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Threekindsofdictationactivitiesareintroducedhere.Theyaretheme-basedfree dictation, picture dictation and ‘Bad Cold’ dictation. These dictationactivitiescanhelpdeveloppupils’grammarandvocabularyknowledge.

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Theme-basedfreedictationisameanstodeveloppupils’vocabularybuildingskills. It is a commonly used activity to promote independent learning andconsolidatethelearningofvocabularyunderdifferentthemes.

Intheme-basedfreedictation,pupilsareencouragedtowriteasmanywordsaspossiblerelatedtoatopic/theme.Toenhancemotivation,bonusmarksareusuallygiventothecorrectanswers.Throughthisactivity,pupilsnotonlystudy the assignedmaterials from a textbook, but are also encouraged tocollectmorevocabularyrelatedtodifferentthemesontheirown.

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Thisdictationcombinescontrolleddictationand theme-based freedictation.Pupils listenandwritedownthesentencesaboutLucy.Then, theyrelatetotheir own experience and list the activities they do at school in the boxesprovided.Throughwriting theactivities inphrasesrather thansinglewords,pupils’awarenessofwordcollocation(e.g.readstorybooks,playfootball)canbedeveloped.

Before conducting this dictation, the teacher could ask pupils to study theassigned passage to consolidate the learning of the target vocabulary. Inaddition,he/shecouldencouragepupilstothinkofasmanythingsthattheydoatschoolaspossibleandwritethethingsdownintheirnotebookstopromoteautonomyinlearning.

PleaserefertoLT2.1inAppendixAforthedictationworksheet.

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Beforeconductingthistheme-basedfreedictation,theteacheraskspupilstofindoutabouttheclubsintheirschoolbyvisitingtheschool’swebpageandwalkingaroundthecampus.PupilshavetowritedowntheEnglishnamesoftheclubsintheirnotebooks.

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Inthisdictation,pupilswritedownthenamesoftheclubsintheirschool.First,pupilslistentothenamesofsomeclubsinTom’sschoolinrandomorderandwritethosenamesunderappropriatecategories.Then,theyareencouragedtowriteasmanynamesoftheclubsavailableintheirownschoolaspossible.

Tocaterforlearnerdiversity,thelessablepupilscouldbeallowedtorefertotheirnotebooksforthenamesoftheclubstheyhavecollected.

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Different extended activities could be conducted to further develop pupils’thinking and language skills. In this extended activity, pupils listen to fourstudentstalkingtoastudenthelperabout their interestsandhobbies.Theyhavetopayattentiontowhoistalkingandwritedownthekeywordsintheappropriate spaces in the forms as they listen to the dialogues.To furtherdeveloppupils’thinkingskills,pupilsareaskedtoinferfromwhattheyhaveheardandchoosethemostsuitableclubforthestudents.

To cater for learner diversity, less familiar words, such as ‘painting’ and‘gardening’,couldbeprovidedforthelessablepupils.

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Anextendedactivitycouldalsobeconductedtodeveloppupils’writingskills.Pupilsareaskedtochoosetwoclubstheywouldliketojoininschoolandwritethereasonsforchoosingtheclubsinafewsentences.

Tocaterforlearnerdiversity,teacherscouldgivesomeusefulphrasestohelpthelessablepupilsexpresstheirideasandpreferences.

PleaserefertoLT2.2inAppendixAforthedictationworksheets.

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Picturedictationhelpsteacherscheckwhetherpupilsunderstandthelisteningtext.Insteadofwritingdownwords,pupilsareaskedtodraworcompleteapicturebasedonwhattheteacherreadstothem.Theteacherhastomakesurethatenoughtimeisgiventopupilstofinishdrawingoneobjectbeforemovingontothenextone.

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Inthispicturedictation,whilelisteningtothedescriptionsaboutthemaskofaclown,pupilsneed todraw theeyes,ears,mouthandnosewhichareofdifferentshapes(e.g.circles, triangles).Throughdrawing thedifferent facialfeaturesonthemask,pupilsdemonstratetheirunderstandingofthedifferentshapestheyhavelearnt.

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Extended activities could be conducted to promote creativity aswell as todevelop pupils’writing and speaking skills.Pupils could beasked tomakeamask foraclownusingdifferent shapes.Then, theydescribe theirmasktotheirclassmatesusingthetargetvocabulary(e.g.namesofshapes)andlanguageitems(e.g.itis/theyare,thereis/are).

PleaserefertoLT2.3inAppendixAforthedictationworksheets.

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Apart fromshapes,picturedictationcan involvedrawingofotherobjects. Inthispicturedictation,AuntMarydescribes the thingsshecanseeonFreshFruitandVegetableStall.Pupilsneedtocompletethepicturebydrawingthemissingdetailsastheylistentothedescriptions.

Throughcompletingthepicture,pupilsdemonstratetheirunderstandingofthevocabularyitems(e.g.namesoffruitandvegetables),determiners(e.g.afew,some,many)andprepositionalphrases(e.g.infrontof,nextto,ontheright).

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Teachers could conduct extended activities by asking pupils to colour andwriteaboutthepicturetoconsolidatetheirlearning.Hereareafewexamplesofextendedactivitiesforteachers’reference:

1. Listen and colour the picture – The teacher could ask pupils to colourthe picture based on his / her instructions.This provides an opportunityforpupilstodeveloptheir listeningskillsandconsolidatetheir learningofcolourwords.

2.Labelthepicture–Theteachercouldaskpupilstolabelsomepartsofthepicturetoconsolidatetheirlearningofthetargetvocabularyitems(e.g.thenamesofthefruitandvegetables).

3.Writeaboutthepicture–Toconsolidatethevocabularyandlanguageitemslearntaswellastodeveloppupils’writingskills,theteachercouldaskpupilstowriteaboutthefruitandvegetablesinthepicture.

PleaserefertoLT2.4inAppendixAforthedictationworksheets.

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In‘BadCold’dictation,theteacherdictatesatexttopupilsasusual.However,certainwordsare left out. Inplaceof thesewords, the teacher sneezesorcoughs.Inadditiontowritingdownthewordstheteacherhasreadout,pupilshave toapply theirgrammarandvocabularyknowledge to thinkofsuitablewordstofillthegaps.‘BadCold’dictationisalsocalledwhistlegapdictationinwhichtheteacherreplacescertainwordsinadictationtextwithawhistle.

Tomakethedictationmoremanageableforpupils,thewordsthatareleftoutcouldbeofthesamepartofspeech(e.g.nouns,adjectives,prepositions)andtheteachercouldtellpupilsaboutthisbeforehand.Tomakethedictationmorechallenging,themissingwordscanbeofdifferentpartsofspeech.

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Inthisexample,theteacherreadsoutthedictationtextasusual.However,he/shesneezesorcoughsatcertainpointsandleavesoutsomeofthenouns.Pupilsareaskedtoapplytheirgrammarandvocabularyknowledgetothinkofappropriatenounstofillthegaps.

Whenpupilshaveacquiredmoregrammarandvocabularyknowledge,theycould be asked to provide words of different parts of speech (e.g. nouns,verbs).

PleaserefertoLT2.5inAppendixAforthedictationworksheet.