Thursday 5-3-12• Finish covalent bonding lab• Macromolecule notes

Homework:• Organic Compound WS• Finish covalent bonding lab Conclusion

questions.

Biological Macromolecules

Six Major Elements

• C Carbon• H Hydrogen• N Nitrogen• O Oxygen• P Phosphorus• S Sulfur

FOUR Macromolecules

POLYMER MONOMER Carbohydrates monosaccharides Proteins amino acids Lipids (fats) glycerol and fatty

acids Nucleic Acids nucleotide

What is a Polymer?• Polymers are made up of many, many molecules all

strung together to form really long chains.• The properties of polymers really reflect what's

going on at the ultra-tiny (molecular) level. • Function is a result of Structure!• Things that are made of polymers look, feel, and act

depending on how their atoms and molecules are connected! Some are rubbery, some are sticky and gooey, and some are hard and tough.

What is a Monomer?• The molecules that make up the polymers• Mono means "one". • So, monomers are those itty bitty molecules

that can join together to make a long polymer chain.

Examples of Polymers

Carbohydrates

• Made of C, H, O (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)• Provide energy for living systems• Carbohydrates include simple sugars (which are

monomers for more complex carbohydrates)– Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose

• Carbohydrates also include complex carbohydrates (polymers) such as Starch and Cellulose

Sucrose is actually a disacharide

• Glucose + Fructose

•Carbohydrates usually end in the suffix “-ose”

•There are 4 Calories per gram of carbohydrate.

Sucrose + H2O

Carbohydrates are long strands of sugars connected together.

• Animals store starch as Glycogen.

• Plants store starch as Cellulose

Proteins• Meat, soy, nuts, & Beans have a lot of protein. • Proteins provide structure to living organisms• Help make reactions occur (enzymes)• Proteins contain 4 Calories per gram

Proteins Contain an Amino Group Made up of a nitrogen & 2 hydrogens.

They also contain a

carboxyl groupMade up of carbon, oxygen,

& a hydroxide (OH) group.

Amino acids that make up proteins

Monomers bonding to make polymers(Amino Acids bonding to make proteins.)

Lipids• Fats & oils• Provides long term energy storage, insulation &

cushioning• Major component of the cell membrane

Lipids

• Made of glycerol and three fatty acids

Glycerol BackboneMade up of Carbons, Hydrogens, and Oxygens. (CHO)

3 Fatty acid groups

Made up of 2 oxygens attached to a chain of

hydrocarbons..

9 Calories per gram!

Nucleic Acids• Two types DNA and RNA• The monomers are nucleotides which combine to

form the DNA or RNA• Hold genetic information within their structure.

Phosphate Group(PO4)

Sugar(Cn H2n On )

Nitrogenous Base

Made up of nitrogen, carbon, & hydrogen

• All of these Polymers work together to make up living organisms.

Identify the following macromolecule.

• Lipid

Identify the following macromolecule.

• Protein

Identify the following macromolecule.

• Nucleic Acid

Identify the following macromolecule.

• Hints: • its name is Lactose• Made up of only Carbons, Hydrogens, & oxygen.

• Carbohydrate

Make a Glucose Molecule (monomer)

• Using colored marshmallows and toothpicks you will create a glucose molecule.

• Choose a color to be Carbon (6) Choose a color to be Hydrogen (12) Choose a color to be Oxygen (6)• You will need toothpicks as well. • Construct a glucose molecule following the

directions on your note sheet.