. and HAVERBECK, H.D.S., ' T i b e t and Nepal ' (The C o l l e c t o r s Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.30, No.2, pp. 107-108; Mar. 1951) N o t e s o n a T i b e t d i s p l a y .

97 JONES. W.E.. 'T ibe tan Cover' (The China C l ipper , Vo1.17, No.6, pp.77, 91; Sep. 1953) A b r i e f n o t e o n a Lhasa c o m b i n a t i o n c o v e r , o f 1 9 5 3 , h e a r i n g n a t i v e and C h i n e s e s t a m p s , a l l c a n - c e l l e d w i t h t h e n a t i v e Lhasa p o s t m a r k ! T h e c o v e r i s i l l u s t r a t e d .

98 KALTHAMMER, W. , ' P o s t v e r h a l t n i s s e i n T i b e t v o r de r ch ines ischen Invas ion ' (Deutsche Briefmarken-Zei tung , No.5, p.335; 1960) A s h o r t i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

99 KALTHAMMER, W.. 'Pos t und Br ie fmarken i n T i b e t ' (Berner Br ie fmarken-Zei tung, Vo1.53, No.9, pp.97-98; Aug. 1961) T h i s a r t i c l e i s r a t h e r s i m i l a r t o t h e p r e c e d i n g o n e .

100 KARGL, R.C.. ' T i b e t : The Stamps o f a Lamaist Country ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.68, p.510; 1963) An a r t i c l e o n t h e n a t i v e i s s u e s , w i t h u s e f u l n o t e s o n t h e T i b e t a n i n s c r i p t i o n s o f e a c h s t a m p .

101 KAUDER, W.G.. 'China Used i n T i b e t ' (The C o l l e c t o r s Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.48. No.3, pp.145-146; May 1969) T h e a u t h o r i l l u s t r a t e s a n e a r l y Lhasa c o v e r o f t h e I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d , f r a n k e d w i t h a n un- s u r c h a r g e d s t a m p .

KERR. A.D., 'Reentry on $2, Chinese Post O f f i c e s i n T i b e t ' (The China C l i p p e r , Vo1.26, No.4, pp.57, 67; May 1962) A good illustration of a used copy of the $2 surcharged stamp showing the re-entry, a very rare

and possibly unique variety.

KERR, A.D.. 'A Postage Due Chop i n Occupied T i b e t ' (The China C l ipper , Vo1.46, No. 1, p.3; No.2, p.46; Nov. 1981-Jan. 1982) Two brief articles and an illustration of a red oval postage-due handstamp on recent covers.

This is the first record of postage-due chops in Chinese-occupied Tibet.

KLEEBERG, P., ' T i b e t ' (Schweizer Briefmarken-Zeitung, V01.41, pp.108-111. 125-127, 144-146; 1928. Reprinted i n Main Post, Vo1.9, Nos.8-11; 9pp.; Aug.-Nov. 1930. Repr in ted i n Main Post. Vo1.17. No.10, pp.109- 112; No.11, pp.121-122; 0ct.-Nov.1938) German text. A fairly detailed article on Tibetan postal history, with informative notes on

the early courier system.

KLEWITZ, T.. ' T i b e t - Chinese M i l i t a r y Posts ' (The Great Wal l , Vol .l. No.4, pp.68-69; 1957) An interesting article on the rare cancellations of a Military P.O. and a Mobile P.O. introdu- ced by China in the 1950s. With useful illustrations.

KLEWITZ. T., ' T i b e t ; Kurzgefasste Monographie uber Marken und Postgeschichte d ieses i n t e r e s - santen o s t a s i a t i s c h e n Sammelgebietes' ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l e F i l a t e l i e , No.8/9, pp.37-39; 1963. Reprinted, w i t h a major con t inua t ion , i n Samrnler-Dienst, Vo1 .15, No.4, pp.166-168; No.5, pp.219-221; No.6, pp.272-276; Feb-Mar. 1964) A well-illustrated and comprehensive introduction to the postage stamps of Tibet. The author

also deals with bisects and quartered stamps as well as the so-called official and radio-tele-

graph stamps.

KRUTZSCH, H., 'T ibet-Mater ia lbeschreibung' (Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung, No.1, pp.7-11 & 2 p l a t e s ; 1916) This is an early description of a collection of Tibetan covers. The article contains several

important illustrations, especially of postal markings.

LANDRY, A.S., 'Some Notes on the T ibe tan Language' (From an unknown p h i l a t e l i c j o u r n a l ; 2pp.; 1943) A basic introduction to the Tibetan alphabet and its pronunciation.

LARMER, 0.1. (pseud.), 'Younghusband i n T i b e t ' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.44, No.8, pp.210-211; May 1978) d description of a newly discovered collection of photographs of the Younghusband Expedition.

Three of the historic pictures, taken by a reporter covering the Mission, are shown.

LEE, R.C.H., 'Background o f T i b e t ' (Golden Carp, Vo1 .37, pp.2-3; Vo1.38, p.2; 1952) An outline of the historic background of Tibet.

LOBDELL, H.E., ' I n d i a n Post O f f i c e s Abroad i n T i b e t ' (Yearbook o f t h e American P h i l a t e l i c Congress, Vo1.13, pp.53-67; 1947)

This is a most thorough and excellently written study of the British-Indian postal history of

Tibet. The author provides a great deal of interesting and well-documented information. In-

cluded are maps and some postmarks drawings.

LOWE. R.. ' T i b e t a n D iscover ies ' (The P h i l a t e l i s t . Vo1.8, pp.218-220; J u l y 1942. Repr in ted i n I n d i a ' s Stamp Journal , ~ 0 1 . 6 .

pp.6-9; Jan. 1943)

An article on t h e e a r l y ~ r i t i s h - I n d i a n p e r i o d , s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e T i b e t a n F r o n t i e r Commission,

o f 1903. w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g s e v e r a l d r a w i n g s o f r a r e p o s t a l m a r k i n g s .

113 LOWE, R . , ' Fu r the r T ibetan O ~ S C O V ~ ~ ~ ~ S ' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.8, pp.250-251; Sep. 1942)

A s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e p r e v i o u s a r t i c l e , w i t h f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t i o n s . T h e a r t i c l e c o n t a i n s a sum-

mary o f p e r i o d s o f u s e f o r e a c h t y p e o f p o s t a l m a r k i n g .

114 LOWE, R., 'With Younghusband t o T i b e t ' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.9, No.9, cover & pp.170-172; Jun. 1943)

f u r t h e r , i l l u s t r a t e d a d d i t i o n s t o t h e a u t h o r ' s p r e v i o u s a r t i c l e s .

115 LOWE, R., 'The Younghusband M i l i t a r y Exped i t i on t o T i b e t ' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.16, pp.326-328; Aug. 1950) F u r t h e r f i n d i n g s r e l a t i n g t o t h e Younghusband E x p e d i t i o n . W i t h i n t e r e s t i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

116 LOWE, R., 'The Gee-Ma Forger ies ' (London: Robson Lowe; pp.2, 12; Apr. 1980)

A b r o c h u r e o n t h e s t o r y o f some C h i n e s e f o r g e r i e s made i n A u s t r a l i a . I l l u s t r a t e d a r e f o u r v e r y

r a r e f o r g e d I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e c a n c e l l a t i o n s o f L h a s a , t w o o f w h i c h ( o f t y p e s C-3 and C-41 a r e

r e c o r d e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e !

117 LOWE, R., 'From China and T i b e t ' (London: Robson Lowe; 24pp.; J u l y 1981) An i l l u s t r a t e d monograph o n t w e l v e l e t t e r s w r i t t e n b y F r e n c h and I t a l i a n m i s s i o n a r i e s i n China and T i b e t . The l e t t e r s , d a t e d b e t w e e n 1844 and 1 8 6 5 , a r e d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l , i m p o r t a n t pas -

s a g e s b e i n g t r a n s l a t e d . W i t h i n t e r e s t i n g n o t e s o n h i s t o r y and u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e e a r l y S i l k R o u t e s .

118 LUDLOW. F. , 'T ibe tan Postage Stamps' ( P h i l a t e l i c Journal o f I n d i a , Vo1.32, No.2, pp.21-22; Feb. 1928) I n t r o d u c t o r y n o t e s o n T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y , w i t h d e t a i l s o n p o s t a l r a t e s .

119 MACDONALD, D., 'The Land o f t h e Lama' (London, 1929. Repr in ted as ' C u l t u r a l H e r i t a g e o f T i b e t ' , New D e l h i : L i g h t & L i f e Pub l i shers , pp.31, 60-62; 1978) B r i e f n o t e s o n p o s t a l a r r a n g e m e n t s i n T i b e t . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y ~ 0 . 5 8 4 ) .

120 MARRINER, T.F., ' T i b e t ' ( P h i l a t e l i c Journal o f Great B r i t a i n , Vo1.46, pp.162-164; Oct. 1936. Repr in ted, w i t h comments, i n The China C l ipper , Vol.1, No.4, pp.7-10; No.5, p.10; Apr.-June 1937. Repr in ted i n World Stamp Digest , pp.343-347; Aug. 1938) An e a r l y a c c o u n t o f T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y , c o n t a i n i n g s e v e r a l i n a c c u r a c i e s .

121 MELVILLE, F.J., 'Les Timbres du Dalai-Lama' (Schweizer Br ie fmarken-Zei tung. Vo1.25, p.172; 1912)

A s h o r t n e w s i t e m o n t h e D a l a i Lama p r o o f s e x h i b i t e d i n L o n d o n , i n 1912 .

122 MELVILLE, F.J., 'The Postage Stamp i n War' (London: F.J. M e l v i l l e ; p.34; 1915) T h i s b o o k i n c l u d e s a b r i e f m e n t i o n o f t h e Younghusband E x p e d i t i o n . A c o v e r b e a r i n g t h e LAHSSA c a n c e l l a t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d .

123 MELVILLE. F.J.. 'The Everest Exped i t i on ' ( S c o t t ' s Month ly Journal , Vo1.5, pp.201-202; Oct. 1924. Repr in ted i n P h i l a t e l i c Journal of Ind ia ; 1924) A n e w s i t e m o n t h e Mount E v e r e s t l a b e l , o f 1 9 2 4 , and o n o n e o f i t s s p e c i a l c a n c e l l a t i o n s .

MELZER. H., ' T i b e t ' (Orpheus M i t t e i l u n g s b l a t t e r . No.6. pp.42-48; No. 10, pp.76-81; 1952-1953) German t e x t . A g e n e r a l a r t i c l e , d e a l i n g m a i n l y w i t h T i b e t a n h i s t o r y and c o n t a i n i n g a s h o r t ac- c o u n t o f p o s t a l a f f a i r s .

MORSE, F. I. , 'Beyond Reach?' (Stamps. Vo1.38, pp.485-486; Sep. 1933) T h e i l l u s t r a t e d s t o r y o f how t h e a u t h o r f i n a l l y o b t a i n e d some c o v e r s o f t h e 1933 i s s u e .

MORSE, F . I . , 'Cour ie rs t o Lhasa' (Month ly Stamp Digest , Vol.?, p.79; June 1950) B r i e f n o t e s o n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

MORSE, F. I., 'The Lama Pos t ' (Stamps. Vo1.56. pp.58-59; J u l y 1951) Random n o t e s o n p o s t a l h i s t o r y . T h e i l l u s t r a t i o n s i n c l u d e t h e r a r e f i r s t s t a t e o f t h e Lhasa

c a n c e l l a t i o n o f 1 9 3 3 .

MOSS, A.B., 'Stamping t o Mount Everest ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.56, pp.624-626; J u l y 1953) An a r t i c l e o n t h e h i s t o r i c b a c k g r o u n d and p o s t a l h i s t o r y o f Mount E v e r e s t e x p e d i t i o n s .

MOSS, A.B., 'New T i b e t O f f i c i a l s ? ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.58, pp.586-587; J u l y 1954) T h e a u t h o r d i s c u s s e s t h e s o - c a l l e d o f f i c i a l s t a m p s o f T i b e t . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

MOSS, A.B., 'The O f f i c i a l s o f T i b e t ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip. Vo1.59, pp.504-505; Oec.1954) d f i r s t , i l l u s t r a t e d s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e p r e v i o u s a r t i c l e . O n l y t h e s h o r t s e t o f 5 v a l u e s known

t o t h e a u t h o r h a s b e e n n e w l y l i s t e d b y S c o t t ' s C a t a l o g u e .

MOSS, A.B., 'The T i b e t O f f i c i a l s ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.60, pp. 238-239; Apr. 1955) T h e a u t h o r p r o v i d e s f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e s o - c a l l e d o f f i c i a l s t a m p s

MOSS. A.B., 'Stamping w i t h Cur ren t Events: China - T i b e t - Nepal - I n d i a ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.65, pp.370, 372-374; June 1960) T h e a u t h o r c o m p a r e s c u r r e n t p o l i t i c a l e v e n t s , g e o g r a p h y and p h i l a t e l y o f c o u n t r i e s f rom t h e Hi- m a l a y a n r e g i o n . A c o v e r f r o m Lhasa t o L e h , d a t e d 1916 . i s i l l u s t r a t e d .

MOSS, A.B., ' I n d i a Used i n T i b e t ' (The C o l l e c t o r s Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.41, No.5, p.212; Sep. 1962) An i l l u s t r a t i o n o f a Younghusband c o v e r embossed w i t h t h e r a r e T i b e t F r o n t i e r Commiss ion emblem.

MYERS, W.. ' T i b e t - The Forbidden Kingdom' ( S c o t t ' s Month ly Journal , Vo1.14, pp.278-279; Dec. 1933. Repr in ted i n The Manchurian Hera ld ' s

Stamp Review, Vo1.3, No.1, pp.1-2; Jan. 1936) An o u t l i n e o f t h e p o s t a l h i s t o r y o f T i b e t .

NEGUS, J., ' Present-Day Use o f T ibe tan Stamps' (China Sec t ion B u l l e t i n , Vo1.4, pp.50-51; Jan. 1957) A n e w s i t e m o n t h e p e r i o d o f c h a n g e o v e r f r o m T i b e t a n t o C h i n e s e s t a m p s .

NEGUS, J., 'A Facs im i le Sheet o f T i b e t ' (Journal o f Chinese P h i l a t e l y , Vo1.8, p.57; June 1961) T h e a u t h o r r e c o r d s a 1 / 6 t r a n g k a f a c s i m i l e s h e e t , produced a s a d v e r t i s i n g m a t e r i a l i n A u s t r a l i a .

137 NEGUS, J., ' T i b e t ' (Journal of Chinese P h i l a t e l y , V0l .ll, p.92; Jun. 1964)

~ h ~ fil.st p h i l a t e l i c i n d e x o f T i b e t . T h i s l i s t i n g was l a t e r i n c l u d e d i n W a t e r f a l l ' s handbook.

138 NEWMAN, T.M.. ' T i b e t ' (The Co l lec to rs Club P h i l a t e l i s t . Vol. 19, No.1, pp.32-39; No.2, pp.79-90; No.3, pp. 197-212;

Jan.-May 1940) h hi^ i s a n e x c e l l e n t and h i s t o r i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t s t u d y , a g r e a t m i l e s t o n e i n t h e p h i l a t e l i c r e -

s e a r c h o f T i b e t . A l l a s p e c t s o f p h i l a t e l y and p o s t a l h i s t o r y a r e t r e a t e d i n d e t a i l . R i c h l y

i l l u s t r a t e d , t h i s s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s s u b s e q u e n t l y formed t h e b a s i s f o r H a v e r b e c k ' s h a n d b o o k .

139 OLDENQUIST, A . G . , ' T i b e t ' (Stamps, Vo1.43, p.297; May 1938) The i l l u s t r a t e d s t o r y o f a p o s t c a r d f r o m L h a s a , w i t h a T i b e t / I n d i a c o m b i n a t i o n f r a n k i n g and bea-

r i n g a G y a n t s e p o s t a g e - d u e h a n d s t a m p .

140 O'LEARY, H.M.N., 'T ibe tan M a i l ' (Strand Stamp Journal , Vo1.7, No.6, pp.151-152; Mar. 1956) An i l l u s t r a t e d i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

141 ORTH. A.. ' T i b e t - seine Postgeschichte von 1854 b i s 1925' (K lagenfur t P h i l a t e l i c E x h i b i t i o n Catalogue, pp.94-96; May 1976) An i n t r o d u c t i d n t o t h e e a r l y T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y , w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t w o i c t e r e s t i n g co-

v e r s .

142 PADGET, P.. 'The Posta l Markings o f China' (London: China P h i l a t e l i c Society ; pp.99, 101; 1979) T h i s handbook c o n t a i n s a b r i e f m e n t i o n o f t h e b i - l i n g u a l c a n c e l l a t i o n s o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c

o f China i n u s e i n T i b e t . T h r e e t y p e s a r e shown.

143 PAPENFUS, H.L.N.. ' T i b e t ; The F i r s t Postage Stamps o f t h e Da la i Lama's Government' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vol . l 5 , N0.9, pp.270-271; June 1949) The a u t h o r g i v e s a n i n t r o d u c t i o n to v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

144 PIRL, P., 'Tibet-Falschungen' (Germanic-Berichte, No.12, p.219; 1925) A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e 2nd set o f f o r g e r i e s o f t h e 1912 i s s u e , r e c e i v e d b y t h e a u t h o r i n 1923. T h i s i s t h e f i r s t m e n t i o n o f a n y T i b e t a n f o r g e r i e s !

145 PLUMMER. G.W.. ' T i b e t ' ( S c o t t ' s Month ly Journal , Vol . l o , p.270; Nov. 1929) A g e n e r a l a r t i c l e o n T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

146 PREUSS, P., ' T i b e t und d i e I n s c h r i f t e n auf seinen Marken' ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l e s Briefmarken-Journal , Vol .?, pp.287-290; 1936) A u s e f u l a r t i c l e o n t h e n a t i v e i n s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e 1912 and 1 9 3 3 i s s u e s a s w e l l a s t h e t r i l i n -

gua l s u r c h a r g e s .

147 RADGOWSKI, S.G., 'The Hand-Typographed Stamps Issued by T i b e t ' (Chambers Stamp Journal , Vo1.36, cover & pp.112-114; Vo1.37, pp.4-6; Sep.-Oct. 1952) T h i s i s a n i n t e r e s t i n g s t u d y o f some f o r g e r i e s o f t h e 1912 and 1933 i s s u e s . T h e a u t h o r e x p l a i n s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e g e n u i n e and f o r g e d s t a m p s . W i t h some i l l u s t r a t i o n s a n d v a r i o u s no- t e s o n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

148 RADGOWSKI. S.G.. ' T i b e t - The Fasc ina t ing ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.57, pp.560-564; Jan. 1954) A v e r y good , i l l u s t r a t e d , g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i h e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

RADGOWSKI. S.G. and SINGER, A.E., ' T i b e t 8 Trangka Red and Blue Forger ies? ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, V01.63, pp.160-161; Apr. 1958. Reprinted i n The Great Wall . Vo1.2. No.3/4, p.28; 1958) An i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n t h e 8 t r a n g k a f o r g e r y p r i n t e d i n b l u e and r e d , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

RAOGOWSKI. S.G. and SINGER, A.E.. 'Some Notes on the One Sang Green o f T ibe t , and Related Prob- lems' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip. Vo1.63, pp.78-79, 91; Sep. 1958. Repr in ted as ' S p o t l i g h t on T i b e t ' i n The Great Wall , V01.3, N0.3/4, pp.33, 36-38; Apr. 1959) T h e a u t h o r s c r i t i c a l l y e x a m i n e t h e bond f i d e s o f t h e 1 s a n g and i t s s u d d e n and m y s t e r i o u s ap;e3-

r a n c e . W i t h a n i n t e r e s t i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n o f a 1 s a n g o n a s u p p o s e d l y c o m n e r c i a l c o v e r f rom S h i - g a t s e .

RADGOWSKI, S.G., RICKETTS, M.L. and SINGER, A.E., 'Posta l Rates i n T ibe t , 1903-1960' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, V01.66, pp.232-235; Apr. 1961. Repr in ted i n The Great Wall . Vol . 4/5, pp.71-73, 112; No.3/4, p.93; 1961-1962) An i m p o r t a n t s t u d y o f t h e d i f f i c u l t s u b j e c t o f p o s t a l r a t e s and t h e i r c h a n g e s o v e r t h e y e a r s . W i t h a c h a r t o f r e c o r d e d r a t e s , b o t h f o r s t a n d a r d and r e g i s t e r e d l e t t e r s .

RANDALL, J.A., ' T i b e t ' (Journal o f Chinese P h i l a t e l y , Vo1.25, No.4, pp.86-90; Apr. 1978) A f a i r l y c o m p r e l l e - ~ s i : e p h i l a t e l i c i n d e x . T h i s l i s t i n g , b y t h e L i b r a r i a n o f t h e China P h i l a t e l i c

S o c i e t y o f London , was a m o s t u s e f u l a i d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t b i b l i o g r a p h y .

RANG, C.P., 'Through t h e Magni fy ing Glass' (Gibbons' Stamp Monthly. Vo1.27, No.10, p.114; Vo1.28. No.3. p.42; No.10, pp.118-119; Jun. 1954-Jun. 1955. P a r t l y r e p r i n t e d i n P h i l a t e l i c Journal o f Ind ia . Vo1.59, No.3, pp.38-39; 1955) T h r e e s h o r t , i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e s o n t h e 1 s a n g . An a p p a r e n t l y c o m m e r c i a l l y u s e d c o v e r f rom S h i g a t s e i s i l l u s t r a t e d .

REINER, I., ' T i b e t , t h e Land o f Mystery ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.54, pp.686, 690; 1952) T h i s i s a b l a t a n t c a s e o f p l a g i a r i s m ( o f B e c k s t a d t ' s a r t i c l e o f 1 9 4 9 1 , l a c k i n g t h e o r i g i n a l ' s

f i n e i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

REINHARD, F. ( 'Rd' ) , ' T i b e t - Not izen uber Abstempelungen' (Schweizer Briefrnarken-Zeitung, Vo1.35, No.10, pp.126-127; Oct. 1922) A m o s t i m p o r t a n t a c c o u n t and l i s t i n g o f t h e n a t i v e c a n c e l l a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g a d r a w i n g o f t h e

u n i q u e Cyamda f l o w e r - o r n a m e n t t y p e . T h i s i s t h e e a r l i e s t d e t a i l e d s t u d y o f T i b e t a n p o s t m a r k s ,

t h e m a i n s o u r c e f o r R e n a u t ' s l i s t i n g o f c a n c e l l a t i o n s .

RENAUT, F.P., ' T i b e t ' (S tan ley Gibbons Month ly C i r c u l a r , No.46. pp.310-314; June 1923) A u s e f u l a r t i c l e o n T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y . T h e s e c t i o n o n p o s t a l m a r k i n g s , o f t e n q u o t e d and

i n v a r i a b l y m i s i n t e r p r e t e d b y s u b s e q u e n t a u t h o r s , was o b v i o u s l y borrowed f r o m R e i n h a r d ' s a r t i c l e

b u t l a c k s t h e d e c i s i v e d r a w i n g s o f t h e l a t t e r .

RHODES, N.G.. 'The W i l l iamson C o l l e c t i o n o f T ibe tan Stamps' ( P o s t a l Himal; i n p r i n t ) T h e a u t h o r g i v e s a v e r y d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f a c o l l e c t i o n c o m p r i s i n g v a r i o u s s h e e t s o f t h e r a r e f i r s t s e t t i n g s o f t h e 1 9 3 3 i s s u e . T h e 1 / 2 t r a n g k a a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n t h e f i r s t v a l u e t o re-

q u i r e a s e c o n d s e t t i n g .

RICKETTS, M.L., 'Pos ta l H i s t o r y of the Ma i l s between Nepal and T i b e t , 1911-61' (SPA-Journal, Vo1.42, No.2, pp.59-64; Oct. 1961) T h i s i s a v e r y good a r t i c l e o n t h e p o s t a l h i s t o r i e s o f Nepal and T i b e t , w i t h i n t e r e s t i n g i l -

l u s t r a t i o n s o f c o m b i n a t i o n c o v e r s .

159 RICKETTS, M.L.. 'The Tangled Tale o f Nepal - T i b e t Pos ta l H i s t o r y ' (Yearbook of the American P h i l a t e l i c Congress, Vo1.34. pp.43-51; 1968)

The a u t h o r t r e a t s t h e same s u b j e c t a s i n h i s p r e v i o u s a r t i c l e . T h i s s e c o n d v e r s i o n i s improved

and e n l a r g e d . A mos t i n t e r e s t i n g a r t i c l e , e x c e l l e n t l y w r i t t e n and w i t h n e w , u s e f u l i l lustra-

t i o n s .

160 RIST, K . , 'Om Mani Padme Hum; Bemerkungen zu unserem p h i l a t e l i s t i s c h e n T i b e t b i l d ' (Die Sammler-Lupe, No.6, pp.131-132; N0.20, pp.462-464; N0.22, pp.508-509; 1962; No.1, pp. 8-10; No.4, pp.89-90; N0.20?, p.489; 1963) A comprehensive, i l l u s t r a t e d s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s d e a l i n g w i t h a l l a s p e c t s o f T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i -

s t o r y . T h i s i s a n i n t e r e s t i n g and u s e f u l a c c o u n t .

161 RUSSELL. G.S.. ' T i b e t ' (The China Cl ipper , Vo1.13. No.6, pp.78-91; V01.14, No.2, pp.42-47; No.4, pp.93-95; Vo1.15, No.2, pp.26-37; Sep. 1949-Jan. 1951) C h r o n o l o g i c a l l y , t h i s i s t h e t h i r d g r e a t s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s o n T i b e t , f o l l o w i n g Newman's and

Holmes' works . A v e r y t h o r o u g h and l a r g e l y o r i g i n a l s t u d y , w e l l - i l l u s t r a t e d a n d m o s t i n f o r m a -

t i v e . A v e r y i m p o r t a n t r e f e r e n c e w o r k .

162 RUSSELL, G.S., 'Two Covers from Communist T i b e t ' (China Sect ion B u l l e t i n , Vo1.2, p.72; Apr. 1955) The s t o r y o f a c o v e r f r o m Lhasa t o Kathmandu t h a t t r a v e l l e d v i a C a n t o n and I n d i a , and o f a ' C h i

n e s e M i l i t a r y P o s t ' c o v e r .

163 RUSSELL, G.S., 'The Posts i n Present-Day T i b e t ' (China Sect ion B u l l e t i n , Vo1.3, No.1, p.2; No.3, pp.34-35; Jun.-Oct.1955) N o t e s o n t h e p o s t a l s y s t e m o f T i b e t f o l l o w i n g t h e C h i n e s e t a k e o v e r .

164 RUSSELL, G.S., 'A Check1 i s t o f Bhutan Covers' (The Great Wall, Vo1.4, No.1, pp.11-15; Oct. 1959) T h i s a r t i c l e c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f c o v e r s f r o m B h u t a n t o I n d i a - v i a Y a t u n g , where I n d i a n and C h i n e s e s t a m p s w e r e a f f i x e d and c a n c e l l e d .

165 RUSSELL, G.S.. 'A Postcard t o T i b e t , 1902' (Journal o f Chinese P h i l a t e l y , Vo1 .7, p.97; Apr. 1960) T h e s t o r y o f a n e a r l y p o s t c a r d t h a t t r a v e l l e d f o r t h r e e m o n t h s , f r o m I t a l y t o L h a s a .

166 SALMEN, W., 'D ie Doppeldrucke T i b e t s ' (Sammler-Dienst, Vo1.22, No.3, pp.181-182; No.9, p.593; No.11, p.728; No.14, p.934; Feb.- J u l . 1971) An a r t i c l e - f o l l o w e d b y a c r i t i c a l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e - o n a l l e d g e d d o u b l e p r i n t s and k i s s p r i n t s

o f t h e n a t i v e i s s u e s .

167 SALMEN, W . , 'D ie Essays von T i b e t 1949' (Sammler-Dienst, Vo1.22, No.15, p.1011; Aug. 1971) An i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n t h e t h r e e e s s a y s o f T i b e t a n s t a m p s p r e p a r e d b y H e i n r i c h H a r r e r , i n

1 9 4 9 , when h e was i n L h a s a .

168 SALMEN, W. , ' D i e k a i s e r l i c h - c h i n e s i s c h e Post i n T i b e t i n den Jahren 1910 b i s 1912' (Samnler-Dienst, Vo1.22, No.17, pp.1154-1156; Sep. 1971) T h i s i s a n i l l u s t r a t e d i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d , i t s s t a m p s and p o s t a l mar- k i n g s .

169 SALMEN, W . . ' D i e t i b e t i s c h e Wahrung und i h r Ausdruck a u f den Br ie fmarken des Landes' ( S a m l e r - D i e s t , Vo1.23, No.1, pp.50-53; Jan. 1972) T h e a u t h o r e x p l a i n s t h e T i b e t a n m o n e t a r y s y s t e m and i t s e x p r e s s i o n o n t h e n a t i v e s t a m p i s s u e s . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

SALMEN. W.. 'Neues aus T i b e t ' (Samnler-Dienst, Vo1.24. No.19, p.1382; Dc t . 1973) A s h o r t , i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n some b i l i n g u a l c a n c e l l a t i o n s u s e d i n T i b e t d u r i n g t h e e a r l y

1970s .

SALMEN. W., ' D i e Entstehung der t i b e t i s c h e n Briefmarken' (Samnler-Dienst. Vo1.24. No.21, pp.1512-1513; Oct. 1973) A g e n e r a l a c c o u n t o f t h e W a t e r l o w e s s a y s , t h e Dala i Lama p r o o f s o f 1912 and t h e p r o o f s h e e t s o f t h e 1933 i s s u e .

SALMEN, W., ' D i e Por tosatze de r t i b e t i s c h e n Post ' (Sammler-Dienst, Vo1.24. No.25, pp.1807-1808; Dec. 1973) T h e a u t h o r l i s t s the p o s t a l r a t e s f o r s t a n d a r d a s w e l l a s r e g i s t e r e d l e t t e r s , f o r t h e p e r i o d 1912-c . 1959 .

SCHUBERT. J., ' T i b e t und se ine pos ta l i schen Verha l tn i sse ' ( B e r i c h t e des Vere ins L e i p z i g e r Briefmarkenborse, Vo1.13, No.5/6, pp.65-69; May 1932. Reprin- t e d ( ? ) i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l e s Briefmarken-Journal, No.18; 1934) A f i n e a r t i c l e o n T i b e t t h a t i n c l u d e s o n l y a s h o r t i n t r o d u c t i o n t o p o s t a l a f f a i r s .

SCHWANEBERGER, H., ' T i b e t ' (Der P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.35. pp.43-44; 1914) Gennan t e x t . An e a r l y a r t i c l e , w i t h i n t e r e s t i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

SINGER, A.E., 'Haverbeck's T i b e t : A Review w i t h Suggested Add i t i ons ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip. Vo1.64, pp.562-565; Aug. 1959. Repr in ted i n The Great Wall . Vol. 4/5, pp.43-46; 1960) A m o s t c o n s t r u c t i v e c r i t i q u e o f t h e 2nd e d i t i o n o f H a v e r b e c k ' s handbook . V e r y i n f o r m a t i v e and

u s e f u l .

SINGER, A.E., ' I n P u r s u i t o f the E l u s i v e One-Sang Green' (West V i r g i n i a U n i v e r s i t y Magazine, Vo1.7, No.1, cover & pp.2-7; 1975) A s p l e n d i d l y w r i t t e n a r t i c l e o n p h i l a t e l i s t s , s t a m p s , i n v e s t m e n t s and T i b e t a n p h i l a t e l y . W i t h

i n t e r e s t i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

SINGER, A.E., 'A Puzz l ing T i b e t Rubber Stamp' (Pos ta l Himal, No.25, p.5; Mar. 1981) T h e a u t h o r i l l u s t r a t e s a p r e s u m a b l y p r i v a t e N e p a l e s e h a n d s t a m p u s e d o n c o v e r s t o and f r o m T i b e t .

SINGER, A.E., 'New T i b e t Forgery ' (Pos ta l Himal, No.30, p.26; 1982) A b r i e f a r t i c l e o n a new t y p e o f f o r g e r y o f t h e 8 t r a n g k a s t a m p .

SMYTHIES, E.A., ' T i b e t ; Some Forger ies o f the 1912 I ssue ' (The C o l l e c t o r s Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.31, No.6, pp.313-314; NOV. 1952) An i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n v a r i o u s f o r g e d s t a m p s o f t h e 1912 and 1933 i s s u e s , w i t h n o t e s o n how

t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e m f r o m t h e g e n u i n e .

SMYTHIES, E.A., ' T i b e t ; The L o c a l l y - P r i n t e d Stamps, 1912-1952' (Gibbons' Stamp Monthly, Vo1.26, No.11, pp.124-126; J u l y 1953)

An a r t i c l e o n t h e n a t i v e s t a m p s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e 1933 i s s u e . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s and a t a b l e o f

s e t t i n g s .

SMYTHIES, E.A., ' T i b e t ; The 1933 Type' (The C o l l e c t o r s Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.32, No.5, pp.241-256; Sep. 1953)

T h i s i s a v e r y d e t a i l e d s t u d y o f t h e 1933 i s s u e , w i t h e n l a r g e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s and v e r y u s e f u l

p l a t i n g t a b l e s f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l c l i c h h s .

182 SMYTHIES, E.A.. ' T i b e t 1933-52' (The P h i l a t e l i s t . V01.20, pp.5-9; Oct. 1953)

A shor ter v e r s i o n o f t h e p r e c e d i n g a r t i c l e , w i t h t h e same p l a t i n g t a b l e s b u t w i t h o u t i l lustra-

t i o n s .

183 ~MYTHIES, E.A., 'The L o c a l l y P r in ted Stamps o f T i b e t , 1912-1953' (The London P h i ? a t e l i s t , Vo1.63, pp.30-35, 48-52, 68-73, 94-96, 111-114; Feb.-Jun. 1954) T h i s i s a n i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n t h e n a t i v e s t a m p s , w i t h e m p h a s i s o n t h e 1933 i s s u e whose ~ 1 ~ -

t i n g t a b l e s , now d e f i n i t e l y i m p r o v e d , a r e v e r y u s e f u l . T h e a r t i c l e i n c l u d e s n o t e s and i l l u s t r a -

t i o n s o f t h e s o - c a l l e d o f f i c i a l a s w e l l a s t h e r a d i o - t e l e g r a p h s t a m p s .

184 SMYTHIES, E.A., 'Stamps t h a t Go H igh ' (Gibbons' Stamp Monthly, Vo1.27, No.9, pp.100-101; May 1954) A s h o r t , i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n E v e r e s t E x p e d i t i o n s and r e l a t e d p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

185 SMYTHIES, E.A., 'The S to ry o f Everest ( i n Stamps and Documents)' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1 .20, pp.205-209, 244, 290; May-Aug. 1954) A d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f E v e r e s t E x p e d i t i o n s , t h e i r s t a m p s , c a c h e t s and c a n c e l l a t i o n s .

186 SMYTHIES, E.A., ' T i b e t O f f i c i a l s ' (The London P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.64, pp.12-14; Jan. 1955)

A c r i t i c a l a r t i c l e o n t h e s o - c a l l e d o f f i c i a l s t a m p s and t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e i r e x a c t s t a t u s .

187 SMYTHIES, E.A., 'T ibe t ; The L o c a l l y P r i n t e d Stamps 1912-14' (The Co l lec to rs Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.35, No.2, pp.149-152; Mar. 1956) An i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n t h e f i r s t t w o n a t i v e i s s u e s .

188 SMYTHIES, E.A., 'More Himalayan Exped i t i on Cachets' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.22, pp. 119-122; 1956) T h i s i s a n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a u t h o r ' s e a r l i e r a r t i c l e o n E v e r e s t p o s t a l h i s t o r y , w i t h f u r t h e r i l -

l u s t r a t i o n s o f some r a r e commemorat ive c a c h e t s .

189 SMYTHIES, E.A., 'Pos ta l H i s t o r y o f Everest Exped i t i ons ' (From an unknown j o u r n a l , c.1956) A n o t h e r a r t i c l e o n E v e r e s t E x p e d i t i o n s . T h i s o n e s m a r i z e s t h e t w o e a r l i e r a r t i c l e s o f T h e P h i l a t e l i s t , b u t i t s i l l u s t r a t i o n s a r e now much r e d u c e d i n s i z e .

190 SMYTHIES, E.A., ' T i b e t ; The D u l l and t h e Shiny Stamps, 1912-1914' (Gibbons' Stamp Monthly, Vo1.30, No.2, p.21; Oct. 1956) T h e a u t h o r m a i n t a i n s t h a t t h e p r i n t i n g s o f t h e 1 9 1 2 and 1914-20 i s s u e s i n e n a m e l c o l o u r s w e r e conmenced i n 1924.

191 SMYTHIES, E.A., ' T i b e t - The Land o f Mys te ry ' (St rand Stamp Journal . Vol .8, pp. 178-179, 197; Apr. 1957) A g e n e r a l , i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

192 STANARD, J .D., 'The Posta l Arrangements i n T i b e t ' (Stamps, Vo1.44, pp.53-54; Oct. 1939) A g e n e r a l a r t i c l e o n T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

193 STANARD. J.D.. ' T i b e t and i t s Postage Stamps' ( S c o t t ' s Month ly Journal , Vo1.21. No.1, pp.5-6; Mar.1940) A g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

194 STEIN, H.L., 'Een Onbekend Land: T i b e t ' (China F i l a t e l i e . Vo1.8, No.1, pp.24-27; No.2, pp.26-27; No.4, pp.31-33; Vo1.9, No.1, pp. 15-19; Vol.10, No.1, pp.9-11; No.3, pp.8-9; Feb.1976-Nov. 1978)

~ u t c h t e x t . A ser ies o f a r t i c l e s on various aspects o f Tibetan postal history.

STEWART, A.E., 'Chinese Post ( P h i l a t e l i c Journal o f Ind ia , Journal o f Great B r i t a i n , Vol

i n T h i b e t ' Vo1.18, No.10, pp.186-188; Oct.1914. Reprinted i n P h i l a t e l i c

.24, pp.201-202; N w . 1914) This i s a b r i e f account o f the Imperial Chinese Post O f f i c e In Tibet . The author confirms that the Chamdo P.O. was kept open unt i l the beginning o f 1914.

STEWART, A.E., 'The Stamps o f T i b e t ' ( P h i l a t e l i c Journal of I n d i a , V01.19, No.5, pp.61-62; May 1915. Repr in ted i n The Postage Stamp, Vo1.16, No.11, pp.133, 135; Jun. 1915) Very b r i e f notes on the 1912 i ssue .

TAMURA, I., 'Mystery Country T i b e t ' (Yubin, Vo1 .6, No.53, pp.1-13; Jan. 1954) A Japanese a r t i c l e , presumably a general introduction t o Tibetan postal h is tory . The i l l u s t r a - t ions are confined t o the land, i t s people and animals.

TEUMER, K.H., ( ' T i b e t ' ) (D ie C h i n a - P h i l a t e l i e , c.1960) German t e x t . I have not seen t h i s a r t i c l e .

THOMPSON, L.B. and MARTINELLI. A.C.. 'Local Stamps o f T i b e t - The Mount Everest Exped i t i on Stamps o f 1924' (The P h i l a t e l i c F o l i o , Vol.1, No.3, pp.97-111; Sep. 1952) This i s a very thorough and comprehensive study o f the Mount Everest labels , o f 1924. With in-

teres t ing i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f complete panes o f three printings.

THOMPSON, L.B. and MARTINELLI, A.C., 'Essays o f T ibetan Stamps' (The P h i l a t e l i c F o l i o , Vol .l, No.4, pp.137-143; Oec. 1952) An i l l u s t ra t ed a r t i c l e on the waterlow essays o f the J9J2 issue. A very detailed and in teres- t i ng study whose i l l u s t ra t i ons include portions o f the papennaker's watermark.

THOMPSON, L.B. and MARTINELLI, A.C., 'Chinese Post O f f i c e s i n T i b e t ' (The P h i l a t e l i c F o l i o , Vo1.2, NO.^?, pp.10-34; Mar. 1953) The best study o f the postal h is tory o f the Imperial Chinese period, although postal markings

are not treated. Very thorough, informative and well-written. With some i l l u s t ra t i ons .

TOLMAN, E.M., 'Chinese T ibe tan Postmarks' (The China C l ipper , Vo1.16, No.6, pp.103-106; Nov. 1952) A useful a r t i c l e on the postmarks o f the Imperial Chinese period. A number o f rare covers are

recorded and dated. with in teres t ing i l l u s t ra t i ons .

TOLMAN, E.M., ' T i b e t - The F i r s t Chinese Lhasa Postmark' (The C o l l e c t o r s Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.51, No.4, pp.205-209; J u l . 1972) An excel lent study o f the Imperial Chinese cancellations o f Lhasa. The author proves that Wa-

t e r f a l l ' s type C-2 was ac tua l l y the ear l i e s t cancellation i n use, followed by C-1. With i l -

l u s t ra t i ons o f rare covers.

TONG-YUAN, L I , 'Hs i - t sang y u p i kao' ( ' A Study o f T ibetan Stamps and Currency ' ) (Ta ipe i ; 22Bpp.; 1959) Chinese t e x t . This i s a handbook on the stamps, coins and banknotes o f Tibet . The phi la te l ic

sec t ion contains several colour plates, some o f which show s e t s o f forgeries. The postmarks

drawings are highly unreliable, o f t en t o t a l l y imaginary a r t i s t ' s impressions. (Cf. No.648).

UEHLINGER, M., ' T i b e t , das verbotene Land im Herzen Asiens' (Schweizer Br ie fmarken-Zei tung, Vo1.66, No.11, pp.290-292; NOV. 1953)

A g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

206 VIGNOLA, F., ' A Tale o f Three C i t i e s ; Ma i l t o Nepal from Khasa. Kerong and K u t i , T i b e t '

(The Co l lec to rs Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.57, No. 1, pp.18-24; Jan. 1978. Repr in ted i n The China Cl ipper , Vo1.43, No.6, pp.181, 183-188; Sep. 1979)

his i s a n e x c e l l e n t r e s e a r c h a r t i c l e o n t h r e e T i b e t a n v i l l a g e s n e a r t h e N e p a l e s e b o r d e r , t h e i r p o s t a l h i s t o r y and c o m u n i c a t i o n s w i t h N e p a l . V e r y w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d .

207 VRIJDAG, T., 'Weer Zegels Van T i b e t ' (China F i l a t e l i e , Vo1.8, No.1, pp.28-29; Feb. 1976)

~ u t c h t e x t . An a r t i c l e o n t h e l a b e l s i s s u e d i n 1 9 7 2 , b y t h e T i b e t a n Government i n e x i l e .

208 WALKER, F., ' T i b e t ' (Stamp C o l l e c t o r s ' F o r t n i g h t l y , Vo1.24, pp.84-86, 96, 98; Apr. 1918)

An i n t e r e s t i n g a c c o u n t o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d o f T i b e t .

209 WARNER, F., 'Covers from T i b e t n o t Easy t o Get' (Covers, Vol . l 5 , No.9, pp. 18-21; Sep. 1955) I l l u s t r a t e d comments o n T i b e t a n c o v e r s o f t h e 1 9 5 0 s .

210 WATERFALL. A.C., ' T i b e t , 1933-51' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.19, No.7, pp.160-164; Apr. 1953) An i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n t h e d i f f e r e n t s e t t i n g s o f t h e 1933 i s s p e .

211 WATERFALL, A.C., 'Mount Everest Exped i t i ons ' (Stamp Co l lec t ing , Vo1.80, No.9, pp.273, 275; No.10, p.313; May 1953) T h i s a c c o u n t c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l d r a w i n g s o f c o m m e m o r a t i v e c a n c e l l a t i o n s u s e d i n t h e E v e r e s t Expe-

d i t i o n s o f 1924 and 1933.

212 WATERFALL. A.C., 'T ibe tan Proofs, 1932' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.19, No.11, p.275; Aug. 1953) B r i e f n o t e s o n t h e p r o o f s h e e t s o f t h e 1933 i s s u e . T h e a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h e y w e r e i s s u e d i n

1932 , a d a t e h e was t o c h a n g e t o 1933 i n h i s s u b s e q u e n t h a n d b o o k .

213 WATERFALL, A.C., 'T ibe tan N a t i v e Cance l la t i ons 1912-1950' (Stamp C o l l e c t i n g , Vo1.81, pp.828-829, 859-861; Feb.-Mar. 1954)

A v e r y good s t u d y o f t h e n a t i v e c a n c e l l a t i o n s , s e v e r a l o f w h i c h a r e drawn. W i t h a r o u t e map

and d e s c r i p t i o n o f a l l t o w n s h o u s i n g p o s t o f f i c e s .

214 WATERFALL, A.C., 'Fo rger ies o f the 1912 Issue o f T i b e t ' (China Sect ion B u l l e t i n , Vo1.3, No.1, pp.3-6; Jun. 1955) T h i s i s a n e x c e l l e n t s t u d y o f t h e d i f f e r e n t sets o f f o r g e r i e s a n d f o r g e d c a n c e l l a t i o n s . T h e il

l u s t r a t i o n s a r e much b e t t e r t h a n t h o s e i n t h e a u t h o r ' s s u b s e q u e n t h a n d b o o k i n t o w h i c h t h i s a r - t i c l e was i n c o r p o r a t e d .

215 WATERFALL, A.C., 'The 1 Sang Value o f the F i r s t I ssue o f T i b e t ' (China Sect ion B u l l e t i n , Vo1.3, No.1, pp.6-7; Jun. 1955) B r i e f comments o n t h e 1 s a n g .

216 WATERFALL, A.C.. 'The F i r s t I ssue o f T i b e t - P e r f o r a t e d ' (China Sec t ion B u l l e t i n , Vo1.3, No.1, p.7; Jun. 1955) T h e d i s c o v e r y o f some p i n - p e r f o r a t e d s t a m p s o f t h e 1 9 1 2 i s s u e .

217 WATERFALL. A.C., ' T i b e t 1933 Set: New P r i n t i n g Solves t h e S e t t i n g s Problem' (China Sect ion B u l l e t i n , Vo1.3. No.3, p.36; Oct. 1955) A v e r y b r i e f n o t e o n t h e s e t t i n g s o f t h e 1 t r a n g k a , 1933 i s s u e .

WATERFALL. A.C.. ' F u r t h e r Notes on T i b e t ' (Gibbons' Stamp Monthly, V01.29, No.6, pp.64-65; No.8, p. 105; Feb.-Apr. 1956) V a r i o u s n o t e s , m a i n l y o n t h e 1912 and 1933 i s s u e s , w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f p e r f o r a t e d c o p i e s o f

t h e 1912 i s s u e , o n c o v e r .

WATERFALL, A.C., ' F u r t h e r One Sang T i b e t - Forger ies? ' (Gibbons' Stamp Monthly, Vo1.30, No.7, p.75; Mar. 1957) A r e p o r t o n t h e 1 s a n g f o r g e r i e s t h a t h a v e j u s t a p p e a r e d o n t h e m a r k e t . W i t h good i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f a g e n u i n e a s w e l l a s a f o r g e d s h e e t and d e t a i l s o f how t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n t h m .

WATERFALL. A.C., ' B r i t i s h M iss ion and F i e l d Post O f f i c e s i n T i b e t ' (Stamp C o l l e c t i n g , Vol.89, pp.259, 261, 263, 265, 407; Nov.-Dec.1957) An i n t e r e s t i n g a c c o u n t o f t h e e a r l y B r i t i s h - I n d i a n p o s t a l m a r k i n g s i n u s e i n T i b e t . W i t h p o s t - m a r k s d r a w i n g s .

WATERFALL, A.C., ' T i b e t ' (Journal o f Chinese P h i l a t e l y , Vo1.7, pp.13-14; Vo1.9, p.54; 1959-Feb. 1962) N o t e s o n t w o T i b e t d i s p l a y s .

WATERFALL. A.C., 'The Pos ta l H i s t o r y o f T i b e t ' (London: Robson Lowe; 1 s t ed., 174pp., 1965; 2nd ed., 18Bpp.. Sep. 1981. Reviews o f 2nd ed. i n Pos ta l Himal , No.29, pp.5-7; 1982; and i n Indien-Report, L i teratur-Repor t 2, p.42; 1982) 1 s t e d . : T h i s i s t h e l e a d i n g handbook o f T i b e t , a v e r y t h o r o u g h and w e l l - w r i t t e n s t a n d a r d work .

A l l a s p e c t s o f p h i l a t e l y and p o s t a l h i s t o r y a r e d e a l t w i t h c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y and a g r e a t d e a l o f

t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i s b a s e d o n o r i g i n a l r e s e a r c h . T h e a u t h o r ' s e a r l i e r a r t i c l e s a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h i s b o o k . w i t h n u m e r o u s i l l u s t r a t i o n s ( o f poor q u a l i t y ) and a n e x c e l l e n t , d e t a i l e d p o i n t s -

s y s t e m c a t a l o g u e o f t h e n a t i v e i s s u e s .

2nd e d . : T h i s i s a b a s i c a l l y u n a l t e r e d v e r s i o n o f t h e 1 s t e d . , i n c l u d i n g o n l y m i n o r a d d i t i o n s

and v e r y f e w c o r r e c t i o n s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , i t d o e s n o t c o v e r numerous d i s c o v e r i e s made and re-

c o r d e d s i n c e 1965 .

WAY, W.D.. ' T i b e t Phantas ies ' (Western Stamp C o l l e c t o r , Vol .?, p.6, Ju1 . 1954) A n o t e c o n d e m n i n g t h e s o - c a l l e d o f f i c i a l a s w e l l a s r a d i o - t e l e g r a p h s t a m p s .

WAY, W.D., 'Covers Addressed t o T i b e t ' (China Sec t ion B u l l e t i n , Vo1.3, No.2, p.24; Aug. 1955) Q u e r i e s o n t w o c o v e r s o f t h e 1 9 5 0 s .

WEISS, H., 'The I n s i d e S t r a i g h t ' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip, Vo1.56, pp.393-394; May 1953) B r i e f random n o t e s o n T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

WERBER, P., 'Aus dem Land des Da la i Lama' ( U s t e r r e i c h i s c h e Briefmarken-Zeitung, Vo1.30, pp.180-181; Vo1.31, pp.3-5; 1954) An i l l u s t r a t e d i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

WERBER, P., 'E ine Kar l -Marx-Marke aus T i b e t ' ( D i e We1 t der Briefmarke, No.158; 1954) Comments o n t h e p o s t a l a f f a i r s o f t h e 1 9 5 0 s .

WERBER, P.. ' T i b e t - i n t e r e s s a n t und schw ie r ig ' ( D i e We1 t der Br ie fmarke, Nos.167-168; 1954)

A g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

WERBER. P., 'Entzauber tes Land des Da la i Lama' (D ie Bas le r Taube, Vo1.17, No . lO / l l , pp.81-83; No.12, pp.101-105; Nov.-Dec. 1954)

An i l l u s t r a t e d , g e n e r a l a c c o u n t o f T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

230 WEST. R.D.. 'The Case f o r T i b e t ' (The American P h i l a t e l i s t . V01.64, No.8, pp.641-644; May 1964)

Genera l comments o n T i b e t ' s p o l i t i c a l and h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d .

231 WEST, R.D., 'The Chinese Comnunist Occupation; T i b e t i n E c l i p s e ' (The American P h i l a t e l i s t , V01.84, No.3, pp.239-248; No.4, pp.319-326; N0.11, pp.1009-1010; Vo1.86. No.2, p.108; Mar. 1970-Feb. 1972) An e x c e l l e n t l y i l l u s t r a t e d s t u d y o f t h e C h i n e s e p o s t a l m a r k i n g s u s e d i n T i b e t d u r i n g t h e 1 9 5 0 ~

and 1960s . v e r y w e l l w r i t t e n and m o s t u s e f u l , t h i s i s t h e b e s t a c c o u n t o f t h e p e r i o d i n q u e s -

t i o n . A g r e a t improvement o n C h i u ' s s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s .

232 WEST, R.D., 'Himalayan Echoes - I n f o r m a t i v e Notes on T i b e t , Nepal, S ikk im and Bhutan' (Himalayan Echoes, Nos.1-16; May 1973-NCV. 1975) T h i s i s a s e r i e s o f 16 i l l u s t r a t e d n e w s l e t t e r s , e a c h c o n t a i n i n q n o t e s o n T i b e t a n p o s t m a r k s ,

s t a m p s , f o r g e r i e s and l a b e l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . U p d a t i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n h i s e a r l i e r

a r t i c l e s , t h e a u t h o r r e c o r d s many c o n t e m p o r a r y p o s t a l m a r k i n g s o f t h e C h i n e s e P.0.s i n T i b e t .

233 WETTERLING, J.G., 'Low Grade Coun te r fe i t s ' (China P h i l a t e l i c News, Vol.1, No.5, pp.18, 20; J u l . 1979) N o t e s and i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f some f o r g e d s u r c h a r g e s o f 1 9 1 1 , e m a n a t i n g f r o m A u s t r a l i a .

234 WHEELER, T., ' F i f t y Years o f T i b e t , 1900-50' (The London P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.85, pp.142-149; Sep. 1976)

A good and c o m p r e h e n s i v e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y . w i t h some v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g

i l l u s t r a t i o n s . A f i n e a r t i c l e .

235 WHITFIELD KING & CO., ' L e t t e r t o the E d i t o r ' (The P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.5. p.319; Sep. 1939) T h e e a r l i e s t m e n t i o n o f t h e 4 t r a n g k a s e t t i n g w i t h t h e m i s s i n g c l i c h d i n p o s . 4 . W i t h a n i l -

l u s t r a t i o n o f a s h e e t o f t h i s s e t t i n g , f e a t u r i n g a s i n g l e s t a m p a f f i x e d o v e r t h e v a c a n t s p a c e .

236 WILLIAMS, L.N. & M.. 'Fundamentals o f P h i l a t e l y - R e l i e f P r i n t i n g ' (The American P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.72, No.5, pp.359-362; Feb. 1959) The a u t h o r s u s e t h e T i b e t a n i s s u e o f 1933 t o e x p l a i n t h e o r i g i n o f s u b s t i t u t e d c l i c h C s . w i t h good i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t h r e e s h e e t s o f t h e 4 t r a n g k a v a l u e .

237 WILSON, W.T., ' T i b e t ' (Mekeel 's Weekly Stamp News, Vo1.25, p.238; J u l . 1911) A v e r y e a r l y r e c o r d o f t h e i s s u e o f t h e t r i l i n g u a l l y s u r c h a r g e d s t a m p s o f 1911 .

238 WILSON, W.T., 'The White L i o n o f T i b e t ' (The Postage Stamp, Vol . l o , No. 23, p.272; Sep. 1912) An e a r l y r e p o r t o f t h e D a l a i Lama p r o o f s o f t h e 1912 i s s u e .

LATE ADDITIONS

BELL. SIR CHARLES, ' T i b e t - Past and Present ' (Oxford: Clarendon Press; p l a t e s fac ing pp.176, 202; 1924. Repr in ted Ta ipe i : Ch'eng Wen Pub1 i s h i n g CO. ; 1971) I n t e r e s t i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f a p o s t a l c o u r i e r s t a t i o n o n t h e Gyantse -Lhasa road and o f p o s t -

men c r o s s i n g t h e J e l e p P a s s .

240 DAS, S.C.. 'Journey t o Lhasa and Centra l T i b e t ' (London; 1902. Repr in ted New D e l h i : Manjusr i Pub l i sh ing House; pp.185-186; 1970) T h i s v o l u m e c o n t a i n s a m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g a c c o u n t o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y c o u r i e r s o f t h e T i b e t a n

G o v e r n m e n t , e s p e c i a l l y t h e e x p r e s s c o u r i e r s o n t h e road b e t w e e n Lhasa and P e k i n g .

241 HEINZEL. K., 'Vo lks repub l i k China - Pos to r te sowie Inlandspoststempel s e i t M i t t e der 50er Jahre ' (Essen: Forschungsgemeinschaft C h i n a - P h i l a t e l i e e.V.; pp.10, 59-62; Mar.1983) A u s e f u l l i s t i n g - i n E n g l i s h a s w e l l a s C h i n e s e - o f 83 p o s t o f f i c e s o f X i z a n g ( T i b e t ) P r o v i n c e .

242 HELLRIGL, W.C., ' T i b e t - The Forger ies o f t h e Second Issue ' (Pos ta l Himal, i n p r i n t ; 1983) A d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t and i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f c o m p l e t e s h e e t s o f t h e f o u r known f o r g e d t y p e s o f

t h e 1914-1920 i s s u e , i n c l u d i n g u n r e c o r d e d f o r g e r i e s .

243 MIZUHARA, M., ' T i b e t : Stamps and Posta l H i s t o r y ' ( 'The Magn i f i cen t C o l l e c t i o n o f Chinese Stamps', Par t 2. Vo1.4; Tokyo: t o be publ ished 1984) R e p r o d u c t i o n s o f t h e a l b u m l e a v e s o f t h e a u t h o r ' s c o l l e c t i o n o f T i b e t . Commented i n E n g l i s h

and J a p a n e s e .

244 PHILATELIC FOUNDATION, THE, 'The Posta l Issues o f T i b e t ' ( P h i l a t e l i c Foundation Ana lys i s L e a f l e t ; 2 pp.; Jan. 1980) A s i m p l i f i e d i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

245 RADGOWSKI, S.G. , 'The Mount Everest P i c t o r i a l Stamp' (Weekly P h i l a t e l i c Gossip; 2 pp.; c.1952) A b r i e f summary o f t h e Mount E v e r e s t l a b e l o f 1924.

246 SINGER, A.E., 'More New Nepal and T i b e t F inds ' (Pos ta l Himal, No.32, pp.60-61; Mar. 1983) T h e a u t h o r comments o n a c o m p l e t e s h e e t o f t h e 1 t r a n q k a , 1912 i s s u e , p r i n t e d i n y e l l o w and

o n a c o m n e r c i a l l y u s e d 4 t r a n q k a g r e e n p r i n t e d o n r u l e d n o t e b o o k p a p e r .

B ) I N K A N D W A X S E A L S

THE (;HEAT GOLOEN S E A L OF THE D A L A I LAMAS

BRAUEN, M. , ' H e i n r i c h Har re r ' s Impressionen aus T i b e t ' ( Innsbruck: P inguin-Ver lag, pp.182. 186-187, 233; 1974) r l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t w o le t ters b e a r i n g s e a l s o f t h e 1 3 t h D a l a i Lama. ( c f . e n t r y N O . 5 1 5 ) .

CHIU, C.W.. 'Pos ta l H i s t o r y o f T i b e t ' (Ch iu ' s Supplement. Vol .8, p.373; 1959) T h i s series o f a r t i c l e s c o n t a i n s i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f a n Amban s e a l and a Dala i Lama wax s e a l , o n

c o v e r .

DAHNKE, K.H., 'Mandar in-Br ie fe ' (D ie Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e . No.9, pp.8-9; No.10, pp.77-78; 1971) N o t e s o n c o v e r s b e a r i n g Amban s e a l s , w i t h a n i l l u s t r a t i o n and t r a n s l a t i o n o f a c o v e r o f 1908. T h e a u t h o r e x p l a i n s t h a t many s o - c a l l e d Mandarin c o v e r s a r e n o t h i n g b u t common e n v e l o p e s w i t h

r e d c e n t r a l s t r i p s .

DAHNKE, K.H., ' S t a a t s b r i e f ' (D ie Ch ina -Ph i la te l i e , No.33, p.46; 1977) An e a r l y D a l a i Lama l e t ter , o f 1 8 5 7 , i l l u s t r a t e d and t r a n s l a t e d .

OAHNKE, K.H., ' T i b e t - Handbuch und Kata log der Marken und Stempel' (Bayreuth/Essen: Forschungsgemeinschaft C h i n a - P h i l a t e l i e e.V., pp.32a, 53-55; f igs.23-23a. 121-130. 203, 212, 217-220; Apr. 1978-Mar. 1982) T h i s h a n d b o o k c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l i m p o r t a n t i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f i n k and wax s e a l s o f D a l a i Lamas, Pan-

c h e n Lamas, Ambans, e t c .

DAHNKE, K.H., 'Das Postwesen i n T i b e t ' (C.C.Muller und W.Raunig, 'Der Weg zum Dach der We l t ' . Innsbruck: Pinguin-Verlag 8 Frankfur t IM: Umschau-Verlag, pp.55. 220; Oct. 1982) I l l u s t r a t i o n s o f a D a l a i Lama l e t t e r o f 1857 and o f t w o Amban c o v e r s , a l l b e a r i n g r e d i n k s e a l s .

FIELD, D., 'The Pub1 i s h e r ' s Corner' (The West-End P h i l a t e l i s t , Vol.1, No.1. p.42; May 1904) B r i e f n o t e s o n a wax s e a l o f t h e p r e - s t a m p p e r i o d , h e r e e r r o n e o u s l y d e s c r i b e d a s a ' g e n u i n e pos-

t a g e s t a m p ' . W i t h a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h i s s e a l .

FRANCKE, A.H., 'Note on the Da la i Lama's Seal and the Tibeto-Mongol i a n Characters' (Journal o f the Royal A s i a t i c Soc ie ty o f Great B r i t a i n and I re land , pp.1205-1214; Oct. 1910;

pp.204-207, 528-530, 822-825; Jan., Apr. & J u l . 1911) V a r i o u s a u t h o r s d i s c u s s t h e i n s c r i p t i o n o f t h e 1 3 t h D a l a i Lama's l a r g e s e a l . T h e a r t i c l e con- t a i n s a c h a r t o f t h e H o r y i g c h a r a c t e r s , u s e d i n T i b e t f o r s e a l i n s c r i p t i o n s .

HELLRIGL. W.C., 'T ibe tan Seals ' (Pos ta l Himal, i n p r i n t ) A s e r i e s o f i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e s o n T i b e t a n i n k and wax s e a l s , i n t r o d u c i n g s e v e r a l u n r e c o r d e d t y p e s .

MACDONALD, D., 'The Land o f t h e Lama' (London, 1929. Repr in ted as ' C u l t u r a l Her i tage o f T i b e t ' , New D e l h i : L i g h t & L i f e Publ ishers,

pp.32, 43, 81, 93, 132, 208, 228, 239, 257, 262-265; 1978)

U s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n and good i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f s e v e r a l i n t e r e s t i n g and i m p o r t a n t i n k s e a l s .

MARRINER, T.F., ' T i b e t ' ( P h i l a t e l i c Journal o f Great B r i t a i n , Vo1.46, pp.162-164; Oct. 1936. Repr in ted i n The China

C l ipper , Vol . 1, No.4, pp.7-10; Apr. 1937. Repr in ted i n World S t . D ig . , pp.343-347; Aug. 1938) Wax and i n k s e a l s a r e g i v e n t h e s t a t u s o f p o s t a g e s t a m p s , a n e r r o r c o p i e d f r o m D. F i e l d ' s a r t i c - l e o f 1904 .

305 MOSS, A.B., 'Notes on the E a r l y L i f e and Career of Laden La ' (Postal Himal, No.27/28, cover, pp.52-57) r n t e r e s t i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f v a r i o u s s e a l s o f t h e 1 3 t h D a l a i Lama and the P r i m e M i n i s t e r o f ~ i - b e t . Shown and f u l l y t r a n s l a t e d a r e a D a l a i Lama le t ter and T i b e t a n p a s s p o r t s i s s u e d in connec-

t i o n w i t h t h e B r i t i s h Mount E v e r e s t e x p e d i t i o n s o f 1922 and 1924.

138 NEWMAN, T.M., ' T i b e t ' (The Co l lec to rs Club P h i l a t e l i s t , Vo1.19, No.1, p.35; Jan. 1940)

I l l u s t r a t i o n o f a l e t t e r i n s c r i b e d b y t h e 1 3 t h D a l a i Lama a n d b e a r i n g a wax i m p r e s s i o n o f h i s

s m a l l s e a l .

141 ORTH, A., ' T i b e t - seine Postgeschichte von 1854 b i s 1925' (K lagenfur t P h i l a t e l i c E x h i b i t i o n Catalogue, pp.94-96; May 1976) T h i s a r t i c l e c o n t a i n s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f a n i n t e r e s t i n g c o v e r b e a r i n g t h e red-powdered wax s e a l

o f t h e 1 3 t h Dala i Lama.

161 RUSSELL, G.S., ' T i b e t ' (The China Cl ipper , Vo1.13. No.6, p.80; Vo1.14, No.4, pp.93-95; Sep. 1949-May 1950)

Good i n t r o d u c t i o n t o v a r i o u s i m p o r t a n t s e a l s .

306 SCHUH. D., 'E r lasse und Sendschreiben mongol ischer Herrscher f u r t i b e t i s c h e G e i s t l i c h e ' (Monumenta T i b e t i c a H i s t o r i c a : Abt.111, Diplomata e t Ep is to lae , Vol .1 . St .August in : VGH Wissen- schaf tsver lag; 1977) A s c i e n t i f i c d e s c r i p t i o n o f v a r i o u s i m p o r t a n t T i b e t a n d o c u m e n t s b e a r i n g i n k s e a l s .

307 SCHUH, D., 'Urkunden und Sendschreiben aus Z e n t r a l t i b e t , Ladakh und Zanskar' (Monumenta T i b e t i c a H i s t o r i c a : Abt.111, Diplomata e t Ep is to lae , Vols.2 & 4. St .August in : VGH Wissenschaftsverlag; 1976 & 1979) D e s c r i p t i o n s , i l l u s t r a t i o n s and t r a n s l a t i o n s o f many T i b e t a n d o c u m e n t s b e a r i n g i m p o r t a n t i n k

s e a l s .

308 SCHUH, D. and DAGYAB. L.S., 'Urkunden, E r lasse und Sendschreiben aus dem B e s i t z s ikk i rnes ischer Adelshauser und des K l o s t e r s Phodang' (Monumenta T i b e t i c a H i s t o r i c a : Abt.111, Diplomata e t Ep is to lae , Vo1.3. St -August in : VGH Wissen- schaf tsver lag; 1978) D e s c r i p t i o n s and i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f f u r t h e r T i b e t a n d o c u m e n t s b e a r i n g i m p o r t a n t i n k s e a l s .

309 SCHUH, D., 'Grundlagen t i b e t i s c h e r Siege1 kunde' (Monumenta T i b e t i c a H i s t o r i c a : Abt.111, Diplomata e t Ep is to lae , Vo1 .5. St .August in : VGH Wissen- schaf tsver lag; pp.400; 1981) T h i s handbook i s t h e l e a d i n g work o n T i b e t a n i n k s e a l s . I t i s l a r g e l y b a s e d o n t h e p r e c e d i n g 4 v o l u m e s b u t i n c l u d e s a g r e a t d e a l o f new i n f o r m a t i o n . W i t h d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n s , t r a n s l a t i o n s

and v e r y good i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f a l m o s t a l l known i n k s e a l s o f t h e D a l a i Lamas a n d Panchen Lamas, o f t h e R e g e n t s , o f t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s , o f v a r i o u s i m p o r t a n t r e i n c a r n a t i o n s , etc. A l s o i l -

l u s t r a t e d a r e many h i s t o r i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t d o c u m e n t s b e a r i n g i n k s e a l s .

310 SHADRA, H .E. K. and NORNANG, K., ' Le t te r -Wr i t e r s ; Y i k-bskur rnam-gshag' (Kalimpong: G.Tharchin, T i b e t M i r r o r Press; 1954) I h a v e n o t s e e n t h i s b o o k w h i c h i s s a i d t o c o n t a i n a l i s t ( w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s ? ) o f s e a l s u s e d b y

t h e D a l a i Lamas and R e g e n t s .

311 SHELTON, A., ' L i f e Among the People o f Eastern T i b e t ' (Na t iona l Geographic Magazine, Vo1.40, p.294; Sep. 1921) A m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g a c c o u n t , b y a n A m e r i c a n d o c t o r who was i n v i t e d t o L h a s a , b y t h e D a l a i Lama.

T h e D a l a i L a m a ' s s p l e n d i d i n v i t a t i o n l e t t e r and e n v e l o p e , c o m p l e t e w i t h i n k and wax s e a l s , re- s p e c t i v e l y , a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

185 SMYTHIES, E.A.. 'The S t o r y of Everest ( i n Stamps and Documents)' (The P h i l a t e l i s t . Vo1.20. p.208; May 1954) An informative article containing illustrations of Dalai Lama seals and an order bearing the

prime ~inister's seal.

312 WALSH. E.H., 'Examples o f T ibe tan Seals ' (Journal o f t h e Royal A s i a t i c Soc ie ty of Great B r i t a i n and I re land . pp.1-15, 465-470; Jan. 6 J u l . 1915) TWO interesting articles on Tibetan ink and wan seals includir~g Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama

seals. With translations and illustrations.

222 WATERFALL, A.C., 'The Pos ta l H i s t o r y o f T i b e t ' (London: Robson Lowe; 1 s t ed., pp.132-139. 153; 1965; 2nd ed.. pp.138-145. 160; Sep.1981) his handbook contains useful descriptions and illustrations of several imporatnt ink and wax

C ) C A T A L O G U E S

A N A T I V E POSTblARK Of LHASA

CHOW. M.D.. ' D e s c r i p t i v e Catalogue of Chinese Postage Stamps' (Shanghai: M.D. Chow; 1937) I h a v e n o t s e e n t h i s c a t a l o g u e .

GIBBONS, S., ' T i b e t ' (London: S tan ley Gibbons Pub1 i c a t i o n s ; Catalogue P a r t 17. 'China', pp.209-210; dun. 1982) T h i s i s the best o f the p e r i o d i c a l l y p u b l i s h e d g e n e r a l c a t a l o g u e s . T h e l i s t i n g c o m p r i s e s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s h a d e v a r i e t i e s .

HISCOCKS, S.E.R., ' T i b e t ' (Woking: S.E.R. Hiscocks; 'Telegraph & Telephone Stamps o f the World' , p.282; 1982) A p r i c e d and a n n o t a t e d c a t a l o g u e l i s t i n g t h e s e t o f s o - c a l l e d w i r e l e s s - t e l e g r a p h s t a m p s .

LIPSIA BRIEFMARKEN-KATALOG. ' T i b e t ' ( L i p s i a : Enzyklopadie-Verlag; 'Ostasien-Katalog' . pp.37. 320; 1960) T h i s l i s t i n g i s b a s e d o n S c o t t ' s C a t a l o g u e .

LIVINGSTON. L.F., 'Postage Stamps o f China. Japan and T i b e t ' (Bal t imore: L .F .L i v ings ton ; pp.117, 119; 1952) A v e r y b r i e f c a t a l o g u e l i s t i n g o f n o i m p o r t a n c e .

LOWE, R., ' T i b e t ' (London: Robson Lowe; 'The Encyclopaedia o f B r i t i s h Empire Postage Stamps'. Vo1.3, The Empire i n As ia, pp.273-277; 1953. Repr in ted Nor th Miami: F. B i l l i g , ' B i l l i g ' s P h i l a t e l i c Handbook', Vo1.39; c.1978) T h i s i s a p r i c e d , e n c y c l o p a e d i c l i s t i n g o f e a r l y B r i t i s h - I n d i a n p o s t a l m a r k i n g s u s e d i n T i b e t , b a s e d o n R o b s o n L o w e ' s p r e v i o u s a r t i c l e s o n t h i s s u b j e c t . W i t h some i l l u s t r a t i o n s and d r a w i n g s

o f p o s t a l m a r k i n g s .

MA, Z.-S., ' T i b e t O v e r p r i n t on T h i r d Imper ia l I ssue ' (Shanghai?: Z.-S. Ma; ' Ma's I 1 l u s t r a t e d Catalogue o f the Stamps o f China' , pp.344-345; 1947) A c a t a l o g u e l i s t i n g o f t h e s u r c h a r g e d s t a m p s o f 1 9 1 1 .

MICHEL OBERSEE-KATALOG, ' T i b e t ' (Munich: Schwaneberger Ver lag; Catalogue P a r t 5. ' ds ien ' , pp.1568-1570; 1983) A f a i r g e n e r a l l i s t i n g c o n t a i n i n g s e v e r a l i n a c c u r a c i e s i n t h e commentary a s w e l l a s i n t h e l i -

s t i n g i t s e l f , e . g . t h e 1933 p i n - p e r f o r a t i o n s a r e o m i t t e d w h i l e t h e p e r f o r a t i o n s o f t h e 1912 i s -

s u e a r e l i s t e d ! I n c l u d e d a r e t h e s o - c a l l e d o f f i c i a l and r a d i o - t e l e g r a p h s t a m p s . T h i s c a t a l o -

g u e i s p u b l i s h e d p e r i o d i c a l l y .

MINKUS NEW WORLD WIDE STAMP CATALOG, ' T i b e t ' (New York: Minkus Pub l i ca t ions ; Catalogue Vol.1, P a r t 2, p.769; 1980) A f a i r g e n e r a l l i s t i n g t h a t c o m p r i s e s t h e m a j o r s h a d e v a r i e t i e s . T h e s o - c a l l e d o f f i c i a l s t a m p s

a r e i n c l u d e d . T h i s c a t a l o g u e i s p u b l i s h e d a n n u a l l y .

PAPPADOPULO, S.A., ' T h i b e t ' (Shanghai: S.A. Pappadopulo; 'Standard Stamp Catalogue o f China and T rea ty P o r t s ' , pp.76-77;

1935) A b r i e f l i s t i n g o f n o i m p o r t a n c e .

SCOTT'S STANDARD POSTAGE STAMP CATALOGUE. ' T i b e t ' (New York: S c o t t Pub l i sh ing Co.; Catalogue Vo1 .4, p.711; 1982) A m e d i o c r e l i s t i n g , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e m a i n t y p e s o n l y , w i t h o u t t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e numerous

s h a d e v a r i e t i e s . I n l i e u o f t h e 1933 i s s u e , t h i s c a t a l o g u e l i s t s t w o c o m p l e t e i s s u e s d a t e d

1 9 3 2 and 1 9 3 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ! T h e s o - c a l l e d o f f i c i a l s t a m p s a r e a l s o l i s t e d . T h i s c a t a l o g u e i s

p u b l i s h e d a n n u a l l y .

371 YU, K.C., 'Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue o f China' (Ta ipe i : K.C. Yu; 1980) I have not seen this catalogue.

372 YVERT 8 TELLIER CATALOGUE DES TIMBRES, ' T h i b e t ' ( h i e n s : Ed i t ions Yvert 8 T e l l i e r ; Catalogue P a r t 4, 'Outre-Mer' , pp.689-690; 1980) A disappointingly inadequate listing, easily the worst of the periodically published general

catalogues. Neither the 1 sang nor the two stamps of the second issue are listed1

D) S E L E C T E D A U C T I O N C A T A L O G U E S

S M A L L S E A L O r THE U A L A I LAMAS

LUDER-EOELMANN AUCTIONS (Zurich, 15-26 Apr. 1929 . Lo ts Nos.4244-4246)

T h i s c a t a l o g u e c o n t a i n s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f a c o v e r b e a r i n g t h e r a r e Penam c a n c e l l a t i o n .

401 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 23 Sep. 1942. L o t s Nos.379-466) c o l . B a i l e y s a l e . I m p o r t a n t B r i t i s h - I n d i a n M i s s i o n p e r i o d , i n c l u d i n g many r a r e F i e l d p . ~ . ~ .

402 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 22 Apr. 1953. Lo ts Nos.615-650) H.B.R. C l a r k e s a l e . S t r o n g i n B r i t i s h - I n d i a n M i s s i o n and I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d s .

403 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 14 Dec. 1955. Lo ts Nos.57-200) C o l . B a i l e y s a l e . V e r y s t r o n g i n n a t i v e i s s u e s and B r i t i s h - I n d i a n M i s s i o n c o v e r s . T h e c a t a l o -

gue c o n t a i n s a n a r t i c l e , b y R . L o v e , o n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e B a i l e y c o r r e s p o n d e n c e .

404 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 27 Nov. 1957. L o t s Nos.138-228) W.C.Hinde s a l e . R a r e B r i t i s h - I n d i a n M i s s i o n c o v e r s , w i t h u s e f u l i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

405 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London. 15 Apr. 1959) E . A . S m y t h i e s sile. I h a v e n o t s e e n t h i s c a t a l o g u e .

406 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 13 Oec. 1961. L o t s Nos.475-605)

A.C. W a t e r f a l l s a l e . A g e n e r a l l y o u t s t a n d i n g a u c t i o n . Good i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f F i e l d P.O. and Im-

p e r i a l C h i n e s e c a n c e l l a t i o n s a r e i n c l u d e d .

407 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 3 Oct. 1962. L o t s Nos.364-513) W.H.Adgey-Edgar s a l e . A n o t h e r v e r y i m p o r t a n t s a l e . I l l u s t r a t i o n s i n c l u d e good s t r i k e s o f s e -

v e r a l F i e l d P.O. c a n c e l l a t i o n s .

408 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 16 Oec. 1964. L o t s Nos.1354-1388) S i r P e r c e v a l David s a l e . I m p o r t a n t I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d .

409 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 18 Jan. 1966. L o t s Nos.417-456)

A.C. W a t e r f a l l s a l e . S t r o n g i n n a t i v e i s s u e s .

410 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London. 24 Jan. 1967. L o t s Nos.68-243) A.C. W a t e r f a l l s a l e . A v e r y c o m p r e h e n s i v e s e l e c t i o n , w i t h many r a r e n a t i v e i s s u e s . I l l u s t r a -

t i o n s i n c l u d e E v e r e s t E x p e d i t i o n h a n d s t a m p s and a number o f i m p o r t a n t wax s e a l s .

411 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London. 22 Sep. 1971. L o t s Nos.1530-1604) S t r o n g i n B r i t i s h - I n d i a n M i s s i o n and I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d s .

412 ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 2 May 1972. L o t s Nos.1055-1069?) T h i s c a t a l o g u e c o n t a i n s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f a n u n s u r c h a r g e d 2 cent. C h i n e s e d i a g o n a l b i s e c t , t i e d

b y a G y a n t s e c a n c e l l a t i o n , o n a r e g i s t e r e d c o v e r f r o m G y a n t s e t o L h a s a .

ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 19 Sep. 1972. L o t s Nos.452-638) A.C. w a t e r f a l l s a l e . An o u t s t a n d i n g a u c t i o n , c o m p r i s i n g many u n i q u e itms. I l l u s t r a t i o n s in- c l u d e t h e o r i g i n a l i n k d r a w i n g f o r t h e W a t e r f a l l e s s a y , r a r e M i s s i o n c o v e r s and c s n c e l l a t i o r l s ,

t h e p h a r i r e g i s t r a t i o n c a c h e t , t h e 4 t r a n g k a p r o o f s h e e t o f 1933 and Dala i ~ a m s s e a l s . A -- m e n t a r y o n t h i s s a l e , b y J .Braun , a p p e a r e d i n I n d i e n - R e p o r t , No.13, pp.7-8; 1 9 7 2 .

ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (London, 17 Jan. 1973. L o t s Nos.1563-1596) Roseway s a l e . S t r o n g i n I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d . W i t h s e v e r a l i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f I m p e r i a l C h i - n e s e c o v e r s a n d c a n c e l l a t i o n s .

ROBSON LOWE AUCTIONS (Bournemouth, 5 Jun. 1975. L o t s Nos. 1547-1631) w. S t e r i c k e r s a l e . S t r o n g i n B r i t i s h - I n d i a n M i s s i o n and I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d s . coed i l - l u s t r a t i o n s o f v a r i o u s F i e l d P.O. c a n c e l l a t i o n s .

LONDON AND BRIGHTON STAMP AUCTIONS (London, 8 Oct. 1976. L o t s Nos.310-363) J . H e d d e r g o t t s a l e . O u t s t a n d i n g I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e c o v e r s , many o f w h i c h a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

ROBSON LOWE INTERNATIONAL AUCTIONS (Basle, 27 Oct. 1977. L o t s Nos.2109-2185) H . R . S t e e v e s s a l e . S t r o n g i n B r i t i s h - I n d i a n M i s s i o n , I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e and n a t i v e p e r i o d s .

GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (Los Angeles, 27 Oct. 1977. L o t s Nos. 1053-1079. 1878-1895) T h i s s a l e c o m p r i s e s good i t e m s o f t h e n a t i v e p e r i o d .

HARMERS OF NEW YORK AUCTIONS (New York. 23 Feb. 1978. L o t s Nos.2536-2794) C . G . S t e v e n s s a l e . I l l u s t r a t i o n s i n c l u d e many r a r e M i s s i o n c o v e r s , i n c l u d i n g a Rampoo pen-can-

c e l l a t i o n a n d a ' T i b e t ' t y p e w r i t t e n o v e r p r i n t , v a r i o u s c o v e r s o f t h e I m p e r i a l C h i n e r e p e r i o d and many n a t i v e i s s u e s .

DAVID FELDMAN AUCTIONS (Zur i ch , 27 Jun. 1978. L o t s Nos.334-1107) T . K l e w i t z s a l e . S t r o n g i n B r i t i s h - I n d i a n , n a t i v e a n d , p a r t i c u l a r 1 y, P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f China

p e r i o d s . W i t h u s e f u l i l l u s t r a t i o n s . A commentary o f t h i s s a l e , b y K.H.Dahnke, appeared i n D i e

C h i n a - P h i l a t e l i e , No.43, pp.13-24; 1979 .

ROBSON LOWE INTERNATIONAL AUCTIONS (Basle, 27 Oct. 1978. L o t s Nos.2171-2340) A.C. W a t e r f a l l s a l e . T h i s a u c t i o n c o m p r i s e s many i m p o r t a n t r a r i t i e s . I l l u s t r a t i o n s . p a r t l y i n

c o l o u r , i n c l u d e t h e r a r e G a r t o k c a n c e l l a t i o n and h a n d s t a m p , s e v e r a l F i e l d P.O. c a n c e l l a t i o n s . c l e a r e a r l y Chine,?e Lhasa s t r i k e s , D a l a i Lama and Panchen Lama s e a l s , a n a r r o w l e t t e r and a n o f -

f i c i a l m a i l - b a g t a g .

GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (Los Angeles, 8-9 Feb. 1979. L o t s Nos.818-895, 2780-2814) S t r o n g i n n a t i v e and I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d s . I l l u s t r a t i o n s i n c l u d e s e v e r a l u n s u r c h a r g e d C h i -

n e s e and s u r c h a r g e d s t a m p s u s e d i n T i b e t .

HARMERS OF NEW YORK AUCTIONS (New York, 13 Mar. 1979. L o t s Nos.1331-1406) V a r i o u s i m p o r t a n t i t e m s , i n c l u d i n g r a r e F i e l d P.O. c o v e r s .

424 ROBSON LOWE INTERNATIONAL AUCTIONS (Basle. 23 Mar. 1979. L o t s Nos.2501-2587)

T. W h e e l e r s a l e . v e r y s t r o n g i n I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e and e a r l y B r i t i s h - I n d i a n p e r i o d s .

t e d r a r i t i e s i n c l u d e a n RR-handstamped c o v e r f r o m S h i g a t s e , C h i n e s e p o s t a g e - d u e adhes ives used i n Lhasa and F i e l d P.O. c a n c e l l a t i o n s .

425 DAVID FELOMAN AUCTIONS (Zur i ch , 26 Sep. 1979. Lo ts Nos.4403-4437) S t r o n g i n I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d .

426 PETER KENEDI AUCTIONS (Encido, CA, 16 Nov. 1979. L o t s Nos.114-121) O u t s t a n d i n g I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e c o v e r s , i n c l u d i n g some f r a n k e d w i t h u n s u r c h a r g e d s t a m p s .

427 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (Los Angeles, 20 Dec. 1979. L o t s Nos.409-489. 1171-1311) S t r o n g i n I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e and n a t i v e p e r i o d s . I l l u s t r a t i o n s i n c l u d e a c o m b i n a t i o n c o v e r w i t h

s u r c h a r g e d and u n s u r c h a r g e d C h i n e s e s t a m p s , a 1 / 6 t r a n q k a c a n c e l l e d w i t h a Lhasa r e g i s t r a t i o n

c a c h e t and s p l e n d i d D a l a i Lama c o v e r s ( o n e o f w h i c h , d a t e d 1 9 1 0 , w a s s e n t f r o m t h e e x i l e i n I n -

d i a ) .

428 ROBSON LOWE INTERNATIONAL AUCTIONS (Tokyo, 16 Feb. 1980. L o t s Nos.1059-1090) V a r i o u s good c o v e r s .

429 ROBSON LOWE INTERNATIONAL AUCTIONS (Basle, 21 Mar. 1980. L o t s Nos.2490-2596) P.Couvreur s a l e . S t r o n g i n I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e and n a t i v e p e r i o d s . W i t h some use f .11 i l l u s t r a -

t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h a t o f a s h e e t o f the 1 karmanga b r o n z e - g r e e n o f f i c i a l .

430 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (Los Angeles, 28 Apr. 1980. L o t s Nos.400-433, 631-633) T h i s s a l e c o m p r i s e s a good s e l e c t i o n o f t h e n a t i v e p e r i o d .

431 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (Los Angeles, 3 Jun. 1980. L o t s Nos.2539-2555) V a r i o u s good c o v e r s . I l l u s t r a t i o n s i n c l u d e D a l a i Lama a n d Panchen Lama c o v e r s and t h e r a r e ' B a s e O f f i c e / D e l y . ' c a n c e l l a t i o n .

432 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (San Franc isco. 16 Aug. 1980. L o t s Nos.402-427, 1602-1623) Good c o v e r a g e o f t h e n a t i v e p e r i o d .

433 ROBSON LOWE INTERNATIONAL AUCTIONS (Basle, 23 Oct. 1980. L o t s Nos.2672-2799) C.H. Dougan s a l e . S t r o n g i n B r i t i s h - I n d i a n M i s s i o n , I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e and n a t i v e p e r i o d s . W i t h

i n t e r e s t i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f r a r e i n k and wax s e a l s .

434 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (Los Angeles. 22 J u l . 1981. L o t s Nos.1386-1414, 1710-1775) V a r i o u s r a r e E v e r e s t E x p e d i t i o n c o v e r s and a good r a n g e o f t h e n a t i v e p e r i o d .

435 DAVID FELOMAN AUCTIONS (Zur ich. 25 Sep. 1981. L o t s Nos.14409-14487) A good r a n g e o f t h e n a t i v e i s s u e s . I l l u s t r a t i o n s c o m p r i s e a G a r t o k c o v e r c o m p l e t e w i t h l e t t e r and a c o v e r b e a r i n g t h r e e c o m m e r c i a l l y u s e d p r o o f s h e e t s o f t h e 1933 i s s u e .

436 ROBSON LOWE INTERNATIONAL AUCTIONS (Tokyo, 11 Oct. 1981. L o t s Nos.911-995) An o u t s t a n d i n g s a l e . f e a t u r i n g m i s s i o n a r y le t ters Pram T i b e t , c o v e r s o f t h e Younghusband mis - s i o n , i m p o r t a n t I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e p e r i o d , n a t i v e i s s u e s , D a l a i Lama and Panchen ~ a ~ ~ seals.

437 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (Tokyo, 13 Oct. 1981. L o t s Nos.2002-2011, 2027-2037, 2066-2099) T h i s s a l e c o m p r i s e s a good r a n g e o f I m p e r i a l C h i n e s e and n a t i v e c o v e r s . (Cf. e n t r y ~ 0 . 9 5 9 ) .

438 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (Los Angeles. 12 May 1982. L o t s Nos.1717-1983) v e r y s t r o n g i n n a t i v e c o v e r s and c a n c e l l a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g a n u n r e c o r d e d Lhasa r e g i s t r a t i o n ca-

c h e t . T h e s a l e a l s o i n c l u d e s r a r e s e a l s .

439 ROBSON LOWE INTERNATIONAL AUCTIONS (Zur i ch , 19 May 1982. L o t s Nos.2347-2376) S t r o n g i n C h i n e s e p e r i o d a s w e l l a s i n i m p o r t a n t i n k and wax s e a l s .

440 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (New York. 23 Nov. 1982. L o t s Nos.1599-1767) T h i s s a l e c o n t a i n s v e r y good s e l e c t i o n s o f p o s t a l h i s t o r y .

441 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS (Los Angeles. 4 May 1983. Lo ts Nos.1186-1223. 1279-1314) T h i s c a t a l o g u e c o n t a i n s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e 5 t r a n g k a r e d ' o f f i c i a l ' s t a m p .

P A R T I 1

N U M I S M A T I C B I B L I O G R A P H Y

B Y

KARL GABRISCH

A ) C O I N S

Q I A N LONG, I / 2 Q I A N C O I N , YEAR 5 7 ( A . D . 17921

500 ANON., 'Chinese Rupee and i t s D i v i s i o n s f o r T i b e t ' (The Numismatist, V01.27. p.542; 1914) An a r t i c l e o n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e m i n t i n g o f t h e S z e c h u a n r u p e e .

501 ANON., 'Currencies of T i b e t ' (Salem. Mass.: Essex I n s t i t u t e , 'American Consular Repor t ' No.21188; n.d.)

he o f f i c i a l c o i n i n T i b e t i s the ' t a n g - k a ' , b u t c o i n s o f n e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n t r i e s a r e a l s o cur-

r e n t a l o n g t h e b o r d e r s . I n N o r t h e r n and E a s t e r n T i b e t C h i n e s e money a s w e l l a s s y c e e s i l v e r

and c o p p e r c a s h a r e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d . T h e T i b e t a n s r e f u s e p a p e r n o t e s . B a r t e r i s t h e

l e , t h e t r a d e o n a m o n e t a r y b a s i s b e i n g s c a r c e . Tea b r i c k s a r e w i d e l y u s e d a s a medium o f e x -

change .

502 ANON.. 'Chugoku Kindai Kahei Gaiyo' ( 'An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e Chinese Coinage and Paper Money s ince the 19th Century ' ) (Tokyo; 1967) J a p a n e s e t e x t . T i b e t : Hsuan T ' u n g 2nd y e a r , 7 t h m o n t h , 1 s t d a y ( 5 Aug . 1 9 1 0 1 , t h e O f f i c e f o r

T i b e t a n A f f a i r s e s t a b l i s h e d a m i n t . A t r i a l i s s u e o f t w o t y p e s o f c o p p e r c o i n s was made ,

e q u i v a l e n t t o 5 s i l v e r L i .

503 ANON.. 'Dat ing Modern T ibe tan Coins' (A Study by C o l l e c t o r ' s Research, Montreal Journal o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l Numismatics. Vo1.8, No.2, pp.38-39; 1974) D a t e s a r e i n v a r i a b l y found o n t h e reverse o f T i b e t a n c o i n s . On c o p p e r c o i n s , t h e d a t e s a r e u s u a l l y s t a t e d i n ' n u m e r a l s , i n s c r i b e d c l o c k w i s e i n t h e o u t e r r i m i e g e n d . On s i l v e r p i e c e s ,

t h e d a t e s a r e w r i t t e n i n w o r d s : a ) t h e word ' y e a r ' and t h e y e a r - f i g u r e s a r e u s u a l l y p l a c e d i n t h e c e n t r e ; b ) t h e word ' c y c l e ' and t h e c y c l e - n u m b e r may be w r i t t e n i n t h e centre o r i n t h e

o u t s i d e r i m l e g e n d . Once t h e c y c l e and t h e y e a r a r e d e c i p h e r e d , t h e m e t h o d o f c o n v e r t i n g t h e

T i b e t a n d a t e t o A.D. o r C.E. (Common E r a ) i s s i m p l i f i e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a :

160 x c y c l e ) + y e a r + 966 = A.D. o r C.E.

504 ANON., ' I l l u s t r a t i n g the " I l l u s t r a t e d Catalogue o f Chinese Coins" ' ( I n d i a A s i a t i c Numismatic Society , Vo1.2, No.1, p.77, p l a t e s XV, XVI; 1973) V a r i e t i e s o f t h e ' 3 S r a n g ' , Y.25 ( d i f f e r e n t n u m b e r s o f f l a m e s i n the l i o n ' s e x t e n d e d f o r e paw and h i s t a i l ) . T h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i e t i e s a r e l i s t e d : 16-7: 4 / 7 , 4 / 8 , 5 / 8 ; 16-8: 4 / 6 , 4 / 7 , 4 / 8 , 5 / 8 .

505 ANON.. 'The T iny Gold Dams o f Nepal ' (Whitman Numismatic Journal , Vo1.2, No.8. p.551; 1964) A r t i c l e n o t s e e n b y t h e c o m p i l e r .

506 BAULMONT, 'La rnonnaie d ' a rgen t au T h i b e t ' (Revue Indo-chinoise. Hanoi, pp.1349-1350; 1907) Two d r a w i n g s and a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e S i n o - T i b e t a n c o i n s C h ' i e n - l u n g Y.59 a n d Tao-kuang Y . l

507 BECKER. A.. 'E ine ch ines i sche Beschreibung von T i b e t aus dem 18. Jahrhunder t ' (Thesis. Munich; 1976) German t e x t . A t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e C h i n e s e ' W e i - t s a ' a n g s h i h - l i i e h ' ( R e c o r d o f T i b e t ) f r o m t h e

1 8 t h c e n t u r y ( a u t h o r ' S h e n g - S h e n g - T s u ' ) . P .127: g o l d and s i l v e r a r e c u r r e n t i n T i b e t .

508 BELL, SIR CHARLES, 'Grammar o f C o l l o q u i a l T ibe tan ' (Ca lcu t ta : 1 s t ed.. 1919. 2nd ed. r e p r i n t e d New York: Dover P u b l i c a t i o n s ; 1977) An i n t r o d u c t i o n t o T i b e t ' s m o n e t a r y s y s t e m . T h e s i l v e r c o i n s a r e : t r a n g - k a , s h o - n g a , ng i i - sang .

T h e c o p p e r c o i n s a r e : k h a - k a n g , kar-ma-nga, c h h e - g y e . T h e r e a r e n o g o l d c o i n s - i n 1918! ( p . 1 3 6 ) . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r ' P r i m i t i v e Money ')

509 BELL. SIR CHARLES, ' P o r t r a i t o f the Da la i Lama' (London; 1946)

T h e c h i e f m o n e t a r y u n i t i s t h e t r a n g - k a , a s i l v e r c o i n w i t h a l a r g e m e a s u r e o f a l l o y . ~t is d i v i d e d i n t o s i x lesser u n i t s , known a s k a . O v i n g t o o v e r - c o i n a g e o f c o p p e r c o i n s , l a r g e guan- t i t i e s o f w h i c h w e r e c o u n t e r f e i t e d i n I n d i a and smuggled a c r o s s t h e b o r d e r o f T i b e t , t h e t r a n g -

k a d e p r e c i a t e d g r e a t l y . Lumps o f s i l v e r , c a l l e d ' h o r s e s h o e s ' and v a r y i n g g r e a t l y i n s i z e , a r e u s e d f o r h i g h e r v a l u e s ( p . 1 6 2 ) . T h e book c o n t a i n s a p h o t o o f 12 T i b e t a n m i n s and a s i l v e r l u m p ( p . 1 6 1 ) . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r ' P a p e r Money ') .

BHATTACHARYA. P.K.. 'On t h e Dates on Coinage o f Cooch Behar' (Journal o f t h e Numismatic Soc ie ty o f I n d i a , Vo1.34, Par t 1, pp.93-96; 1972) p u e r i e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e a r t i c l e o f V .Chowdhury and P. Ray.

BHATTACHARYA. P.K.. 'New L i g h t on Sikk im Coinage' (Journal o f t h e Numismatic Soc ie ty o f Ind ia . Vo1.35, pp.256-259; 1973) T h e e a r l i e s t known c o i n o f S i k k i m , a ' d o l i p a i s a ' i s d e s c r i b e d and i l l u s t r a t e d . I t i s o f r e c -

t a n g u l a r s h a p e , made o f c o p p e r , w e i g h t 10.567 gms, s i z e d 1 . 1 x 1 . 3 m ( a p r i n t i n g e r r o r f o r 1 1 x 13 mm). T h i c k n e s s 0 . 5 mm. I t was a n i m i t a t i o n o f t h e ' d o l i p a i s a ' o f Nepal and m i n t e d b y t h e Newar t r a d e r s o f S i k k i m b e t w e e n A.D. 1882 and 1885 .

BONS D'ANTY, P.. 'Une r u o p i e c h i n o i s e pour l e Th ibe t ' (La G-eographie; B u l l e t i n de l a Soci'ete de G-eographie. Vol.8. pp.152-153; n.d.) A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e S z e c h u a n r u p e e (Yeom.3) ; w i t h o u t a n i l l u s t r a t i o n .

BOWKER, H.F., 'A Numismatic B ib l i og raphy o f the Far East ' (American Numismatic Soc ie ty numismatic Notes and Monographs, No.101; 1943) L i s t o f a r t i c l e s and c a t a l o g u e s o n t o p i c s r e l a t e d t o t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y .

BOWKER, H.F., 'Notes on Asian Numismatics. The Lama D o l l a r o f T i b e t ' (The Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, Vo1.22, pp.2134-2136; 1956) T h e a u t h o r c o n s i d e r s t h e s o - c a l l e d Lama d o l l a r n o t a s a f o r g e r y n o r f a n t a s y c o i n a s c l a s s i f i e d

b y E .Kann i n h is ' I l l u s t r a t e d C a t a l o g o f C h i n e s e C o i n s ' (8 -741 , b u t a s a n a u t h e n t i c c o i n s t r u c k i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 s i n the S z e c h u a n P r o v i n c i a l Min t a t Chengdu.

BRAUEN, H., ' H e i n r i c h H a r r e r ' s Impressionen aus T i b e t ' ( Innsbruck: P inguin-Ver lag; 1974) An i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e c o i n s and b a n k n o t e s u s e d i n t h e 1 9 4 0 s (pp .165-167 , w i t h b e a u t i f u l p l a - tes 1 0 2 - 1 0 5 ) . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No.25)

BRUCE 11, C.R., ' T i b e t S i l v e r Tangka, Y-13, a P re l im ina ry Study' ( I n d i a A s i a t i c Numismatic Society , Vo1.2, No.1, p.75; 1973) An a t t e m p t t o c l a s s i f y t h e ' w h i t e t a n g k a '

BRUCE 11, C.R.. DEYELL, J.S., RHODES. N.G., SPENGLER, W.F., 'The Standard Guide t o South Asian Coins and Paper Money s ince 1556 AD' T h e b e s t l i s t i n g o f M a l l a and T i b e t a n c o i n s e v e r p u b l i s h e d .

( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r ' C a t a l o g u e s ' ) .

BUSHELL, S.W., 'Chinese S i l v e r Coinage o f T i b e t ' (China Review, Vo1.6, No.6, pp.348-349; 1878) A m i n t f o r t h e c o i n a g e o f s i l v e r money was e s t a b l i s h e d i n Lhasa b y t h e Emperor C h ' i e n - l u n g i n t h e 5 7 t h y e a r o f h i s r e i g n , A.D. 1 7 9 2 . T h e r u l e s o f t h e new m i n t a r e d e t a i l e d i n t h e R e g u l a -

t i o n s o f t h e Board o f R e v e n u e , Ch.34, fo1 .35-36 . Two ' 1 s h o ' s p e c i m e s o f t h i s c o i n a g e a r e i l -

l u s t r a t e d : C h ' i e n - l u n g pao t s a n g Y.59 (A.D. 1 7 9 4 ) and Tao-kuang pao t s a n g Y.1 (A.D. 1 8 2 1 ) .

BUSHELL, S.W., 'The Chinese S i l v e r Coinage o f T i b e t ' (China Review, Vol.8, No.6, p.392; 1880) A d r a w i n g o f t h e ' 1 / 2 s h o ' o f C h ' i e n - l u n g p a o t s a n g Y.58 (A.D. 1 7 9 3 )

520 BUSHELL. S.W., ' A d d i t i o n a l Coins o f the Present Dynasty' (Journal of the China Branch o f the Royal A s i a t i c Society . V01.33. pp.30-34; 1889/1890) The m i n t i n Lhasa i s u n d e r t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n c e o f f o u r o f f i c e r s j o i n t l y a p p o i n t e d b y t h e c h i - n e s e r e s i d e n t and t h e D a l a i Lama. T h e c o i n s w e r e d i r e c t e d t o b e c a s t f r o m s t a n d a r d s y c e e +il-

v e r , unmixed w i t h o t h e r m a t e r i a l s . T h e l a t e r e m p e r o r s o r d e r e d t h a t o n e f i f t h o f t h e issues o f

t h e s i l v e r c o i n a g e o f T i b e t a s w e l l a s o f t h e c o i n a g e o f I l l i s h o u l d s t i l l b e i n s c r i b e d w i t h

t h e r e i g n o f C h ' i e n - l u n g i n memory o f t h e g r e a t E m p e r o r ' s c o n q u e s t .

521 BUSHELL. S.W., 'The Hsi Hsia Dynasty o f Tangut; The i r Money and P e c u l i a r S c r i p t ' (Journal o f the Nor th China Branch o f the Royal A s i a t i c Society , Vo1.30. Pt .2 , pp.142-160; 1895-1896. Reprinted: B u l l e t i n Numismatics I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vo1.9. pp.41-45; 1975) A h i s t o r y o f the T a n g u t Empire , w i t h a l i s t o f i t s r u l e r s a n d d e s c r i p t i o n o f 12 c o i n s , w i t h

d r a w i n g s .

522 BUSHELL, S.W., 'No t i ce sur une nouvel l e monnaie Tangoutaine' (Japan Adver t iser , Ser.9, Vo1.14. pp.558-560, i l l u s t r . ; 1899) A r t i c l e n o t s e e n b y t h e c o m p i l e r .

523 BUSHELL. S.W., 'The Tangut S c r i p t i n the Nank'ou Pass' (China Review, Vo1.24, No.1, pp.64-68, i l l u s t r . ; 1900) T r a n s l a t i o n o f i n s c r i p t i o n s o n t w o T a n g u t c o i n s i n T a n g u t c h a r a c t e r s : " T ' i e n T z u Pao C h ' i e n "

and "Ta An Pao C h ' i e n " , t h e s e c o n d and t h i r d N i e n Hao o f t h e same s o v e r e i g n Hui T s u n g ( A . D .

1068-1086) .

524 BYKOW. A.A., 'Monety K i t a j a ' (Leningrad; 1969) R u s s i a n t e x t . On p.32 t h e r e i s a s h o r t n o t e o n t h e Kong-par t a n g k a a n d t h e f i r s t S i n o - T i b e t a n i s s u e o f 1793. On p l a t e XVI t h e r e i s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e Kong-par t a n g k a 13-46 ( N o . 1 2 6 ) ,

t h e 1 S h o o f C h ' i e n - l u n g Y.59 (No .127) and T a o Kuang Y . 3 ( N o . 1 2 8 ) .

525 CAMMAN, S., 'Trade through t h e Himalayas. The E a r l y Attempts t o Open T i b e t ' (Pr inceton; 1951) A v e r y i n f o r m a t i v e b o o k b a s e d o n many s o u r c e s , w e s t e r n and C l ~ i n e s e , w i t h n u m e r o u s n o t e s o n c u r -

r e n c y i n T i b e t s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r k . Some o f the s o u r c e s c i t e d b y t h e a u t h o r a r e v e r y e l u s i v e .

526 CASSINELLI. C.W. and EKVALL, R.B., 'A T ibe tan P r i n c i p a l i t y . The P o l i t i c a l System o f Saskya' ( I t haca , N.Y.: Corne l l U n i v e r s i t y ; 1969) N o t e s o n d a i l y wages o f a r t i s a n s i n T i b e t , i n 1 9 4 7 , and o n p r i c e s o f some c o m m o d i t i e s ( p . 3 7 9 ) .

527 CHAPMAN, F.S., 'Lhasa. t h e Holy C i t y ' (London: Readers Union; 1940) T h e a u t h o r v i s i t e d t h e Government m i n t a t T r a b - s h i and o b s e r v e d t h e m i n t i n g o f s i l v e r and c o p -

p e r c o i n s and t h e p r i n t i n g o f b a n k n o t e s . He a d d s some r e m a r k s o n t h e d e b a s i n g o f c o i n a g e and l a c k o f b a c k i n g f o r t h e n o t e s ( p . 2 3 8 ) .

528 CHANG. H., 'The S i l v e r D o l l a r s and Taels o f China' (Hong Kong; 1981) D e s c r i p t i o n and p h o t o s , w i t h p r i c e s , o f t h e f i v e i s s u e s o f t h e ' I S r a n g ' (CH57-CH61).

529 CHIANG, CHUNG-CH'UAN, 'Chung Kuo Y in Nieh P i T'U Shuo' ( ' I l l u s t r a t i o n s o f Chinese Gold, S i l - ve r and N icke l Co ins ' ) (Shanghai ; 257pp. ; 1939) C h i n e s e and E n g l i s h t e x t . T i b e t a n c o i n s w i t h 17 d r a w i n g s , o n pp.11-18.

530 CHIN'TING. 'Kuo-erh-k'o c h i - l u e h ' ( 'The O f f i c i a l D iges t o f t h e Records o f the Gurkha Campaign') (China; 1795)

A v e r y r a r e b o o k c o n t a i n i n g t h e o f f i c i a l d o c u m e n t s o f t h e campaign o f 1791-92 i n T i b e t and Ne-

p a l . r t c o n t a i n s t h e o n l y m e n t i o n o f t h e f i r s t c o i n s m l n t e d i n T i b e t : 1763 and 1764 A.D., by t h e ~ e m o - c h u t u c h t a ( l e a v e s 1 1 , I Z a ) , and 1785 A.D.. w i t h a h i g h e r s i l v e r c o n t e n t , b y the 8 t h

D a l a i Lama ( l e a v e s 1 1 , 2 0 ) . T h e s e m i n t a g e s a r e c o m p l e t e l y unknown t o n u m i s m a t i s t s . U n f o r t u - n a t e l y , t h e s e i s s u e s a r e n e i t h e r d e s c r i b e d n o r i l l u s t r a t e d - we o n l y know t h a t t h e T i b e t a n is-

s u e s d i d n o t d i f f e r g r e a t l y f r o m t h e i r N e p a l e s e p r o t o t y p e s . T o t h e k n o w l e d g e o f the c o m p i l e r t h e s e e a r l y T i b e t a n c o i n s a r e n o t c o n f i r m e d b y a n y o t h e r C h i n e s e s o u r c e .

CHOWDHURY. V. and RAY, P.. ' H i t h e r t o Unknown Coins o f Cooch Behar o f Viranarayana and Mahind- ranarayana ' (Journal of t h e Numismatic Soc ie ty o f Ind ia . Vo1.33, Pt.1, pp.129-132; 1971) C o i n s o f t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d k i n g s a r e r e c o r d e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e .

CLARK, W.L., 'Denominations on T ibetan Coins' (The Coin C o l l e c t o r ' s Journal , Vo1.16, pp.46-47; 1949)

r! r e v i s e d l i s t s h o w i n g t h e p r o p e r d e n o m i n a t i o n a l names o f T i b e t a n c o i n s a s l i s t e d i n ' C o i n s o f t h e w o r l d ' , 2nd e d . , pp.224-226. W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

COOLE, A.B., 'Coins i n China 's H i s t o r y ' (Kansas; 4 t h ed., 1965) T h r e e T i b e t a n c o i n s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d o n pp.115-117: c o i n YS-S-4, YS-S- I0 and YS-C-I. T h e l a s t

t w o i t e m s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e f a n t a s i e s s t r u c k i n t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y . R e g a r d i n g YS-S-4 c f . Bow- k e r , ' N o t e s o n A s i a n N u m i s m a t i c s ' .

COOLE, A.8.. 'A B ib l i og raphy on Far Eastern Numismatology and a Coin Index. An Encyclopaedia o f Chinese Coins. Vol .1 ' (Miss ion, Kansas; 1967) An i m p o r t a n t work l i s t i n g a r t i c l e s o n t o p i c s r e l a t e d t o t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y .

CRESSWELL, O.O., 'T ibe tan Coins' (Numismatic I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Da l las , Texas; 1977) I n s p i t e o f i t s t i t l e , t h i s b o o k l e t l i s t s o n l y t h e c o i n s o f au tonomous T i b e t . T h e S i n o - T i b e t a n

s e r i e s and the M a l l a i s s u e s o n b e h a l f o f T i b e t a r e o m i t t e d . U s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n f o r b e g i n n e r s , b u t , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e a r e some wrong s t a t e m e n t s and o m i s s i o n s i n t h e l i s t i n g o f t h e i s s u e s .

CRESSWELL, O.D., 'T ibe tan Coins' (Review by Dr. K. Gabrisch i n : Ge ldgesch ich t l i che Nachrichten, Vo1.13, No.64, pp.92-93; 1978)

A c r i t i c a l r e v i e w .

CUNNINGHAM, A., 'Ladakh' ( R e p r i n t New De lh i ; 1970) T h e N e p a l e s e c o i n s a r e o f s i l v e r , e a c h b e i n g w o r t h h a l f a r u p e e , o r t w o j a o s o f Ladakh ( p . 2 5 4 ) .

CYBIKOV. G.C., 'Buddhist-palomnik i swiatyn T i b e t a ' ( ' A Buddhis t P i l g r i m a t the Holy Places o f T i b e t ' ) (Petrograd; 1919) R u s s i a n t e x t . A b o u t 1900 t h e a u t h o r v i s i t e d t h e m i n t a t t h e P o t a l a o f Lhasa and o b s e r v e d t h e c o i n i n g b y t h e n a t i v e b l a c k s m i t h s u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f s p e c i a l l a m a s . He f r e q u e n t l y m e t

w i t h c o i n s b e a r i n g t h e d a t e s 1872 and 1 8 9 0 A.D. A t t h a t t i m e , a n I n d i a n was engaged i n t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a m i n t i n g m a c h i n e b u t C y b i k o v d i d n o t s e e a n y c o i n s produced b y i t . He saw

c u r r e n t c o i n s o f N e p a l e s e o r i g i n , e v e n o f t h e 1 7 t h and 1 8 t h c e n t u r y . Some T i b e t a n c o i n s a r e

i l l u s t r a t e d ( p p . 166-168) .

OAS, S.C., 'Journey t o Lhasa and Centra l T i b e t ' (London; 1902. Repr in ted New Del h i : Manjusr i Pub1 i s h i n g House; 1970) On p.64 t h e a u t h o r r e f e r s t o a d e c r e e t o e n f o r c e t h e c i r c u l a t i o n o f e v e r y k i n d o f s i l v e r c o i n s , n o m a t t e r how d e b a s e d . P r e s u m a b l y , t h e d e b a s e d ( o r c o u n t e r f e i t ?) c o i n s r e f e r r e d t o a r e t h e

s o - c a l l e d S h i g a t s e t a n g k a s ( C r a i g 271 . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No.240)

540 OROUIN. E., 'Monnaies Tangoutaines ou Si -Hia (Hs i -Hs ia ) ' (Review Numismatique, Ser.4. Vo1.3, pp.225-240; 1899)

A d r a w i n g and d e s c r i p t i o n o f a c o i n w i t h T a n g u t c h a r a c t e r s o f Hui T s u n g (1068-1087 A.D.) w i t h

t h e 4 t h N i e n Hao ' T a An' o f t h i s e m p e r o r .

541 EASTON, J.. 'An Unfrequented Highway' (London; 1928) Some r e m a r k s o n t h e m o n e t a r y s y s t e m . T h e l o w e r v a l u e s a r e o f c o p p e r and t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f

T i b e t a n t r a d e i s c a r r i e d o u t i n c o p p e r v a l u e s ( p p . 8 3 - 8 4 ) .

542 FANO, DOMENICO DA, 'Shor t Desc r ip t i on o f the Kingdom of T i b e t ' (T rans la t ion by N.G. Rhodes o f the I t a l i a n t e x t o f ' I m i s s i o n a r i i t a l i a n i ne l T i b e t e nel Ne- pal ' by L . Petech, 7 vo ls . , Rome; 1952-1956) I n t h e e a r l y 1 8 t h c e n t u r y t h e c u r r e n c y o f T i b e t c o n s i s t e d o f N e p a l e s e c o i n s , ' m a n d e r m a l i ' .

S m a l l e r f r a c t i o n s were s i l k s c a r v e s ( K ' a - b t a g s ) w h i c h c i r c u l a t e d t o t h e s i x t h p a r t o f a tam-ka ,

and Areca n u t s (Vo1 .3 , pp .13-15) .

543 FILCHNER. W.. 'Kumbum Dschamba L i n g ' (L ips ia ; 1933) German t e x t . T h e a u t h o r d i s c u s s e s t h e m o n e t a r y c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e 1 9 1 0 s . T h e n a t i o n a l u n i t i s

t h e t r a n g k a ( c a l l e d damkha i n Lhasa d i a l e c t ) . I n W e s t e r n T i b e t t h e I n d i a n r u p e e i s m o r e w i d e -

s p r e a d , t h e same h o l d s t r u e f o r E a s t e r n T i b e t w h e r e s i l v e r i n g o t s a r e a l s o c u r r e n t . I n N o r t h e r n T i b e t t e a - b r i c k s a r e w i d e l y i n u s e . T h e n e w l y m i n t e d c o p p e r c o i n s a r e a c c e p t e d o n l y i n a r e a s w i t h i n 100 m i l e s f r o m Lhasa ( p p . 3 9 7 - 3 9 9 ) .

544 FILIPPI, FILIPPO DE, 'An Account o f T i b e t . The T rave ls o f I p p o l i t o Des ide r i o f P i s t o i a , S.J., 1712-1727' (London; 1937) D e s i d e r i was a c o n t e m p o r a r y o f t h e s e c o n d e n t r y o f T i b e t b y t h e C h i n e s e ( a u t u m n 1 7 2 0 ) . S h o r t l y

a f t e r w a r d s t h e w h o l e c o u n t r y was f l o o d e d w i t h C h i n e s e s i l v e r . T h e T i b e t a n s s e n t i t f r o m Lhasa

t o Nepal i n o r d e r t o e x c h a n g e i t f o r money o f t h e t h r e e K i n g s who r u l e d Kathmandu V a l l e y f p . 1 6 7 ) .

545 GABRISCH, K.. 'A Forgery o f the Sino-Tibetan Lukuan Rupee' (Or ien ta l Numismatic Soc ie ty Newslet ter , No.75; Dec. 1981) A p h o t o and a s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e f o r g e r y s e e n i n Kathmandu i n December , 1 9 8 0 .

546 GABRISCH, K., 'Rare and Unique Coins o f the Ma l la Kings o f Patan ' ( B u l l e t i n Numismatics I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vo1.16, No.1, pp.9-19; Jan. 1982) D e s c r i p t i o n o f 27 c o i n s n o t m e n t i o n e d - o r n o t i l l u s t r a t e d - i n t h e c a t a l o g u e s a v a i l a b l e t o c o l l e c t o r s .

547 GABRISCH, K., 'A Hoard o f Coins from Ladakh' ( B u l l e t i n Numismatics I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vo1.16, No.6, pp.165-172; Jun. 1982) A h o a r d o f 6 7 c o i n s f r o m Ladakh f o r m i n g p a r t o f t h e t h r e e e a r l i e s t i s s u e s o f Ladakh and a h i t -

h e r t o unknown t y p e a r e d e s c r i b e d . A l s o m e n t i o n e d a r e t h e i r p r o t o t y p e s , t h e e a r l i e r c o i n s o f

Garhwal w i t h o u t min t -name ( t h r e e t y p e s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d ) . P h o t o s o f 13 c o i n s a r e i n c l u d e d .

548 GABRISCH. K., 'Ab r iO der Munzgeschichte T i b e t s ' (C.C.Miiller and W.Raunig, 'Der Weg zum Dach d e r We l t ' , 1nnsbruck:Pinguin-Verlag & F rank fu r t IM: Umschau-Verlag; Oct. 1982) German t e x t . A s h o r t h i s t o r y o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c u r r e n c y i n T i b e t , e s p e c i a l l y i n c o n n e c -

t i o n w i t h t h e T r a n s h i m a l a y a n t r a d e . T h e a r t i c l e i s i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h p h o t o s o f 19 c o i n s , some

o f w h i c h u n p u b l i s h e d ( J i a P i n g Y.5 f!), 20-Srang 1 5 - 5 5 ) , and c o l o u r p h o t o s o f 6 b a n k n o t e s f r o m t h r a u t h o r ' s c o l l e c t i o n f p p . 2 2 0 , 233-2371 . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No .44) .

GABRISCH. K.. 'Notes On the Coinage of J i snu Gupta o f Nepal ' ( B u l l e t i n Numismatics I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vo1.16, pp.332-334; Nov. 1982) Among o t h e r s t h e a u t h o r m e n t i o n s a h o a r d o f L i c c h a v i c o i n s which were u n e a r t h e d in T i b e t . vn- f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e a u t h o r c o u l d n o t v e r i f y t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n .

GABRISCH, K., Be i t rage zu r t i b e t i s c h e n Numismatik I: Die Sichuan Rupie und i h r e Varianten' (Miinstersche Numismatische Zei t s c h r i f t , Vo1.12. No.4, pp.44-47; 1982) German t e x t . T h e h i s t o r y o f t h e S i c h u a n Rupee and a n a t t e m p t t o c l a s s i f y t h e main t y p e s ac- c o r d i n g t o t w o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o n o b v . and t w o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o n r e v . Based o n t h e a u t h o r ' s c o l l e c t i o n , a t o t a l o f n i n e t y p e s a r e l i s t e d . Some m i n t a g e f i g u r e s a r e s u p p l i e d . The a u t h o r n e g a t e s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f ' m u l e s ' o f t h i s d e n o m i n a t i o n . Remarks o n t h e ' d o l l a r - s i z e ' p i e c e s ( 2 1 / 2 ~ p . ) w i t h p h o t o s o f t w o d i f f e r e n t t y p e s . 19 d i f f e r e n t t y p e s and v a r i e t i e s a r e p i c t u r e d .

GABRISCH, K., ' B e i t r a g e zu r t i b e t i s c h e n Numismatik 11: Die Goldpragung T ibe ts und deren FS1- schungen' (Munstersche Numismatische Z e i t s c h r i f t , i n p r i n t ; 1983) German t e x t . T h e a u t h o r r e j e c t s E . K a n n l s t h e o r y o n a T i b e t a n g o l d c o i n o f 1908-11. The f i r s t

g o l d c o i n o f T i b e t was m i n t e d 15-52 (A.D. 1 9 1 8 ) . I n 15-55 (A.D. 1 9 2 1 ) t h e m i n t i n g was c e a s e d , t h e l a s t i s s u e b e i n g t h e r a r e s t . T h e s t u d y i s b a s e d o n a c o l l e c t i o n o f 25 g o l d c o i n s , t h e r e -

s u l t s ( w e i g h t , s p e c i f i c w e i g h t , g o l d c o n t e n t , d i f f e r e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s ) b e i n g c o l l e c t e d i n two t a b l e s . T h e a u t h o r tr ies t o e s t a b l i s h c r i t e r i a f o r t h e g e n u i n e T i b e t a n g o l d c o i n . The a r t i c -

l e c o n t a i n s a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e v a r i e t i e s o f t h e T i b e t a n 2 0 S r a n g g o l d c o i n .

T h e f i r s t c o u n t e r f e i t was a C h i n e s e i s s u e o f 15-54, m i n t e d a t Chengdu , i n S i c h u a n , b e f o r e 1949. T h e i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h i s f o r g e r y i s f e a t u r e d , a s a g e n u i n e T i b e t a n i s s u e , i n s a n e modern c a t a -

l o g u e s . I n t h e 1 9 6 0 s , a c o u n t e r f e i t o f t h e 15-53 i s s u e a p p e a r e d i n N e p a l . R e c e n t l y , a f o r g e - r y o f t h e 15-54 i s s u e , w i t h a h i g h e r g o l d c o n t e n t t h a n t h e g e n u i n e c o i n , h a s emerged o n t h e

I n d i a n m a r k e t . A l l c o i n s d e s c r i b e d - b o t h g e n u i n e and f o r g e d - a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

GABRISCH. K., 'G ra in Tokens from T i b e t ' ( O r i e n t a l Numismatic Soc ie ty Newslwtter, i n p r i n t ; 1983) I n 1 9 8 1 , a c o p p e r p i e c e w i t h a C h i n e s e i n s c r i p t i o n o v e r s t r u c k o n a T i b e t a n ' 5 - S h o 16-26 ' . ap-

p e a r e d o n t h e m a r k e t a t Kathmandu. I t s e e m s t o b e a r a t i o t o k e n and i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e genu- i n e . Two d i f f e r e n t p i e c e s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

GABRISCH, K.. 'The Sichuan Rupee and I t s Var ian ts ' ( B u l l e t i n Numismatics I n t e r n a t i o n a l . i n p r i n t ; 1983) ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No .550) .

GABRISCH, K.. 'The D o l i Paisa o f S ikk im' ( O r i e n t a l Numi smatic Soc ie ty Newslet ter , i n p r i n t ; 1983) D e s c r i p t i o n o f a l o t o f e i g h t ' d o l i p a i s a ' c o l l e c t e d a t G a n g t o k . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

GABRISCH, K. and VON KLEIST. C.-E., 'Miinzen aus Nepal ' (D ie Winze, Vo1.12, No.4, pp.47-48; 1981) German t e x t . D e s c r i p t i o n and p h o t o o f a dam o f N r i p e n d r a M a l l a o f Kathmandu.

GABRISCH. K. and VON KLEIST. C.-E. , ' D r e i unbekannte nepalesische Munzen von Nripendra Ma1 l a und Par th i vendra M a l l a ' ( D i e Munze, Vo1.12, No.5, pp.15-17; 1981) German t e x t . One 1 / 4 Mohar o f N r i p e n d r a M a l l a and t w o 1 / 4 Mohars o f P a r t h i v e n d r a M a l l a a r e r e -

c o r d e d and i l l u s t r a t e d .

GABRISCH, K. and VON KLEIST. C.-E., 'An Unrecorded Dam o f Lokaprakasha Ma l la of Nepal '

(Sp ink ' s Numismatic C i r c u l a r , Vo1.89, No.9, p.281; 1981)

W i t h a n i l l u s t r a t i o n .

558 GABRISCH, K. and SHRESTHA, B.N.. 'Mal la Coins t h a t Never Were' ( B u l l e t i n Numismatics I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vo1.17, No.1; 1983)

34 c o n t e m p o r a r y f o r g e r i e s and f a n t a s i e s o f M a l l a c o i n s a r e d e s c r i b e d and i l l u s t r a t e d .

559 GROSCH. G.. ' T i b e t und se ine Geldgeschichte' (Geldgeschicht l i che Nachrichten. V01.2, No.5, pp.8-12; No.6, pp.54-57; No.7, pp.92-94; No. 10, pp.61-62; 1967-1968) German t e x t . A s u r v e y o f t h e c o i n s and n o t e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e c u r r e n c y i n T i b e t .

P h o t o s o f 66 c o i n s and 5 n o t e s a r e i n c l u d e d .

560 HANS. J . , 'Geld und Gold i n Asien' (Vienna; 1930) A c c o r d i n g t o D r . F i l c h n e r , t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r e i g n d e n o m i n a t i o n s w e r e i n u s e : M o n g o l i a n L a n - c o i n s ,

Mex ican D o l l a r s c a l l e d S i n i n g - T a e l o r S i n i n g - D o l l a r b y t h e n a t i v e s . C o p p e r c o i n s w e r e a c c e p -

t e d i n t h e a r e a n o r t h o f Lhasa and i n Lhasa i t s e l f ; i n W e s t e r n T i b e t , h o w e v e r , o n l y T i b e t a n s i l v e r t a n g k a s were a c c e p t e d . A p a r t f rom t h i s , s y c e e s i l v e r was i n common u s e .

561 HOFFMANN, H., ' T i b e t . A Handbook' (Boomington: Ind iana U n i v e r s i t y ; n.d.) I n T i b e t ' s e a r l y d a y s , t r a d i n g was c a r r i e d o n b y e x c h a n g e o f c o m m o d i t i e s . L a t e r , t h e T i b e t a n s

d e v e l o p e d t h e i r own f o r m o f c u r r e n c y . T h e s i l v e r p i e c e s w e r e known a s ' n g u l ' ( c o i n ) , t a k i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s : t e n karma t o o n e s h o ; t e n s h o t o o n e s r a n g ; f i f t y s r a n g t o o n e d o t s e .

The N e p a l e s e tdmka was added t o t h e c o i n a g e , b e i n g t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f a b o u t o n e and a h a l f s h o .

I n 1792 t h e T i b e t a n s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r own s y s e t m o f c u r r e n c y w i t h t h e c o i n s b e a r i n g a T i b e - t a n i n s c r i p t i o n .

562 HSU, T. K., ' I 1 l u s t r a t e d Catalog o f Chinese Coins ' (Taiwan; 1975) ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No .642) .

563 HUANG PENG-HSIAO, 'Ku Kung Ch ' ien P 'u ' ( ' O l d Ching Coin Cata logue' ) (Peking; 1937) C h i n e s e t e x t . T h e S i n o - T i b e t a n H s i e n Feng i s s u e s a r e ' s a m p l e s ' , p e r h a p s ' g e n u i n e p a t t e r n s ' ,

made i n China f o r I m p e r i a l i n s p e c t i o n .

564 HUC, E.-R. and GABERT, J.. 'Wanderungen durch d i e Mongolei nach T i b e t ' ( L i p s i a ; 1855) German t e x t . I n 1848 , o n l y T s c h a n k a s w e r e c u r r e n t i n L h a s a . F r a c t i o n e d , t h e p i e c e w i t h f i v e

B u d d h i s t s y m b o l s i s c a l l e d S c h o - k a n , t h e p i e c e w i t h f o u r s y m b o l s T s c h e P t s c h e and t h e p i e c e

w i t h t h r e e s y m b o l s Kayan. For g r e a t e r t r a n s a c t i o n s , o n l y s y c e e s i l v e r i s u s e d ( p . 2 6 1 ) .

565 JOSHI, S.M., 'Nepa l i Rastrya Mudra' ( ' N e p a l i Na t iona l Coinage') (Kathmandu; 1963) N e p a l i t e x t . T h e c a t a l o g u e o f N e p a l e s e c o i n s c o n t a i n s a s e c t i o n o n M a l l a c o i n s w h i c h p l a y e d

s u c h a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n T i b e t a n n u m i s m a t i c s .

566 JOSHI, S.M., 'Catalogue o f the Coins o f Nepal ' (Repr in t , Kathmandu; 33pp. ; 1963) A l i s t o f N e p a l e s e c o i n s o f t h e L i c c h a v i , M a l l a and Shaha p e r i o d s . T h e c o i n s a r e n o t i l l u s t r a - t e d , o n l y t h e i r i n s c r i p t i o n s , b o t h i n D e v a n a g a r i c h a r a c t e r s and r o m a n i z e d , a r e g i v e n . O f u s e

t o t h e a d v a n c e d c o l l e c t o r f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e Newar i and D e v a n a g a r i a l p h a b e t s .

567 KALGAN, SHIH, 'Modern Coins o f China' (Chinese ed., Shanghai; 1949. E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n , Shanghai; 1949) T h e a u t h o r m e n t i o n s t w o g o l d c o i n s o f T i b e t , a y e l l o w o n e and a r e d o n e w i t h a l o w e r g o l d c o n - t e n t . Now we know t h e r e d c o i n i s a c t u a l l y a C h i n e s e f o r g e r y o f a g e n u i n e T i b e t a n c o i n (p .10 o f t h e E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n ) .

MNN, E., 'The Currencies of China' (Shanghai; 2nd ed.. 1927) An i m p o r t a n t work o n g o l d , s i l v e r and c o p p e r c u r r e n c y . T h e r e f e r e n c e s t o T i b e t a r e s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r k .

MNN. E.. 'The Coinage o f Gold i n China' ( B u l l e t i n o f t h e Numismatic Soc ie ty o f China, No.7; 1941) T h e a u t h o r ' s r e f e r e n c e t o a T i b e t a n g o l d c o i n . m i n t e d b e t w e e n 1909 and 1911 , i s i n c o r r e c t , s i n -

c e n o T i b e t a n g o l d c o i n s w e r e s t r u c k b e f o r e 1918. T h e i l l u s t r a t e d c o i n i s a c t u a l l y t h e modern 2 0 s r a n g g o l d c o i n ( p . 1 3 , w i t h p h o t o p.18, c o i n No .5) .

KANN, E.. ' I l l u s t r a t e d Catalogue o f Chinese Coins' (Los Angeles; 1954) D e s p i t e o f some e r r o r s , K a n n ' s work r e m a i n s t h e b a s i c c a t a l o g u e f o r t h e S i n o - T i b e t a n s e r i e s .

KEMPF, F.. 'Reading and Da t ing T i b e t Coins ' (World Coins, pp.392-394; 1968) T i b e t s t a r t e d u s i n g i t s own money i n t h e l a t e 1700s . A t f i r s t t h e r e was o n l y o n e d e n o m i n a t i o n , t h e s i l v e r t a n g k a , w e i g h i n g r o u g h l y 5 grams. I t was o r i g i n a l l y a N e p a l e s e c o i n . I n 1909 , a d e c i m a l m o n e t a r y s y s t e m , c o n s i s t i n g o f s k a r , s h o and s r a n g , was i n t r o d u c e d : t e n s k a r e q u a l o n e

s h o , t e n s h o e q u a l o n e s r a n g . A l i s t o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s i s a d d e d , e n a b l i n g t h e c o l l e c t o r t o d e c i p h e r t h e d a t e s and l e g e n d s o n n a t i v e T i b e t a n c o i n s , w h i c h a r e f a s c i n a t i n g o n c e t h e y a r e f u l l y u n d e r s t o o d .

KEMPF, F., 'A Pr imary Report on Na t i ve T ibetan Coins' (Seatt le-Washington; mimeograph, 14pp. ; 1969) V e r y u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n , now p a r t l y s u p e r s e d e d b y new f i n d i n g s .

KLAASESZ, P.F., ' T i b e t . P a r t 11. Coins f o r Use i n T i b e t St ruck i n China' (The Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, Vo1.15, No. 12, pp.1038-1039; 1949) A d e s c r i p t i o n o f S i c h u a n r u p e e s . T h e c o i n f e a t u r i n g t h e E m p e r o r ' s b u s t w i t h o u t c o l l a r i s t h e

e a r l i e s t i s s u e , t h e p i e c e w i t h t h e ' l a r g e b u s t ' i s t h e l a t e s t i t e m . Two v a r i e t i e s i n t h e sha-

p e o f t h e C h i n e s e c h a r a c t e r s ' 4 ' a r e i n d i c a t e d . T h e crown s i z e i s s u e i s a f o r g e r y . W i t h i l -

l u s t r a t i o n s .

KLAASESZ, P.F., ' T i b e t . P a r t 111. Coins Struck i n T i b e t ' (The Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, Vo1.16, No.2, pp.173-176; 1950) A t a n g k a and t h r e e m o d e r n i s s u e s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

KLAASESZ, P.F., ' T i b e t . P a r t I V ' (The Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, Vo1 .17. No.8, pp.664-665; 1951) T h r e e c o i n s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n some d e t a i l . However , t h e o n e t h a t i s s i m i l a r i n d e s i g n t o t h e

g o l d p i e c e i s a c t u a l l y a s i l v e r t r i a l - s t r i k e o f a C h i n e s e f o r g e r y o f t h e 20 s r a n g g o l d c o i n . d a t e d 15-54 . T h e s e c o n d p i e c e i s a ' 2 t a n g k a ' fYeom.15) .

KLEIST, C. -E. VON, ' Z e i tangaben au f Munzen T i b e t s ' (D ie Munze, Vo1.8, pp.350-351; 1977) German t e x t . A s h o r t i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e d a t i n g o f T i b e t a n c o i n s .

KLEIST, C.-E. VON, 'Von Nepals m i t t e l a l t e r l i c h e n Munzen' ( D i e Munze, Vo1.12, No.9, pp.35-36; 1981) German t e x t . D e s c r i p t i o n o f a g o l d c o i n w i t h t h e l e g e n d ' ~ h r i S i v a s y a ' and a s i l v e r c o i n w i t h

t h e l e g e n d ' S h r i ' o n o b v . and a s i t t i n g l i o n t o r i g h t o n r e v . B o t h c o i n s i l l u s t r a t e d a r e a t -

t r i b u t e d t o King S i v a d e v a (A.D. 1 0 9 8 - 1 1 2 6 ) .

KLEIST, C.-E. VON, ' E i n i g e b i s h e r n i c h t beschriebene Munzen der Malla-Herrscher i n Nepal ' (Munstersche Numismatische Z e i t s c h r i f t , Vo1 .12, No.3; 1982)

German t e x t . his p a p e r d e a l s w i t h c o i n s o f t h e t h r e e M a l l a Kingdoms o f N e p a l , i . e . Kathmandu,

Bhadgaon and P a t a n . 3 3 h i t h e r t o u n r e c o r d e d o r n o t f u l l y r e c o r d e d c o i n s a r e d e s c r i b e d and i l -

l u s t r a t e d .

579 KLEIST. C.-E. VOd. ' E i n i g e b i sher unbekannte f r u h e Munzen Nepals' (Munstersche Numismatische Z e i t s c h r i f t , Vo1.12. No.4; 1982)

German t e x t . T h r e e c o i n s o f t h e L i c c h a v i D y n a s t y a r e d e s c r i b e d and i l l u s t r a t e d t o g e t h e r

t w o c o i n s f rom t h e p e r i o d b e t w e e n t h e L i c c h a v i and t h e M a l l a s .

580 LANDON, P. , 'Nepal ' (London; 2 vo ls . ; 1928. Repr in ted Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar; 1976) An i m p o r t a n t work o n t h e N e p a l e s e c o i n a g e a n d , t h e r e f o r e , a l s o o n t h e T i b e t a n c o i n a g e o f t h e

1 8 t h c e n t u r y ( V o l . 2 , App.MIV, p p . 3 0 5 - 3 3 0 ) .

581 LANDOR, A.H.S., ' I n the Forbidden Land' (London; 1898) A p h o t o g r a p h o f ' S i l v e r Lhasa C o i n s ' . A K o n g p a r - t a n g k a , a Gaden- tangka and t w o j a u s o f Ladakh a r e i l l u s t r a t e d ( p . 2 8 1 1 .

582 LEE, F.E., 'Currency Banking and Finance i n China' (1926) A s p e c i a l d o l l a r i s m i n t e d a t Chengdu , f o r u s e a t T a s h i e n l u , o n t h e T i b e t a n b o r d e r . T h i s d o l -

l a r i s s m a l l e r t h a n t h e S i c h u a n d o l l a r and i s n o m i n a l l y w o r t h 5 mace . I n d i a n r u p e e s a r e a l s o

i n u s e a l o n g t h e b o r d e r o f T i b e t .

583 LEGARDA. A . G . DE. 'T ibe tan Voyage' ( B a r r i l l a ; Vol .l, pp.46-51; 1974) A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e B u d d h i s t s y m b o l s o n T i b e t a n t h a n g k a c o i n s and some r e m a r k s o n l a t e r i s s u e s .

584 MACDONALO, D., 'The Land o f the Lama' (London, 1929. Repr in ted as ' C u l t u r a l Her i tage o f T i b e t ' , New D e l h i : L i g h t & L i f e Pub l i shers ; 1978) An i n t e r e s t i n g c o n t e m p o r a r y a c c o u n t o n T i b e t a n c u r r e n c y and T i b e t a n Government m o n e t a r y p o l i c y .

( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No .119) .

585 MACDOWALL, D.W., 'The Coinage o f Jaya Prakasa Ma l la o f Kathmandu' (Numismatic Chronic le , 6 t h Ser., Vo1.17, pp.219-277; 1957) A s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e c a t a l o g u e o f t h e c o i n s o f t h i s r u l e r - p u b l i s h e d b y W a l s h i n ' C o i n a g s o f N e p a l ' ( c f b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No .656) - w i t h d a t a f rom t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e B r i t i s h Museum.

T h e a u t h o r a l s o m a k e s s e v e r a l amendments t o W a l s h ' s r e a d i n g o f d a t e s . A t a b l e s h o w s t h e t h e o - r e t i c a l s t a n d a r d o f s i l v e r and g o l d c o i n s and t h e a c t u a l w e i g h t o f t h e c o i n s i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum.

586 MACDOWALL, D.W., 'Three Unpublished Denominations o f Jaya Ranaj i t a Ma l la o f Bhatgaon' (Journal o f the Numismatic Soc ie ty o f I n d i a , Vo1.19, pp.195-197; 1957) T h e a u t h o r r e c o r d s t h r e e unknown d e n o m i n a t i o n s o f t h e c o i n a g e o f J a y a R a n a j i t a M a l l ; ( 1 / 8 ,

1 / 1 6 and 1 / 6 4 o f a Mohar) f r o m t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e B r i t i s h Museum.

587 MARKHAM, C.R., ' N a r r a t i v e s o f the M iss ion o f George Bogle t o T i b e t and o f the Journey of Tho- mas Manning t o Lhasa' (London; 1876) Some n o t e s o n C u r r e n c y ( p . C X V I I I ) and c o i n s ( p p . 1 2 8 - 1 2 9 ) . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

588 MARTYNOV, A.S., ' 0 ~ e r v v c h chekankakh monetv v T i b e t e ' - -

(Moscow: K r a t k i e ~ o o b s h c h e n i i a , Akademia auk SSSR, I n s t i t u t Narodov A z i i , No.69, pp.197-202; 1965)

R u s s i a n t e x t . Based o n a l i t t l e - k n o w n C h i n e s e work , ' K o e r k h a C h i l u e h ' ( c f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t - r y ~ 0 . 5 3 0 ) , t h e d a t e s o f t h e f i r s t c o i n s i s s u e d i n T i b e t a r e s t a t e d t o b e 1763 , 1764 , 1785 and

1791-1792 , p r i o r t o a d e c r e e b y t h e Emperor.

MARTYNOV, A.S., 'S ta tus T ibe ta W X V I I - X V I I I wekach' (Moscow; 1978) R u s s i a n t e x t . A l o n g e r e x c u r s i o n i n t o T i b e t a n m o n e t a r y p o l i c y (pp .156-175) .

MARVIN. W.T.R.. 'The Coins o f T h i b e t ' (American Journal o f Numismatics, Vo1.42, pp.9-13; 1907) A v e r y i n s t r u c t i v e r e p o r t On Coirls and t h e m o n e t a r y s y s t e m m a i n l y o f E a s t e r n T i b e t and t h e bor-

d e r a r e a s b e t w e e n T i b e t and C h i n a .

MEYER, H.. 'Munzgeschichtl iches aus T i b e t ' (D ie Munze, Vo1.7, pp.321-323; 1976) A s h o r t s k e t c h o f t h e m o n e t a r y h i s t o r y o f T i b e t .

MITCHELS, R.L., 'Nepal : I 1 l u s t r a t i n g t h e i r Coinage' ( I n d i a A s i a t i c Numismatic Society . Vol.1, No.1, pp.7-8; No.2, pp.30-32, p l .V I -V I I ; Vol.3, No.2, p.84, p l . X V I I ; 1971-1973) I n t r o d u c t i o n o f how t o r e a d t h e l e g e n d s o n some M a l l a c o i n s n o t p r e v i o u s l y i l l u s t r a t e d .

MITCHINER, M., 'Non-Islamic States & Western Colonies ' (London; ' O r i e n t a l Coins and T h e i r Values', Vo1.3; 1979) A good s u r v e y o f T i b e t a n c o i n s , d e s p i t e o f some o m i s s i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e S i n o - T i b e t a n s e - r i e s . T h e g o l d c o i n a g e i s n o t m e n t i o n e d . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f 74 i t e m s ( p p . 2 8 7 - 2 9 4 ) .

( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r ' P r i m i t i v e M o n e y ' ) .

MOSCHNIAGIN, D. I . and SCHUK. A.B., 'Monety Stran Zarubieschnoi A z i i i A f r i k i X I X - X X wieka' ( ' T h e Coins o f As ia and A f r i c a i n the 19th-20th Cen tu r ies ' ) (Moscow: I z d a t e l s t vo ; 1967) R u s s i a n t e x t . 35 T i b e t a n c o i n s a r e l i s t e d , 23 a r e i l l u s t r a t e d . T h e c a t a l o g u e l i s t s a 2 1 / 2 S i c h u a n r u p e e : t h i s d o l l a r - s i z e d c o i n i s a c t u a l l y a f a n t a s y .

NEGLEMAN, R.. 'Reper to i re des Monnaies du Nepal ' (Bruxel l e s : A l l iance Numismatique Europhenne; 133pp. ; 1970) F r e n c h t e x t . D e s p i t e o f many e r r o r s t h i s i s a h e l p f u l c a t a l o g u e o f N e p a l e s e c o i n s , e x c e p t f o r

t h e L i c c h a v i i s s u e s . W i t h many good p h o t o s .

OBOJSKI, R., 'The Coins and Currency o f T ibe t , t he Forbidden Land' (Numismatic News Weekly, Vo1.12, No. 11, pp.9-10; May 1964) A s h o r t , i l l u s t r a t e d i n t o r d u c t i o n t o T i b e t a n c o i n s and b a n k n o t e s .

OKA, M., ' S i l v e r Crowns o f t h e Far Eas t ' (Tokyo: T a i s e i Koeki Kaisha Ltd; 1966) Two c r o w n - s i z e d T i b e t a n 1 s r a n g c o i n s a r e m e n t i o n e d : Yeo.9 and Y e o . 1 2 . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

PANISH, C.K., 'The Coinage o f Ladakh' (American Numismatic Soc ie ty Museum Notes, No.16, pp.185-108, p l .XXXVIII; 1970)

T h e f i r s t s u r v e y o n t h e c o i n s o f Ladakh .

PANISH, C.K.. ' E a r l y Coinage o f Bhutan' (American Numismatic Soc ie ty Museum Notes, No.17, pp.247-255, p l .XLVII-XLVIII ; 1971)

T h e f i r s t a t t e m p t t o c l a s s i f y t h e s e r i e s o f c o i n s o f B h u t a n and t h e i r p r o t o t y p e s , t h e c o i n s o f Cooch Behar .

600 PANISH. C.K.. ' T i b e t Y13. St ruck i n a C o l l a r ' ( I n d i a A s i a t i c Numismatic Society , Vo1.2, No.1. p.76; 1973)

Some n o t e s o n c o i n i n g o f t h e ' t a m g k a Cabo' ( w h i t e t a n g k a ) .

601 PETECH, L . , ' I m iss ionar i i t a l i a n i ne l T i b e t e ne l Nepal ' (Rome; 7 Vols. Appendix I: Nepalese and T ibe tan Coinage i n the 18 th Century; Vo1.4, pp.235- 237; 1952-1956). ( T r a n s l a t i o n by N.G. Rhodes). A ) NEPAL: The c o i n a g e o f t h e M a l l a D y n a s t i e s f o r m s a homogenous c o m p l e x , s p r e a d o v e r a p e r i o d

o f a b o u t t w o c e n t u r i e s (1560-17961 . W i t h a s i n g l e e x c e p t i o n ( a g o l d c o i n o f J a y a P r a k a k a Mal- l a o f Kathmandu, d a t e d 17361 t h e M a l l a c o i n a g e i s e x c l u s i v e l y o f s i l v e r . T h e b a s i c c o i n was

t h e ' m o h a r ' , s t r u c k f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e b y Mahendra M a l l a o f Kathmandu ( c . 1 5 5 0 - 1 5 7 0 ) i n i m i t a - t i o n o f t h e Moghul c o i n a g e . From t h i s c o i n d e r i v e s t h e name ' m a h e n d r a m a l l i ' , b y w h i c h t h e N e -

p a l e s e mohar was known u n t i l Gurkha c o n q u e s t . T h e f r a c t i o n s i n common u s e w e r e t h e h a l f mohar

( s u k i o r s u k a ) and t h e q u a r t e r mohar ( s u k i c a ) . 8 ) TIBET: A c c o r d i n g t o a n a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n Mahendra M a l l a and t h e T i b e t a n a u t h o r i t i e s , h i s

mohar became l e g a l t e n d e r a l s o i n t h a t r e g i o n , f o r w h i c h a s p e c i a l t y p e was s t r u c k . L a t e r o n , t h e p r i v i l e d g e was e x t e n d e d t o t h e m i n t o f B h a t g a o n , w h i c h g r a d u a l l y s u c c e e d e d i n o b t a i n i n g t h e monopoly o f t h e s u p p l y o f c o i n s f o r T i b e t . I n s p i t e o f t h e g r a d u a l r e d u c t i o n o f t h e s i l -

v e r c o n t e n t i n t h e mohar u n d e r t h e l a s t M a l l a s , t h i s s y s t e m c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e Gurkha c o n - q u e s t o f 1769 and e v e n much l a t e r . For t h e f i r s t t h r e e q u a r t e r s o f t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y , t h e ma-

h e n d r a m a l l i was t h e o n l y c o i n c i r c u l a t i n g i n T i b e t . when s m a l l e r f r a c t i o n s w e r e r e q u i r e d , t h e N e p a l e s e mohar c o i n was d i v i d e d i n t o p a r t s o r f r a g m e n t s . T h e C h i n e s e t a e l was i n c i r c u l a t i o n

p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e e a s t e r n r e g i o n s .

602 PETECH, L. , 'Mediaeval H i s t o r y o f Nepal ( c .750-1480) ' (Rome; 1958) Some n o t e s o n N e p a l e s e c o i n a g e ( p p . 1 7 7 - 1 7 8 ) .

603 PETECH. L. , 'The Kingdom o f Ladakh c.950-1842 A.D.' (Rome; 1977) Remarks o n s o u r c e s o f r e v e n u e and t r a d e w i t h T i b e t i p p . 1 5 8 - 1 6 3 ) .

604 PLANT, R.J.. 'Greek. Semit ic , A s i a t i c Coins and how t o Read them' (Amherst, New York: Scorp ion Pub1 i shers; 1979) I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e Newari a l p h a b e t and i n s c r i p t i o n s o n t h e M a l l a c o i n a g e (pp.178-1861 and t o

t h e T i b e t a n a l p h a b e t and i n s c r i p t i o n s o n t h e T i b e t a n i s s u e s ( p p - 1 8 7 - 1 9 1 ) .

605 PRASAD, DURGA, 'A S i l v e r Coin Struck i n Nepal i n t h e Name o f Ala-Ud-Din Muhammad Shah K h i l j i ' (Journal o f t h e A s i a t i c Soc ie ty Bengal, Num. Suppl. No.42, pp.37-38; 1931) A c o i n o f t h e s o - c a l l e d ' t a n k a s t a n d a r d c o i n a g e ' i c . 1 5 6 0 - 1 6 3 9 ) a n d o f ' A l a - u d - d i n 1 - t y p e i s d e - s c r i b e d and i l l u s t r a t e d .

606 RAMSDEN. H.A., 'The Tangut S c r i p t and Numismatics' (The Numismatic and P h i l a t e l i c Journal o f Japan, Vo1.3, pp.121-126; 1914) A s h o r t s t o r y o n t h e monuments w i t h T a n g u t s c r i p t , w i t h a l i s t o f t h e T a n g u t r u l e r s .

607 RAUBER-SCHWEITZER, H. , 'Der Schmied und s e i n Handwerk im t r a d i t i o n e l 1 en T i b e t ' (Zu r i ch ; Thesis; 1976) An i n t e r e s t i n g l i s t i n g o f d a i l y w a g e s o f T i b e t a n a r t i s a n s , i n 1947 . B e t w e e n 1 9 5 0 a n d 1 9 5 8 ,

t h e p r i c e s f o r g r a i n m u l t i p l i e d d u e t o t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e C h i n e s e o c c u p a t i o n , e . g . t h e p r i c e f o r 1 A m e r i c a n p i n t ( 0 . 5 5 1 ) w e n t u p f r o m c. 1 s r a n g t o c. 7 .5 s r a n g .

608 REGMI, D.R., 'Medieval Nepal ' (Ca lcu t ta ; 4 Vols.; 1966) M e n t i o n e d and p a r t l y i l l u s t r a t e d a r e 3 9 M a l l a c o i n s n o t r e c o r d e d b y E.H. W a l s h ( V o 1 . 2 , Appen- d i x 3 , pp .1022-1041) .

RHODES, N.G., 'The Smal lest Coins i n the World' (Sp ink 's Numismatic C i r c u l a r . Vo1.81. p.100; 1973) R e p o r t o n a N e p a l e s e c o i n c a l l e d ' j a w a ' and w e i g h i n g b e t w e e n 0.008 and 0.014 grams.

RHODES, N.G., ' I n d i a : The Coinage of Sr inagar i n Garhwal 1760-1815 A.D. ( O r i e n t a l Numismatic Soc ie ty Info-Sheet . No.4) T h i s a r t i c l e d e a l s w i t h t h e l a t e r i s s u e s o f Carhwal w i t h t h e m i n t name S r i n a g a r . T h e s e i s s u e s a l s o c i r c u l a t e d f r e e l y i n W e s t e r n T i b e t .

RHODES, N.G., 'The Coinage o f Sikkim' ( O r i e n t a l Numismatic Soc ie ty Info-Sheet, No.8) A s h o r t h i s t o r i c a l i n t r o d u c t i o n and l i s t o f t h r e e t y p e s w i t h many v a r i e t i e s o f t h e S i k k i m e s e

p a i s a . Drawings o f f o u r i t e m s .

RHODES, N.G., 'A Comnunist Chinese R e s t r i k e ' (Sp ink 's Numismatic C i r c u l a r . Vo1.83. pp.239-240; 1975) T h e Yuan S h i h - K a i d o l l a r was r e s t r u c k b y t h e C h i n e s e Communis t s i n t h e mid-1950s. p r i m a r i l y f o r

c i r c u l a t i o n i n T i b e t . A l l c o i n s e x a m i n e d w e r e d a t e d i n t h e 3 r d year o f t h e R e p u b l i c . One c a n d i s t i n g u i s h the r e s t r i k e f rom t h e normal c o i n b y t h e c h a r a c t e r ' y u a n ' o n t h e r e v e r s e , t h e t o p h a l f o f w h i c h b a s a c l o s e d t r i a n g l e i n t h e r e s t r i k e s , w h e r e a s i n t h e normal c o i n s t h i s t r i a n g l e i s l e f t o p e n . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

RHODES, N.G. , 'An Assamese-Tibetan Coin ' (Sp ink 's Numismatic C i r c u l a r , Vo1.83, pp.288-289; 1975) A c o i n , u n i q u e i n t h e A s s a m e s e series, i s i l l u s t r a t e d and d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e . r t i s

o f o c t a g o n a l s h a p e and b e a r s C h i n e s e c h a r a c t e r s o n b o t h s i d e s , t r a n s l a t e d ' T s a n g p a o ' . The da-

t e , i n B e n g a l i n u m e r a l s , i s 1570 S a k a e r a (A.D. 1 6 4 8 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a u t h o r , t h i s c o i n

s e e m s t o be a s o l i t a r y s u r v i v o r o f a n i l l - f a t e d a t t e m p t a t a n A s s a m e s e - T i b e t a n c o i n a g e .

RHODES. N.G.. 'An Unpublished Sino-Tibetan Date ' ( B u l l e t i n Numismatics I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vo1.9, No.4. p.101; 1975) Drawings o f t w o c o i n s o f v e r y d i f f e r e n t s t y l e s , d a t e d C h ' i e n Lung Y.61 and r e c o r d e d f o r t h e

f i r s t t i m e . T h i s d a t e i s u n e x p e c t e d b e c a u s e t h e C h i n e s e Emperor C h ' i e n Lung o n l y r e i g n e d f o r

6 0 y e a r s and a b d i c a t e d o n 6 t h F e b r u a r y 1796 . T h e s e S i n o - T i b e t a n c o i n s m u s t h a v e b e e n s t r u c k i n t h e w e e k s b e f o r e t h e n e w s o f t h e a b d i c a t i o n o f C h ' i e n Lung had r e a c h e d Lhasa .

RHODES, N.G., 'The Coinage o f Bhutan' ( O r i e n t a l Numismatic Soc ie ty Info-Sheet , No.16; 1977) A f t e r a s h o r t h i s t o r i c a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t h e a u t h o r d i v i d e s t h e c o i n a g e i n f i v e p e r i o d s . 44 c o i n s

a r e i l l u s t r a t e d ( d r a w i n g s ) , w i t h many v a r i e t i e s . T h i s p a r t s e r v e s a s a c a t a l o g u e .

RHODES, N.G., 'A Sino-Tibetan Rupee' (Sp ink 's Numismatic C i r c u l a r , Vo1.85, pp.107-108; 1977) An e x t r e m e l y r a r e r u p e e w i t h l e g e n d s o n b o t h s i d e s p o o r l y w r i t t e n and d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r p r e t .

T h e C h i n e s e c h a r a c t e r s o n t h e o b v e r s e a r e t r a n s l a t e d ' L u Kuan T s u Y i n f ? ) ' ( T a c h i e n l u Cus toms Enough S i l v e r I ? ) ) ; t h e T i b e t a n i n s c r i p t i o n s o n t h e r e v e r s e r e a d ' n g e d gsum s h o d a r ' ( t h r e e

s h o o f T a c h i e n l u , g e n u i n e s i l v e r ) . T h e d a t e o f i s s u e l i e s p r o b a b l y b e t w e e n 1890 and 1903.

(On a f o r g e r y o f t h i s c o i n , c f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No .545) .

RHODES, N.G. , ' F u r t h e r Forger ies ' ( O r i e n t a l Numismatic Soc ie ty News le t te r , No.51; 1977) A s h o r t n o t e o n a f o r g e r y o f t h e T i b e t ' 7 1 / 2 s k a r 15-43' (A.D. 1 9 0 9 , Yeom.11). I t c a n b e d i s - t i n g u i s h e d b y o n e l e t t e r i n t h e word b e l o w t h e l i o n w h i c h i s w r i t t e n i n a d i f f e r e n t way. Apar t

f r o m t h i s , t h e f o r g e r y i s o f good workmanship and c o u l d e a s i l y d e c e i v e .

RHODES, N.G., ' Sino-Tibetan Countermarks' ( O r i e n t a l Numismatic Soc ie ty News le t te r , No.53; 1978)

A rec tangular c o u n t e r m a r k o n a l a t e S i c h u a n r u p e e i n o n e T i b e t a n and t w o C h i n e s e c h a r a c t e r s . The a u t h o r g i v e s some p o s s i b l e t r a n s l a t i o n s b u t t h e t r u e m e a n i n g o f t h i s c o u n t e r m a r k r e m a i n s a

m y s t e r y .

619 RHODES, N.G.. 'A T ibetan Forgery ' (Sp ink ' s Numismatic C i r c u l a r , Vo1.86, pp.364-365; 1978) A C h i n e s e f o r g e r y o f t h e T i b e t a n 2 0 s r a n g g o l d c o i n s t r u c k a t Chengdu b e f o r e 1 9 4 9 . Examples

s t r u c k i n s i l v e r and i n c o p p e r a n d , p o s s i b l y , i n b r a s s , a l s o e x i s t . T h e f o r g e r y and a g e n u i n e

c o i n a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

620 RHODES, N.G., 'T ibe tan M i n t s ' (Or ien ta l Numismatic Soc ie ty Info-Sheet, No.19; 1978)

p e r s o n a l r e s e a r c h e n a b l e s t h e a u t h o r t o l i s t t e n m i n t s e s t a b l i s h e d i n T i b e t d u r i n g t h e l a s t 150

y e a r s . T h e s e a r e : Dodpal , Giamda, T i p A r s e n a l , Dode, M e k y i , S e r - k h a n g , Norbu T s o k i , T a k p o ,

T p c h i and Dogu. Each m i n t i s c l a s s e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f c o i n s p r o d u c e d t h e r e , a c c o r d i n g

t o h i s t o r i c a l s o u r c e s o r s t a t e m e n t s made b y t h e a u t h o r . T h e r e p o r t i s c o m p l e t e d w i t h d r a w i n g s o f 15 c o i n s and t w o maps i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e m i n t s ' o u t s i d e L h a s a ' and ' i n and

around Lhasa ', r e s p e c t i v e l y .

621 RHODES, N.G., 'Copper Coins from Ladakh' (Or ien ta l Numismatic Soc je ty Newslet ter , No.56; 1978) Four t y p e s o f t h e c o p p e r c o i n s s t r u c k b y R a n b i r S i n g h f o r Ladakh a r e d e s c r i b e d . ( Q u e r i e s : 'Copper C o i n s f rom Ladakh ' b y Dr. P.L.Gupta / ONSNL, No.60; 1979; and ' L a d a k h Cop-

p e r s a g a i n ' b y N.G.Rhodes / ONSNL, No.62-63; 1 9 7 9 ) .

622 RHODES, N.G.. 'The Development o f Currency i n T i b e t ' (T ibe tan Studies i n Honour o f Hugh Richardson; Warminster: A r i s M. & A.S. Suu K y i . Repr in ted i n B u l l e t i n Numismatics I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vo1.15. No.10, pp.295-305; 1981) An e x h a u s t i v e a r t i c l e o n t h e c u r r e n c y , f r o m b a r t e r o f e a r l i e s t d a y s t o t h e l a s t c o i n - a C h i -

n e s e r e s t r i k e o f t h e 1 9 5 0 s . W i t h 16 d r a w i n g s o f h i s t o r i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t c o i n s .

623 RHODES. N.G.. 'The Gaden Thanka' ( O r i e n t a l Numismatic Soc ie ty Occas. Paper No.17, 20pp. Appendix I: D e s c r i p t i o n o f Main Clas- ses and V a r i e t i e s ; w i t h 20 drawings. Appendix 11: An Ana lys i s o f Weight Standards; w i t h a l i s t o f tangkas, weighed by C.Valdet taro; Jan. 1983) T h i s i s t h e b e s t s u b s t a n t i a t e d work o n t h e Gaden t a n g k a t o d a t e . T h e a u t h o r ' s comments o n t h e

secret m a r k s o n t h e t a n g k a s , p r o b a b l y i n t r o d u c e d p a r t l y a s a m e t h o d o f d e t e c t i n g f o r g e r i e s a n d

p a r t l y t o i d e n t i f y t h e d a t e o f i s s u e and t h e o f f i c i a l r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m i n t , a r e m o s t i n t e - r e s t i n g .

624 RHODES, N.G., 'The S i l v e r Coinages o f Garhwal and Ladakh, 1686-1871' (Numismatic Chronic le , Vo1 .141, pp. 120-135, pls.24-25; 1981) T h e Garhwal t i m a s h a s c i r c u l a t e d i n w e s t e r n T i b e t d u r i n g t h e 1 7 t h and 1 8 t h c e n t u r i e s . Around

1771 , Ladakh i n t r o d u c e d i t s own c o i n c a l l e d ' j a ' u ' , p r i m a r i l y s t r u c k f o r c i r c u l a t i o n i n W e s t e r n

T i b e t . Few j a ' u w e r e s t r u c k a f t e r 1 8 5 7 , b u t t h e y r e m a i n e d i n c i r c u l a t i o n w e l l i n t o t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , a l t h o u g h t h e i r o r i g i n was n o t a l w a y s u n d e r s t o o d . L a t e r v i s i t o r s t o W e s t e r n T i b e t er- r o n e o u s l y r e f e r r e d t o t h e Ladakh j a ' u ( o r t i m a s h a ) a s a T i b e t a n c o i n .

625 RHODES, N.G., 'A Hoard o f Ladakhi J a ' u ' (Numismatic Chronic le , Vo1.142, pp.164-165, p1.42; 1982) A h o a r d o f 6 7 c o i n s , i n c l u d i n g o n e p r e v i o u s l y unknown t y p e , i s d e s c r i b e d . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No .624) .

626 RHODES. N.G. and GABRISCH, K. , 'Two Sino-Ti betan Coins ' (Sp ink ' s Numismatic C i r c u l a r , Vol.88, No.5, p.172; 1980) An i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e o n t w o i n t e r e s t i n g S i n o - T i b e t a n c o i n s t h a t h a v e n e v e r b e e n f u l l y r e c o r -

d e d b e f o r e : 1 ) a u n i q u e ' 1 / 2 Q i a n ' o f Q i a n Long Y .57 (A.D. 1 7 9 2 ) . T h e T i b e t a n i n s c r i p t i o n

' l lo -ky i in-po-che' means ' T i b e t a n R i m p o c h e ' . 21 ' 1 Q i a n ' o f J i a P i n g y.6 ( A . D . 1801) w i t h T i b e t a n , C h i n e s e and Manchu i n s c r i p t i o n , f u l l y t r a n s l a t e d b y t h e a u t h o r s .

RHODES, N.G. and PANISH. C.K., 'N icholas Rhodes' System o f C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f the T ibetan Tangka Yeoman-13' (Mimeograph, n.d.1 A f i r s t a t t e m p t o f a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e T i b e t a n t a n g k a . now s u p e r s e d e d b y N . c . ~ h o d e s '

p a p e r p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d .

RHODES, N.G. and VALDETTARO. C., 'Coins i n Medieval Nepal ' (Numismatic Chronic le . 7 t h Ser.. Vo1.16, pp.158-166. p1.35; 1976) For t h e f i r s t t i m e . the a u t h o r s a t t r i b u t e some s i l v e r and g o l d c o i n s t o a King S i v a d e v a (1098-1126 A .D. ) , a r u l e r i n m e d i e v a l N e p a l . T h e c o i n s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

RHODES, N.G. and WIGGINS, K.W., 'The S i l v e r Coinage o f the Dogra Maharajahs o f Jamu and Kashmir' ( O r i e n t a l Numismatic Soc ie ty Info-Sheet, No.11; 1975) A f t e r t h e c o n q u e s t o f Ladakh t h e Dogra r u l e r s c o i n e d a l s o f o r Ladakh. The Ladakhi c o i n s w e r e c u r r e n t i n W e s t e r n T i b e t , t o o . A l l c o i n s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d and t h e i r l e g e n d s e x p l a i n e d .

ROCKHILL, W.W. , 'The Land o f t h e Lamas' (London; 1891) N o t e s o n T i b e t a n c o i n s and c u r r e n c y i n E a s t e r n T i b e t . W i t h d r a w i n g s o f f r a c t i o n s o f t h e T i -

b e t a n t r a n k a f p p . 2 0 7 - 2 0 8 ) .

ROCKHILL, W.W. , ' D i a r y o f a Journey through Mongolia and T i b e t i n 1891-2' (Washington: Smithsonian I n s t i t u t e ; 1894) A f e w n o t e s o n c o i n s , u n d e r ' c u r r e n c y ' o n p .259 , etc.

ROCKHILL, W.W., 'Notes on the Ethnology o f T ibe t , Based on the C o l l e c t i o n i n U.S. Nat ional Mu seum ' (Washington: Smithsonian I n s t i t u t e ; 1895) N o t e s o n T i b e t a n c o i n s f p p . 718-719 , p 1 . 2 7 ) .

RONGE, V., 'Das ti b e t i s c h e Handwerkertum v o r 1959' (Wiesbaden; 1978) T h e a u t h o r e s s p r o v i d e s d e t a i l s o f the c o s t o f wages i n T i b e t . Her l i s t i n g g i v e s a good i d e a

o f t h e v a l u e o f l o c a l c u r r e n c y w i t h i n T i b e t ( p . 1 4 1 ) .

RUDKO, P.J., 'An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o the Dat ing o f the Modern Coinage of T i b e t ' ( I n d i a A s i a t i c Numismatic Society , Vo1.2, No.1, p.78; 1973) A s h o r t n o t e o n d a t i n g modern i s s u e s .

SATOSHI, NAKAJIMA. 'Seika n i okeru Ootetsusen no Chuzo n i t s u i t e ' ('Copper and I r o n Coina-

ge o f the Hsi -Hsia Dynas ty ' ) (Toho Gakuhon / Journal o f O r i e n t a l Studies, Vo1.7; 1936) J a p a n e s e t e x t . W i t h d r a w i n g s o f 11 c o i n s .

SCHLOSSER, R., 'Chinas Munzen' (Werl : Franziskus Oruckere i ; 1935) German t e x t . Some r e m a r k s o n T a n g u t c o i n s ( p p . 9 3 - 9 4 ) w i t h d r a w i n g s o f t w o c o i n s w i t h T a n g u t

c h a r a c t e r s and a p h o t o (No.119 o n p 1 . 1 9 ) o f t h e c o i n T ' i e n S h e n Yiian Pao.

SEMANS, S., 'The Gaden Tangka o f T i b e t ' (Cleveland. In fo-Sheet No.11; n.d.) T h e a u t h o r g i v e s h i s p e r s o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e T i b e t a n Gaden t a n g k a .

638 SEMANS, 5.. 'Some more Forger ies ' (Or ien ta l Numismatic Soc ie ty Newslet ter . No.50; Aug. 1977)

A f o r g e r y o f t h e T i b e t a n ' 1 / 2 s k a r ' (Y-A191. d a t e d 15-55 , i s c u r r e n t l y c o m i n g f r o m I n d i a .

I t i s e a s y t o d e t e c t , a s t h e f i r g u r e s ' I ' and ' 5 ' o f I 5 a r e c o n n e c t e d and t h e t a i l o f t h e

' 5 ' i s s p l i t . T h e s t y l e o f t h i s f o r g e r y i s g e n e r a l l y wrong .

639 SHRESTHA, B.N., ' V a r i e t i e s o f Kong-Par Tangkas' (Mimeograph; 3pp. ; n.d. ) A t a b l e o f 5 8 v a r i e t i e s i s g i v e n .

640 SHRESTHA, B.N., 'Coinage o f Yoganarendra Ma l la t o Ind ra Ma l la o f Patan' (Journal of the Numismatic Soc ie ty o f Ind ia , Vo1.33, pp.93-113, p l .1 - IV ; 1971) D e s c r i p t i o n o f 4 1 c o i n s , i n p a r t u n r e c o r d e d , o f Y o g a n a r e n d r a M a l l a , L o k a p r a k a s h a M a l l a and I n d r a M a l l a . A l l c o i n s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

641 STRAUCH, F., 'Chinesische Rupien m i t dem B i l d n i s des Kaisers Kwang hsu ' ( B e r l i n e r Munzblatter, pp.323-324; 1906) German t e x t . A v e r y e a r l y r e c o r d o f t h e i s s u e o f t h e S i c h u a n r u p e e and i t s s m a l l e r f r a c -

t i o n s , w i t h n o t e s o n t h e h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d .

642 50, T.K., ' I l l u s t r a t e d Catalog o f Chinese Coins ' (Taiwan; 1975) C h i n e s e t e x t , w i t h d r a w i n g s o n l y . C o i n s r e l a t i n g t o T i b e t a r e l i s t e d u n d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g

numbers : g o l d c o i n s , Nos.3-4, 26; s i l v e r c o i n s , Nos.274-277, 512-544; c o p p e r c o i n s , Nos. 3 1 4 , 521-535. T h e c o i n s Nos.539 and 541 a r e a c t u a l l y N e p a l e s e , n o t T i b e t a n .

( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No .562) .

643 SWAMI PRANAVANANDA. ' E x p l o r a t i o n i n T i b e t ' (Calcut ta ; 1950) An i n t e r e s t i n g r e m a r k t h a t a h a l f t a n g a c a l l e d j a v i s a l s o c u r r e n t i n W e s t e r n T i b e t f p . 1 3 0 ) T h e ' j a v ' i s a c t u a l l y t h e j a ' u o r t i m a s h a o f Ladakh , p r e s u m a b l y m i n t e d f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f

t h e wool t r a d e b e t w e e n W e s t e r n T i b e t and K a s h m i r , v i a Ladakh .

644 T'ANG YU-K'UN HSI-YUAN o f Shanying, 'Chih Ch ' ien T'ung k ' a o ' ( ' A Study o f One Cash P ieces ' ) ( P r i v a t e l y publ ished i n 1852. Repr in ted c.1972) T h e r e i s a n i n t e r e s t i n g n o t e o n some S i n o - T i b e t a n c o p p e r c o i n s . I t i s n o t c l e a r w h e t h e r t h e

i l l u s t r a t i o n s a r e t a k e n f r o m a c t u a l c o i n s o r w h e t h e r t h e y a r e m e r e l y ' a r t i s t i c i m p r e s s i o n s ' - and h e n c e t o t a l l y i m a g i n a r y .

645 THAPA, D.P.. ' A Handbook on Coins o f Nepal ' (Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar; i n p r i n t ) A m o u n c e d b y t h e p u b l i s h e r .

646 TERRIEN DE LACOUPERIE, A., 'The S i l v e r Coinage o f T i b e t ' (Numismatic Chronic le , Ser.3, pp.340-353, p l .XV; 1881) One o f t h e c l a s s i c a l r e p o r t s o n t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f c u r r e n c y i n T i b e t . T h e a u t h o r d e s c r i b e s t h e m i n t a g e o f t h e M a l l a k i n g s o f Nepal o n b e h a l f o f T i b e t , a n d t h e ~ i n o - T i b e t a n i s s u e s .

T h e r e a r e some e r r o r s , d i s c o v e r e d and c o r r e c t e d b y l a t e r w r i t e r s i n n e w e r p u b l i c a t i o n s . S i x - t e e n c o i n s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

647 THWING, E.W.. ' T i b e t , New o r Recent I ssues ' (The Numismatist, Vo1.45, No.7, p.452; J u l . 1932) A s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n o f a ' e t r a m - s a n g ' c o i n . T h e o b v e r s e s h o w s a l i o n i n a circle, t h e re- v e r s e b e a r s t h e d a t e 15-43 (A.D. 1 9 0 9 ) . T h i s i s a c t u a l l y t h e ' t a m s r a n g g a n g ' , c a l l e d

' s r a n g g o r ' b y t h e T i b e t a n s , t h e 1 s r a n g c o i n c l a s s i f i e d a s Y-12 .

TONG-YUAN. L I . 'Hs i - tsang yu p i kao' ( ' A Study o f T ibetan Stamps and Currency') (Ta ipe i ; 228pp. ; 1959) C h i n e s e t e x t . A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f N e p a l e s e and C h i n e s e i s s u e s o n b e h a l f o f T i b e t ( m a i n l y b a s e d o n ~ a n n ' s c a t a l o g u e ) and c o i n s o f a tonomous T i b e t . T h e a u t h o r m e n t i o n s a u n i - q u e c o i n , p e r h a p s a p a t t e r n , o f J i a p i n g , h e l d b y t h e C h i n e s e N a t i o n a l Museum a t T a i p e i . rt i s a S i n o - T i b e t a n i s s u e w e l l d e f i n e d a s a c o i n f o r c u t t i n g , d i m . 34-38 m, t h i c k n e s s I mn ( p h o t o 3 4 o n p . 4 8 ) . V e r y d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e m i n t a g e o f t h e S i c h u a n r u p e e and o n t h e r a t e o f e x c h a n g e , b e t w e e n C h i n e s e and T i b e t a n money a t the C h i n e s e b o r d e r , i n t h e 1930s . A s h o r t c h a p t e r o n n o t e s i n c l u d e s d i f f e r e n t C h i n e s e i s s u e s w i t h o v e r p r i n t s i n T i b e t a n s c r i p t

and b a n k n o t e s o f a u t o n o m o u s T i b e t . I C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y No.204).

TSYBIKOV, D.T. (C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y under 'CYBIKOV. G.C.')

TURK, F.A., 'The Tangut I n s c r i p t i o n s o f the Hsi Hsia Coinage' (Sp ink ' s Numismatic C i r c u l a r , Vol.81. pp.3-5; 1973) T h e a u t h o r d i s c u s s e s c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e T a n g u t s c r i p t w h i c h a r e particularly d i f -

f i c u l t t o d e c i p h e r o n c o i n s , and i l l u s t r a t e s t h e T a n g u t i n s c r i p t i o n s o n s e v e n c o i n s o f Hs i

H s i a .

VALDETTARO, C. , 'A Double-Mohar of Sivasimha Ma1 l a o f Kathmandu' (Journal o f t h e Numismatic Soc ie ty o f I n d i a . Vo1.26. pp.278-279; 1964) T h i s c o i n i s r e c o r d e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e . I t i s a n e a r l y e x a m p l e o f N e p a l e s e c o i n s o f w h i c h

o n l y f e w h a v e b e e n a d e q u a t l y r e c o r d e d so f a r . w i t h p h o t o .

VALDETTARO, C., 'A Mohar o f Jaya J i t a m i t r a o f Bhatgaon' ( Journa l o f t h e Numismatic Soc ie ty o f Ind ia . Vo1.39. pp.38-40; 1967) T h e a u t h o r r e c o r d s a silver c o i n o f t h i s r u l e r d a t e d Samvat 7 8 3 , C h a i t r a s u d i 9 . T h i s c o i n

s h o w s t h a t t h e r u l e r ' s c o r o n a t i o n t o o k p l a c e i n 1662 and n o t i n 1672 a s s t a t e d b y Regmi ( ' H e -

d i e v a l Nepal ', C a l c u t t a , 19661 .

VILLARET, E DE and CODRINGTON. O., 'On some S i l v e r Coins o f T i b e t ' (Sp ink ' s Numismatic C i r c u l a r , Vo1.3, pp.1052-1056; 1895) Drawings o f f i v e c o i n s and a r e p r i n t o f t h e p a p e r b y T e r r i e n d e L a c o u p e r i e .

WADDELL, L.A., 'Lhasa and i t s Mys te r ies ' (London; 1905) T h e t r a d e i n T i b e t i s c h i e f l y b y e x c h a n g e and b a r t e r , b r i c k s o f t e a o f t e n b e i n g u s e d i n s t e a d o f money . Money, h o w e v e r , i s a l s o c u r r e n t and i s c o i n e d b y t h e T i b e t a n s a t t h e i r m i n t a t

L h a s a . L i k e i t s N e p a l e s e p r o t o t y p e , t h e t a n g k a i s c u t i n t o h a l v e s , t h i r d s o r q u a r t e r s , t o

f o r m c o i n s o f s m a l l e r d e n o m i n a t i o n s .

WAGEL, S.R., 'Chinese Currency and Banking' (Shanghai; 457pp. ; 1915) 1 ,072 ,865 T i b e t a n c o i n s w e r e m i n t e d i n C h e n g t u d u r i n g 1911 fpp-126-127) .

WALSH, E.H., 'The Coinage o f T i b e t ' (Memoirs o f t h e A s i a t i c Soc ie ty o f Bengal. Vo1 .2, No.2. pp.11-23. 2p l . ; 1907) T h e f i r s t work o n e a r l i e r T i b e t a n c u r r e n c y , u n f o r t u n a t e l y c o n t a i n i n g e r r o r s w h i c h d i m i n u i s h

i t s v a l u e f o r r e f e r n c e p u r p o s e s . 29 C h i n e s e and N e p a l e s e i s s u e s f o r T i b e t a r e i l l u s t r a t e d .

WALSH, E.H.. 'The Coinage o f Nepal ' (Journal o f t h e Royal A s i a t i c Soc ie ty o f Great B r i t a i n and I r e l a n d . Vo1.40. pp.669-759; 1908. Modern I n d i a n r e p r i n t ) T h e f u n d a m e n t a l work o n t h e N e p a l e s e c o i n a g e a n d , t h e r e f o r e , a l s o o n t h e T i b e t a n c o i n a g e f o r t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , w a l s h ' s u n f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e o l d Newari n u m b e r i n g s y s t e m

l e d h i m t o commi t a c o n s i d e r a b l e number o f e r r o r s i n r e a d i n g t h e d a t e s o f t h e c o i n s .

H i s e r r o r s were o f t e n c o p i e d b y l a t e r w r i t e r s .

657 WALSH, E.H., 'The Coinage o f Nepal : Supplementary' (Journal o f the Royal A s i a t i c Soc ie ty o f Great B r i t a i n and I re land , Vo1.40, pp.1132-1136; 1908) A s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e p r e v i o u s work .

658 WOOD, H.. 'Some Remarks on a Ser ies o f Coins Issued i n China, Based on the B r i t i s h - I n d i a Rupee ' ( h e r i c a n Journal o f Numismatics, Vo1.41, pp.29-31; 1906) The t h r e e i s s u e s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i v e g r a i n s l i g h t e r t h a n t h e I n d i a n V i c t o r i a r u p e e s . On

t h e r e v e r s e t h e y b e a r t h e i n s c r i p t i o n ' S z e Chuan s e n g t s a o ' ( m i n t e d i n t h e P r o v i n c e o f S z e -

c h u a n ) . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

659 UOOD, H., 'The Coinage of T i b e t ' (American Journal o f Numismatics. Vo1.46, pp.164-167; Oct. 1912. Repr in ted i n The Numisma- t i s t , Vo1.26. No.5, pp.233-238; May 1913) An e x c e l l e n t a r t i c l e o n t h e m o n e t a r y h i s t o r y o f T i b e t . A c c o r d i n g t o C h i n e s e s o u r c e s , i n f o r m e r t i m e s C o w r i e s and k n i f e - s h a p e d c o i n s w e r e c u r r e n t i n T i b e t . S i l v e r h a s b e e n known

a s a medium o f e x c h a n g e s i n c e t h e 1 2 t h c e n t u r y . L a t e r , t h e m i n t i n g o f c o i n s t o o k p l a c e i n t h r e e p e r i o d s : N e p a l e s e i s s u e s o n b e h a l f o f T i b e t , S i n o - T i b e t a n c o i n s and n a t i v e T i b e t a n i s -

s u e s . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

660 WOOD, H., ' T i b e t , New o r Recent I ssues ' (The Numismatist, Vo1.45, No.7, p.425; Ju1 . 1932) T h e I n d i a n r u p e e m i n t e d i n d o l l a r - s i z e ( a s T i b e t - T a e l ) i s a f a n t a s y .

661 WRIGHT. R.N. J.. 'The S i l v e r Dragon Coinage o f the Chinese Prov inces, 1888-1949' (Numismatic Chronic le . 7 t h Ser., Vo1.16, pp.169-200; 1976) T h e f i r s t g e n e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n o f t h e S i c h u a n r u p e e was r e c o r d e d a t C h u n g k i n g i n November ,

1902. I t was n o t a n i m m e d i a t e s u c c e s s . T h e r e a f t e r , t h e d a i l y o u t p u t o f t h e m i n t a v e r a g e d a b o u t 5 ,000 d r a g o n c o i n s a d a y , w i t h the a d d i t i o n o f S z e c h u a n r u p e e s , f r o m 1903 ( p . 1 9 1 1 .

662 WRIGHT, R.N. J . , 'The Szechuen Rupee' (Coins and Medals , pp. 35-36; 1976) T h e a u t h o r g i v e s i m p o r t a n t d e t a i l s o n t h e S i c h u a n r u p e e . T h e r e a r e t w o m a i n t y p e s :

1 ) B u s t o f t h e Emperor Kuang HSU, w i t h o u t c o l l a r ( o b v e r s e ) , h o r i z o n t a l r o s e t t e ( r e v e r s e ) .

T h i s i s s u e , p r o d u c e d i n 1903 ( o r l a t e 1 9 0 2 ) , was r e g a r d e d i n W e s t e r n C h i n a a s b e i n g t h e b e s t . 2) B u s t w i t h c o l l a r ; v e r t i c a l r o s e t t e . M u l e s o f t h e t w o m a i n t y p e s exis t , b u t t h e y

a r e r a r e . D u r i n g t h e r e p u b l i c a n p e r i o d , a r u p e e w i t h a c r u d e ' l a r g e h e a d ' and i n f e r i o r s i l - v e r c o n t e n t , a p p e a r e d a t T a c h i e n l u .

663 WYLIE, A.. 'Coins o f t h e Ta-Tsing o r Present Dynasty o f China' (Journal o f Shanghai L i t e r a r y and S c i e n t i f i c Soc ie ty , No.1, pp.44-102; 1858) T h e m i n t a t Lhasa was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1792 ( p . 7 1 ) .

B ) P A P E R M O N E Y

T l l E GREAT O F F I C I A I , S E A L OF TIlF PAN('I1PN LAi.fAS

700 ANON.. 'T ibe tan Bank Notes' (The Numismatist. Vo1.55. p.27; 1942) I h a v e n o t s e e n t h i s a r t i c l e .

701 ANON., ' Lama-Ruled T i b e t Issued E x o t i c Notes' (World Coins, Vo1.4, p.480; Jun. 1967) A s h o r t n o t e o n T i b e t a n p a p e r money. D u r i n g 1930-36, C e n t r a l Bank o f C h i n a n o t e s i n yuan

d e n o m i n a t i o n s w e r e o v e r p r i n t e d w i t h a s i n g l e - l i n e T i b e t a n i n s c r i p t i o n m e a n i n g ' T i b e t a n Cur- r e n c y Medium'. T h e a u t h o r ' s s t a t e m e n t t h a t T i b e t u s e d b a n k n o t e s f r o m a b o u t 1 8 8 9 , i s wrong: T h e f i r s t n o t e s w e r e i s s u e d b y t h e T i b e t a n Government i n T.E. 1658 (A.D. 1 9 1 2 ) .

702 ANON.. 'Discovery o f the Yuan Dynasty Paper Money' (T ibetan Autonomous Region; C u l t u r a l R e l i c s Superv i s ion Cormi t tee; Wen Wu, No.9, pp.32-34; 1975) C h i n e s e t e x t . T h i s a r t i c l e d e s c r i b e s t w o b a n k n o t e s o f t h e Yuan d y n a s t y w h i c h w e r e f o u n d i n t h e S a k y a m o n a s t e r y , s o u t h w e s t o f S h i g a t s e , T i b e t . One n o t e i s f r o m t h e t i m e o f K u b l a i

Khan and b e a r s t h e r e i g n t i t l e 'Chung T ' u n g ' (A.D. 1260-12631 , and the o t h e r i s o f S h u n T i

w i t h t h e N i e n Hao 'Clrih Cheng' (A.D. 1341-1367) . T h e S a k y a m o n a s t e r y i s t h e c e n t r e o f t h e S a k y a s e c t o f Lamaism and i t i s t h r o u g h t h i s s e c t t h a t t h e Yuan d y n a s t y managed t o c o n t r o l T i b e t . T h i s i s t h e p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r Yuan p a p e r money b e i n g f o u n d i n this p l a c e . I t i s d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r i t e v e r c i r c u l a t e d a s c u r r e n c y i n T i b e t i t s e l f .

509 BELL, SIR CHARLES, ' P o r t r a i t o f t h e Da la i Lama' (London; 1946) T r e a s u r y n o t e s o f f i v e , t e n , f i f t e e n , t w e n t y - f i v e and f i f t y t r a n g k a s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a r e i n u s e , t h e i s s u e s o f t h e s e n o t e s h a v i n g commenced i n 1914 ( p . 1 6 2 ) .

( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r ' C o i n s ' ) .

703 BOWKER, H.F., 'T ibe tan Notes t o C i r c u l a t e ' (The Numismatist, Vo1.53, p.419; 1940) R e p o r t e d f r o m C h u n g k i n g . T h e n o t e s i s s u e d b y t h e F a r m e r s Bank o f C h i n a a r e t o b e s u r c h a r -

ged i n T i b e t a n s c r i p t .

704 BOWKER. H.F., 'A T ibe tan Paper Note ' (The Numismatist, Vo1.64, No.2, pp.141-142; 1951) D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e f i v e s r a n g n o t e . W i t h a n i l l u s t r a t i o n .

517 BRUCE 11, C.R., DEYELL, C.S., RHODES. N.G., SPENGLER. W.F., 'The Standard Guide t o South Asian Coins and Paper Money s ince 1556 AD' (Yola. Wisconsin: Krause Pub1 i c a t i o n s ; 1 s t ed., 1982)

A good l i s t i n g o f T i b e t a n p a p e r money . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r ' C a t a l o g u e s ' ) .

705 CRESSWELL, O.D. and HOGAN, P.D., 'An Unrecorded Date o f T ibe tan 50-Tangka Note I ssue ' (T'ung Pao, Vol.1, No.3, p.73; 1975) T h e d a t e 1680 (A.D. 19341 i s r e c o r d e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e .

706 GABRISCH, K., ' S i x Unrecorded Dates o f the T ibe tan 50 Tam Note ' (Sp ink ' s Numismatic C i r c u l a r , Vol.85, p.544; 1977) P r e v i o u s l y u n r e c o r d e d d a t e s : T i b e t a n Era 1 6 7 8 , 1 6 7 9 , 1 6 8 1 , 1 6 8 2 , 1 6 8 3 , 1 6 8 6 .

707 GABRISCH, K., 'An Unknown Date o f t h e T ibe tan 10 Srang Note ' (Sp ink ' s Numismatic C i r c u l a r . Vo1.86. p.189; 1978) T h e d a t e T.E. 1 6 9 0 (A.D. 19441 i s r e c o r d e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e .

708 KLAASESZ, P.F.. ' T i b e t . P a r t I - Paper Money' (The Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, Vo1 .15, No. 10, pp.848-852; 1949) D e s c r i p t i o n o f f o u r n o t e s : 1 5 t a m , 25 t a m , 5 0 t a m b l u e a n d 5 0 t a m y e l l o w .

MCGOVERN. W.M.. 'To Lhasa i n D isgu ise ' (London 7; 1924)

I n 1923 t h e f o l l ~ ~ i n g n o t e s w e r e c u r r e n t i n T i b e t : I n d i a n 10 r u p e e s , T i b e t a n 1 0 , 15 and 25 t r a n g - k a . 1 I n d i a n r u p e e e q u a l l e d 6 t r a n g - k a s .

LEHMANN, P.-H. and ULLAL. J.. ' T i b e t . Das s t i l l e Drama auf d m Dach der M e l t ' (Hamburg: GEO-Verl ag ; 1981) German t e x t . T h e b o o k i n c l u d e s a n i n v e r t e d p h o t o o f t h e f o l l o w i n g T i b e t a n n o t e s : 5 , 10 , 2 5 , 1 m s r a n g and 5 0 t a m ( p . 1 0 6 ) .

MAO, K.O.. ' H i s t o r y o f Chinese Paper Currency' (Hong Kong; Vol .l; 1968) I l l u s t r a t i o n s o f C h i n e s e b a n k n o t e s w i t h T i b e t a n o v e r p r i n t s : C97 , C99 , C103, C107, ~ 1 1 0 .

( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r ' C a t a l o g u e s ' ) .

MUSZYNSKI. M., ' V a r i e t i e s o f t h e T ibe tan 50 Tam Note' ( B u l l e t i n o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Banknote Society , pp.99-102; 1970) A n o t e w i t h t h e d a t e o f T .E . 1677 (A.D. 1 9 3 0 ) b e a r s t w o r e d s e a l s : ' I n 1930 f a l s e 50 Tam n o t e s w e r e d i s c o v e r e d . T h e m i n t d e c i d e d t o i n s p e c t s y s t m a t i c a l l y a l l n o t e s o f t h i s v a l u e

i n c i r c u l a t i o n . I n s p e c t i o n was c e r t i f i e d b y t h e p l a c i n g o f a second s e a l o n t h e g e n u i n e n o t e . ' T h e a u t h o r i n c o r r e c t l y c o n v e r t s t h e T i b e t a n Era o n t h e n o t e s b y a d d i n g 253 y e a r s

( i .e . T .E . 1677 + 253 = A.D. 1 9 3 0 ) i n s t e a d o f 254 y e a r s .

PANISH, C.K., ' T i b e t a n Paper Money' (Whitman Numismatic Journal , Vo1.5, pp.467-471, 501-508; 1968) C u r r e n t l y t h e b a s i c work o n T i b e t a n p a p e r money.

PICK, A.. 'Standard Catalogue o f World Paper Money' (Krause P u b l i c a t i o n s , Bat tenberg Verlag; 1975) T h e s e c t i o n o n T i b e t a n n o t e s r e q u i r e s a g e n e r a l r e v i s i o n . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r

' C a t a l o g u e s ' ! .

SHAKABPA, T.W.D., ' T i b e t . A P o l i t i c a l H i s t o r y ' (New Haven and London; 1967) A c c o r d i n g t o the w r i t e r , t h e T i b e t a n Government i n t r o d u c e d p a p e r c u r r e n c y i n 1890. A l l no-

tes and c o i n s b o r e t h e Government l i o n s e a l and d a t e o f i s s u e . Government -he ld r e s e r v e s

b a c k e d t h e c u r r e n c y n o t e s ( p p . 1 0 - 1 1 ) . T h e a u t h o r ' s s t a t e m e n t i s n o t c o r r e c t . a s t h e f i r s t

T i b e t a n n o t e s w e r e i s s u e d i n 1 9 1 2 .

SMITH, W.D. and MATRAVERS, B., 'Chinese Banknotes' (Menlo Park, C a l i f o r n i a : S h i r j i e h Pub l i shers ; 1970) C h i n e s e i s s u e s f o r T i b e t : a ) C e n t r a l Bank o f C h i n a ( w i t h o v e r p r i n t s i n T i b e t a n ) : C 5 W - 9 5 ,

-98 , -102 , - 1 0 3 , -104 . b ) S i k a n g P r o v i n c i a l Bank ( w i t h T i b e t a n i n s c r i p t i o n ) : H75-1, -10 .

c ) M o n g o l i a n - T i b e t a n Bank o r G r e a t N o r t h w e s t e r n Bank ( i n t e n d e d f o r ~ i b e t ) : M14-1. - 3 , 101 1 2 . ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r ' ~ a t a l o g u e s ' ) .

C ) M E D A L S

THE SEAL OF THE TIBET FRONTIER COMMISSION, 1903

800 CRESSWELL, O.D. , ' T i b e t 1903-1904 Medal ' (Spink's Numismatic C i r c u l a r . Vo1.79. p.368; 1971) T h e m i l i t a r y e s c o r t o f t h e B r i t i s h M i s s i o n t o Lhasa c o n s l s t e d o f f o u r c a a p a n i e s o f the ~ 0 -

y a l F u s i l i e r s a n d t w o Maxim c r e w s f rom t h e N o r f o l k r e g i m e n t and t h e Rpyal I r i s h R i f l e s .

801 PATERSON. D . , 'The Tibetan Medal 1903-4' (Coins and Medals. pp.22-24; 1980) T h e f u l l s t o r y o f t h e B r i t i s h M i s s i o n to L h a s a , 1903-04. T h e T i b e t Medal i n s i l v e r was t o

be g i v e n t o a l l who t o o k p a r t i n t h e M i s s i o n o r w e r e w i t h t h e e s c o r t . One bar ' G y a n t s e ' was g i v e n t o a l l t h o s e who p a r t i c i p a t e d i n the a c t i o n s i n t h a t a r e a b e t m n 3rd n a y and 6 t h

~ u l y , 1904 . T h e m e d a l s w e r e named a m u n d t h e e d g e i n n e a t ' r u n n i n g s c r i p t ' . Bronze m e d a l s ,

w i t h or w i t h o u t the G y a n t s e b a r , w e r e g i v e n t o n a t l v e c a r r i e r s and p o r t e r s who accompanied

t h e M i s s i o n and a r e u s u a l l y named ' S . 8 T . ' ( S u p p l y and T r a n s p o r t ) C o r p s .

D ) P R I M I T I V E M O N E Y

T R I L I N G U A L S E A L OF A 1 9 T H CENTURY REGENT

BABER, E.C.. ' T r a v e l s and Researches i n Western China' (Royal Geographic Soc ie ty , Suppl. Papers; 1882) A ggod a c c o u n t o f t h e t e a t r a d e .

BELL. SIR CHARLES. 'Grarrmar o f C o l l o q u i a l T ibetan ' (Ca lcu t ta : 1 s t ed.. 1919. 2nd ed. r e p r i n t e d New York: Dover Publ icat ions; 1977) Some n o t e s o n w e i g h t s o f t e a b r i c k s i n T i b e t ( p . 1381. f C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y under ' C o i n s ' ) .

CRIBB. J., 'A H i s t o r i c a l Survey of the Precious Metal Currencies o f China' (Numismatic Chron ic le , Vo1.149, pp.185-209. p1.27-29; 1979) T h i s a r t i c l e d e a l s w i t h s i l v e r and g o l d i n g o t s . Based m a i n l y o n C h i n e s e s o u r c e s .

JORDAN, R., ' E i n B e i t r a g zum Teeziegelgeld ' (D ie Winze, Vo1.6, pp.248-250; 1975) A sword i s v a l u e d a t t h r e e t e a b r i c k s , a h o r s e a t 2 0 t e a b r i c k s .

JUSSOW, R., ' T i b e t ' ( L i p s i a : VEB B ib l i og raph isches I n s t i t u t ; 1953) German t e x t f a t r a n s l a t i o n f r o m R u s s i a n ) . T i b e t i m p o r t e d 6 , 5 0 0 t o n s o f t e a b r i c k s a n n u a l l y ,

c. 4 ,000 o f t h e m v i a K a n g - t i b ( p . 5 6 ) .

MITCHINER, M., 'Non- Is lamic S ta tes & Western Colonies ' (London; ' O r i e n t a l Coins and The i r Values ' . Vo1.3; 1979) An e x t e n s i v e r e p o r t o n s y c e e s i l v e r , w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f f i f t y i t e m s f p p . 5 1 9 - 5 2 8 ) . A s h o r t n o t e o n t e a b r i c k c u r r e n c y s e r v i n g t h e T u r k e s t a n - T i b e t t r a d e f p . 5 3 5 ) .

( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y u n d e r ' C a t a l o g u e s ' ) .

QUIGGIN, A.H., 'A Survey o f P r i m i t i v e Money: The Beginnings o f Currency' (London; r e p r i n t , 1978) N o t e s o n t e a b r i c k s u s e d a s c u r r e n c y b e t w e e n T i b e t and C h i n a (pp .222-2231 . Some r e m a r k s o n s i l v e r i n g o t s ( p . 2 4 6 ) .

RICHTER, H., ' S i l b e r b a r r e n i n de r ch ines ischen Geldgeschichte' (Colonia; 'Geld aus China'; 1982) German t e x t . A h i s t o r y o f s y c e e S i l v e r i n g o t s w i t h 4 p h o t o s f p p . 5 4 - 6 3 ) .

SENIOR, B., ' B r i c k Tea Money' (Sp ink ' s Numismatic C i r c u l a r . Vo1.72. p.229; 1964) T e a i s m a n u f a c t u r e d i n C h i n a , c o m p r e s s e d i n t o b r i c k s o f v a r i o u s s i z e s and s o m e t i m e s s tamped

w i t h a v a l u e t h a t v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e t e a .

SIGLER, O.P., 'Sycee S i l v e r ' (American Numismatic Soc ie ty Numismatic Notes and Monographs. No.99; 1943) An i n f o r m a t i v e b o o k l e t o n s y c e e s i l v e r , w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f 24 i t e m s .

SIGLER, O.P., ' B r i c k Tea Money' (The Numi smatic Scrapbook Magazine, Vo1 .16, No. 1, pp.81-85; 1950) T h e a u t h o r d i s c u s s e s t h e s i z e o f t e a b r i c k s , w e i g h t , g r a d e s o f t e a u s e d , m a c h i n e r y i n v o l v e d .

p r o c e s s e s , m a n u f a c t u r e r s , m a r k e t i n g and c o s t s . T h e b u s i n e s s f l o u r i s h e d e s p e c i a l l y f rom 1875 t o 1900 . F i r s t i n M o n g o l i a , l a t e r i n T i b e t , t h e b r i c k s assumed a v a l u e and w e r e u s e d

i n t r a d e ( a t o n e t i m e f i v e t e a b r i c k s w e r e e q u a l t o o n e o u n c e o f s i l v e r ) . I n t h e 1 9 2 0 s Rus-

s i a became t h e p r i n c i p a l i m p o r t e r t h o u g h f o r food r a t h e r t h a n a s a medium o f e x c h a n g e . S i n c e 1935 t h e b u s i n e s s h a s n o t i c e a b l y d e c l i n e d .

WITHAM. P.E., 'China Tea and the Trade Routes' (Royal Cen t ra l As ian Society , pp.150-162; 1947)

T h e a u t h o r g i v e s i m p o r t a n t d e t a i l s o n t h e t e a t r a d e : ' T o d a y b r i c k t e a g o e s p r i n c i p a l l y t o T i b e t , S i n k i a n g and Manchur ia; 1901 a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n t h e peak o f b r i c k - t e a p r o d u c t i o n . T h e r e was a b i g t r a d e b e t w e e n C h i n a and R u s s i a , b u t t h e R u s s i a n R e v o l u t i o n i n 1917 k i l l e d

t h a t t r a d e . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t e v e n t o t h i s d a y b r i c k t e a s e r v e s a s a f o r m o f c u r r e n c y i n S i n k i a n g and Mongol ia . A c a r a v a n c a n b e p a i d f o r i n b r i c k t e a i n s t e a d of i n do1 1 a r s . '

E ) C A T A L O G U E S

KONC-PAR TANGKA, YEAR 13-45

517 BRUCE 11, C.R., OEYELL. J.S., RHODES, N.G., SPENGLER, W.F.. 'The Standard Guide t o South Asian Coins and Paper Money s ince 1556 AD' (Yola. Wisconsin: Krause Pub l i ca t ions ; 1 s t ed., 1982) ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r i e s under ' C o i n s ' and ' P a p e r Money')

900 CRAIG, R.. 'Coins o f the World 1750-1850' (Racine, Wisconsin: Western Pub l i sh ing Co.; 3rd ed.. 1976)

901 FRIEDBERG, R., 'Gold Coins o f the World' (New York: The Coin and Currency I n s t i t u t e ; 4 t h ed., 1976)

902 KRAUSE, C.L. and MISHLER, C., 'Standard Catalogue o f World Coins ' (Yola. Wisconsin: Krause Pub l i ca t ions ; 8 t h ed., 1982)

711 MAO, K.O., ' H i s t o r y o f Chinese Paper Currency' (Hong Kong; Vol. I; 1968) ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y under ' P a p e r M o n e y ' ) .

593 MITCHINER, M., 'Non-Islamic S ta tes & Western Co lon ies ' (London; ' O r i e n t a l Coins and The i r Values ' , Vo1.3; 1979) ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r i e s under ' C o i n s ' and ' P a p e r M o n e y ' ) .

714 PICK, A., 'Standard Catalogue o f World Paper Money' (Krause Pub1 i c a t i o n s , Battenberg Verlag; 1975) ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y under ' P a p e r M o n e y ' ) .

903 SCHUN, G., 'We1 tmunzkatalog. XX Jahrhunder t ' (Munich: Battenberg Verlag; 5 t h ed., 1974)

716 SMITH, W.D. and MATRAVERS, B., 'Chinese Banknotes' (Menlo Park, C a l i f o r n i a : S h i r j i e h Pub l i shers ; 1970) ( C f . b i b l i o g r a p h i c e n t r y under ' P a p e r M o n e y ' ) .

904 YEOMAN, R.S., 'Modern World Coins ' (Racine, Wisconsin: Western Pub l i sh ing Co.; 1 2 t h ed., 1978)

S E L E C T E D A U C T I O N C A T A L O G U E S

950 FRANKFURTER MONZHANOLUNG AUCTIONS. 'E .Bu t ton Aukt ionskata log 117' (F rank fu r t . Jan. 1970) German t e x t . T i b e t a n c o i n s : l o t s 1995-2085.

951 GLENDINING & CO. AUCTIONS, 'Catalogue o f the Impor tant C o l l e c t i o n of S i l v e r Coins o f China and the Colony o f Hong Kong' (London. 1966) T i b e t a n c o i n s : l o t s 681-685 , 962-1001. S y c e e : l o t s 1059-1064 .

952 SOTHEBY'S AUCTIONS, 'Catalogue o f Cur ios and P r i m i t i v e Currencies and B a r t e r Objects from the Gibbs Es ta te ' (London, 14 May 1979) S y c e e : l o t s 89-97, w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Tea b r i c k money: l o t s 103-108 , w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n .

953 SCHULMAN COINS & MINT INC. AUCTIONS, 'Chinese Ant ique Jade. Chinese Bronces. Coins and World P r i m i t i v e Monies - H.D. Gibbs Es ta te e t a l . ' (New York, 20-21 March 1972) Tea b r i c k money: l o t s 496-497 , w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

954 SCHULMAN COINS & MINT INC. AUCTIONS, 'Eduard Kann C o l l e c t i o n . Coins o f China and Japanese Coins, Odd & Cur ios from the H.O. Gibbs C o l l e c t i o n . P a r t V ' (Bever ly H i l l s , 18-20 June 1971) S i c h u a n r u p e e s : l o t s 688-702

955 H.M.F. SCHULMAN, ' P r i m i t i v e Money' (New York, o f f e r s a t f i x e d p r i ces , 1967-1968) Tea b r i c k s : l o t s 160-162. S y c e e : l o t s 73A-81, 203 .

956 THE MONEY CO. AUCTIONS, 'Rare Coin Auc t ion Number Four ' (Tarzana, 15 Jan. 1980) L o t 192: t h e 1 9 2 0 2 0 s r a n g s i l v e r c o i n i s a c t u a l l y a t r i a l s t r i k e o f t h e w e l l - k n o w n C h i n e s e

f o r g e r y o f t h e T i b e t a n g o l d coin.

957 THE MONEY CO. AUCTIONS. 'Rare Coin Auc t ion Number F i v e ' (Tarzana, 30 June 1980) T i b e t a n c o i n s : l o t s 660-695 .

958 THE MONEY CO. AUCTIONS, 'Rare Coin Auc t ion Number E i g h t ' (Tarzana, 25 January 1981) L o t 163: T h i s 2 0 s r a n g p a t t e r n i n silver i s a f o r g e r y ( c f . ' R a r e C o i n A u c t i o n Number F o u r ' ) .

959 GEORGE ALEVIZOS AUCTIONS, ' P h i l a t o k y o 81. P u b l i c Auc t ion No.31' (Tokyo, 12-13 October 1981) L o t 2099 , w i t h p h o t o : 5 0 t a m n o t e b l u e , d a t e d T i b e t a n Era 1 6 5 9 ( A . D . 1 9 1 3 ) . ( C f . b i b l i o -

g r a p h i c e n t r y No. 4 3 7 ) .

960 THE MONEY CO. AUCTIONS, 'Hong Kong I n t e r n a t i o n a l Coin Expos i t i on . Rare Coin Auc t ion ' (Hong Kong, 25 September 1982) L o t 214: a g o l d t r i a l s t r i k e o f t h e 2 1 / 2 S i c h u a n r u p e e - a f a n t a s y .

961 HIMALAYAN NUMISMATICS, ' T i b e t . O f f e r a t F ixed P r i c e s ' (London, 1982) T h e m o s t e x t e n s i v e l i s t i n g o f r a r e T i b e t a n coins ever o f f e r e d . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

962 JOEL L. MALTER & CO. AUCTIONS, 'Auc t ion XXIV' (Encino, C a l i f . . 25-27 March 1983) L o t s 542 and 5 4 3 : S z e c h u a n r u p e e and S z e c h u a n 1 / 2 r u p e e i n g o l d . W i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s .

NATIVE REGISTRATION CACHET OF SHICATSE

P H I L A T E L I C I N D E X

AUCTION CATALOGUES 400-441 BACKGROUND (HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY ETC.) 26, 29, 39, 51-52, 59, 65. 77-78, 108. 110-111, 124.

132, 173, 208, 230

BOGUS ISSUES 53, 62, 74, 207, 222, 232

BRITISH-INDIAN P.0.S I N TIBET 13, 20, 23, 26, 30, 39, 45, 60, 65, 75, 78-79, 90, 107, 111-115, 122, 133, 138-139, 143, 161, 164, 176, 204, 220, 222, 365, 401, 403-407, 410, 419-421, 427, 429, 432-433, 435-436

CATALOGUES 39, 222. 360-372 CHINESE (IMPERIAL) P.0.S I N TIBET 4, 6, 13, 28, 32, 38-39, 47, 60, 65, 71, 73, 77, 88,

90, 95, 101-102, 107, 138, 146, 156, 160-161, 168, 175, 195, 201-204, 222, 232-233, 237, 366, 402, 404- 408, 433, 436-437, 439

CHINESE (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC) P.0.S 10-11, 29, 40-41, 43, 50-52, 65-66, 69, 82, 97, 103,

I N TIBET 105, 135, 142, 162-164, 170, 209, 222, 227, 231-232, 241, 419-420

ESSAYS 39, 54, 65, 89-90, 161, 167, 171, 200, 222, 413, 419- 421, 423-424, 427, 440

EXPERIMENTAL, TEMPORARY, FIELD P.0.S 1, 20, 26, 39, 60, 65, 75, 79, 111-115, 138, 160-161, 220, 222, 365, 401-407, 411, 413, 415, 417, 419, 423- 425, 427-429, 433

FORGERIES, FORGED POSTAL MARKINGS 16, 34-35, 37, 57, 63, 73-74, 83, 89-91, 116, 136, 138, 143-144, 147, 149, 159, 178-179, 204, 214, 219, 222, 232-233, 242

GENERAL ARTICLES 8, 9, 12, 21-22, 27-28, 31, 44, 55, 59, 70, 72. 87, 96, 98-99, 118, 125-127, 134, 140, 145, 154, 174, 176, 191-193, 197, 205, 221, 225-228, 244

HANDBOOKS, COMPRHENSIVE SERIALS 39, 65, 90, 138, 161, 204, 222 MAILS BETWEEN TIBET AN0 NEPAL 21, 40, 78-79, 158-159, 206, 222, 301 MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITIONS 21, 36, 58, 65, 85-86, 90, 112, 123, 128, 184-185,

188-189, 199, 211, 222, 24'1, 365, 403, 410, 427, 434 NATIVE POSTAL MARKINGS 24, 33, 37, 48, 60, 64-65, 80-81, 84, 94, 107, 125,

127, 138, 155-157, 160-161, 204, 213, 222, 232, 413, 427, 438

OFFICIAL STAMPS, SO-CALLED 46, 49, 65, 67-68, 79, 106, 129-131, 183, 186, 222- 223, 367, 370, 409, 422, 427, 429, 441

POSTAGE STAMPS, 1912 ISSUE 6, 13, 15, 24, 39, 63, 65, 90, 100, 106-107, 138, 143, 146-147, 156-157, 160-161, 166, 169, 183, 187, 190, 196, 204, 216, 218, 222, 224, 403, 407, 410, 413, 417, 419-421, 424, 427, 429

POSTAGE STAMPS, 1914-20 ISSUE 17. 19, 39, 65, 84, 91. 100. 106, 112, 161. 169, 183. 187, 190, 204, 222, 403, 409-410, 414, 419-422, 424

POSTAGE STAMPS, 1933 ISSUE 2, 13, 56, 63, 65, 76, 90, 100, 106, 138, 146-147, 157, 169, 175, 180-183, 204, 210, 212, 217-218, 222, 235-236, 407, 410, 413, 417, 419-421, 424, 427, 429

POSTAGE STAMPS, 1 SANG 39, 65, 68, 100, 150, 153, 176, 190, 215, 219, 222 POSTAL HISTORY (MAJOR ARTICLES) 13, 17-18, 24, 29, 60, 77-78, 88, 93, 104, 106, 120,

138, 148, 156, 158-161, 175, 194, 206, 229, 234 POSTAL RATES 50, 118, 151, 172 POSTAL ROUTES, MAPS 7, 17, 18, 24, 26, 29, 60, 71, 78, 81, 111, 162, 204,

206, 213, 222 PRE-STAMP PERIOD 78, 90, 117, 120, 161, 165, 206, 240, 300-302, 306-

309

PROOFS 5, 65. 107. 121. 161. 171, 212, 222. 238. 413. 420, 424, 428, 435

SEALS (INK SEALS. WAX SEALS) 25. 29, 39, 44, 79, 81. 85, 107, 119-120. 138, 141, 161, 185, 206, 222, 300-312, 403, 410, 413, 417, 421- 424. 427. 431. 433. 436. 439

TIBETAN FRONTIER COMMISSION, 1903 20, 26, 39. 65, 90, 111-114, 133, 160-161, 175, 220, 222, 234, 365, 401-407, 411, 413, 415, 417, 419-421, 424-425

WIRELESS TELEGRAPH STAMPS. SO-CALLED 44. 65, 106, 183, 222-223. 362, 367 YOUNGHUSBAND MILITARY EXPEDITION 1, 3, 14, 20, 26, 39. 65. 90, 109. 111-115. 122, 133.

138. 160-161. 175. 220. 222. 365. 401-407. 411. 413. 415, 417, 419-421. 423-424. 428-431, 433. 436

N U M I S W A T I C I N D E X

ASSAMESE-TIBETAN ISSUE AUCTION CATALOGUES BANK NOTES (T IBETAN ISSUES) BANK NOTES (CHINESE, WITH TIBETAN

INSCRIPTIONS) BIBLIOGRAPHIES BHUTAN CATALOGUES

COOCH BEHAR COUNTERMARKS CURRENCY (CENTRAL T I B E T ) CURRENCY (EASTERN T I B E T ) CURRENCY (WESTERN T I B E T ) DATING DENOMINATIONS FANTASY COINS FORGERIES GADEN-TAMKA GARHWAL GOLD COINS KONGPAR-TAMKA LADAKH MEDALS MINTS MONETARY HISTORY (GENERAL)

MONETARY SYSTEM

NEPALESE COINS (GENERAL)

NEPALESE COINS (MALLA)

NEPALESE COINS FOR T I B E T P R I M I T I V E MONEY: S ILVER INGOTS P R I M I T I V E MONEY: TEA BRICKS P R I M I T I V E MONEY: OTHERS SICHUAN RUPEES S I K K I M SINO-TIBETAN COINS

TANGUT ( H S I H S I A ) TOKEN (T IBETAN)

T H E A U T H O R S

WOLFGANG C. HELLRIGL. bo rn i n 1941. i s an economist and l i v e s i n Bozen. South-Tyro l .

A s p e c i a l i s t i n the p h i l a t e l y and pos ta l h i s t o r y o f the Himalayan reg ion , h i s pr ime i n t e r e s t l i e s i n the research o f n a t i v e issues and p o s t a l markings. He has w r i t t e n many a r t i c l e s on Nepal, T i b e t and Jammu & Kashmir, f o r a number o f l ead ing p h i l a t e l i c j ou rna ls .

Dr. H e l l r i g l i s a member o f A.I.E.P., the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Associa- t i o n o f P h i l a t e l i c Exper ts , and holds memberships o f a l l p h i l a t e - l i c Study C i r c l e s embracing Himalayan areas o f i n t e r e s t .

KARL GABRISCH, bo rn i n 1927, i s a v e t e r i n a r y surgeon and l i v e s i n t h e Federa l Republ ic o f Germany.

For many years h i s p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t has been d i r e c t e d t o the mo n e t a r y h i s t o r y o f T ibe t , b o t h w i t h i n t h i s coun t ry ' s e thnographica l and po l i t i c a l boundaries. He g r a d u a l l y b u i l t up a noteworthy c o l l e c t i o n o f T ibe tan co ins and notes as w e l l as p u b l i c a t i o n s on these t o p i c s which now forms the b a s i s f o r h i s research.

Dr. Gabr isch i s a member o f va r ious Numismatic Soc ie t ies .

POSTAL HIMAL The l e a d i n g j o u r n a l s p e c i a l i z i n g i n t h e p h i l a t e l y and p o s t a l h i s t o r y o f Nepal and T i b e t . P u b l i s h e d q u a r t e r l y , b y t h e

NEPAL G TIBET PHILATELIC

STUDY C I R C L E

S e c r e t a r y : C o l i n Hepper, 4 O s r i c C o u r t , Danes C lose , P e t e r - borough, Carnbs. PE1 5LW, Eng land

U.S. R e p r e s e n t a t i v e : Roger D . S k i n n e r , 1020 Cov ing ton Road, Los A1 t o s , CA 94022, USA

E d i t o r : P r o f . D r . L e s t e r A . V i c h e l , 309 Yucca C i r c l e , Co lo- r a d o S p r i n g s , CO 80906, USA