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THE CAMPBELL COLLECTIONpurchased with the aid of
This book belongs to
The MacDonald-Stewart Foundationand
The Canada Council
'^1r'
i5V/ ^^^^
/'[^'
HENRY FROWDE,LONDON, EDINBURGH,
M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
NEW
YORK, TORONTO
MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY
IX
MEMORIAM
EDWARDI A\ GYSTI BOXD WILLELMI WATTENBACHLEOPOLDI YICTORIS DELI8LEMAGISTRORVM AMICORVM PIO ANIMODEDICAT DISCIPVLVS
PREFACEWhen, twenty years ago, at the invitation of Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Truebner & Company, I contributed to their International Scientific Series a Handbook of Greek and LatinPaJaeograpliy, I hardly dared to
hope that such a work would
appeal to more than a limited number of students. Yet, even at that time, the study of Palaeography had begun to take a wider range and the ever-growing output of photographic;
reproductions
and
especiallyrelics
theof
recovery
of
valuable
interest aroused by the Greek Literature which so
frequently were coming to light among the newly-found paj^yri from Egypt combined to give it a greater stimulus. For this reason, and rather because it hapi^ened to be the only book ofits
of
kind in the English language than for any particular merit own, the Handbook attained a larger circulation than had been anticipated, and served more effectually the purpose, forits
which
it was written, of a general guide to the subject. certain inconvenience, however, embarrassed the usefulness which might be claimed for the book, almost from the
A
fii'st.
The small form of the volume and the moderate
price of;
the Series prohibited illustration on more than a limited scale and although the facsimiles, as issued, may have provedsufficient
as
an accompaniment of the
text,
their value
as
palaeographical specimens, representing as they did only very small sections of the pages of the MSS. from which they were Moreover, the letter-press selected, could not count for much.
being stereotyped, the introduction of new matter in any satisTherefore, when, factory degree was attended with difficulties.in 1906, a third edition of the
Handbook was
suggested to the publishers that the time fuller treatment of the subject both in text
called for, it was had arrived for a and in illustration.
They were, however,still
had
its
value
;
of opinion that the Handbook, as it stood, at the same time they very handsomely
vi
PREFACE
gave me authority to make use of it as a basis for a larger work. I here desire to record my grateful thanks for thisconcession.This, then, is the origin of the j^resent Introduction.It is
an enlarged edition of the Handbook, following the same lines, l3ut being in many parts rewritten as well as revised, and, it is hoped, giving a fairly complete account of the history and progress of Greek and Latin Pcilaeography, especially in its literary aspect, from the earliest periods represented by surviving
MSS. downdetails
to the close of the fifteenth
century
A further advantage is the imresults of modern research. proved scale of the facsimiles, which the larger format of the For this and for other Introduction has rendered possible.facilities I
embodying
of
the
more recent
discoveries
and and the;
am
indebted to the liberality of the Delegates of the
Clarendon Press, to
whom
their ready acceptance of responsi-
bility for the publication of this
work has placed me under
which in the future may need modification, as the result of further discoveries, is that which deals with the Literary and Cursive hands of the Greek In the case of the Literary hands, it will be seen that papyri. we are still far from being in a j)osition to speak, in all instances, with approximate certainty as to the periods of the MSS. already before us. Fresh discoveries may require us to As regards the Cursive hands, our qualify our j^i'esent views. but there are still very wide chronological is stronger position gaps to be filled before the palaeographer can have an unbroken series of dated documents at his disposal. As an aid to the better understanding of this difficult section, and to assist in the deciphering of passages in which the facsimiles, from the condition of the originals, may have proved obscure, the Table of Literary Alphabets, showing the forms of letters employed in the several MSS. will, it is hoped, be found useful and, not;;
peculiar obligations. The section of this Introduction
less
the Table of Cursive Alphabets, in the compilation of which upwards of two hundred dated papyri have beenso,
anal3'zed.
The Facsimiles throughout have been
selected with care.
It
PREFACEwill be
vii
observed that a large proportion of them has been reproduced from the plates of the Palaeographical Society.lished
This has been done purj^osely. The series of Facsimiles pubby the Society, both in the old issues and in the one still
in progress, have been chosen with a view to palaeographical instruction, and therefore offer the best field in which to gatherillustrations for saicli an Introduction as the present one and, in addition, they are probably more accessible than any other series of reproductions to English students, for whom this work;
is
best thanks are due to the especially designed. for permission to make use of their plates. Society Others also I have to thank for similar favours and I gladly;
more
My
acknowledge my obligations to Monsieur Henri Omont, the Keeper of the MSS. in the Bibliotheque Nationale to Professor W. M. Lindsay, of St. Andrews to Professor Franz Steffens, and to Professor V. Gardthausen, of of Freiburg (Switzerland);; ;
LeijDzig.
OnBritish
the indulgence of
many
Museum
I fear I
of my former colleagues in the have tresjDassed too freely but their;
To my successor in the office patience has been inexhaustil^le. of Director and Principal Librarian, Sir Frederic G. Kenyon, I am specially indebted for much valual^le advice and assistanceandfor his trouble in kindly reading the proofs of the i^ortion To Sir George F. of this book relating to Greek Palaeography. Warner, late Keeper of the Dej^artment of Manuscripts, to Mr. J. P. Gilson, the present Keeper, and to Mr. H. Idris Bell
and Mr. G.
T. Longiey,
of that
Department;
;
to Mr. G. K.
to Dr. L. D. Barnett, Fortescue, Keeper of the Printed Books to Keeper of the Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts;
and Mr. H. A. Grueber, Keeper of the Coins and Medals to Mr. A. Hamilton Smith, Keeper of the Greek and Eoman Antiquities, I return my best thanks for all their kindly aid. In conclusion, I gratefully acknowledge the care bestowed by the Delegates of the Clarendon Press on the production of;
this volume.
E. M. T.
Mayfield, Sussex, July 1, 1912.
TABLE OF CHAPTERSCHAPTERHistory of the Greek and Latin AlphabetsI
......
PAGE1
CHAPTERMaterials
II
Wall-spaces PotteryWaxed andother
used
to
receive
writiugPi'ecious
:
LeavesMetals
Tablets
Greek
Bark Linen Clay and Lead Bronze Wood Waxed Tablets Latin Waxed8III:
Tablets
CHAPTERMaterials used to receive writing {continued)
and Vellum
Paper:
Papyrus.
Skins Parchment. ..
.
.
.
.
.
.21.
CHAPTER IVWriting implements
The
Stilus,
Pen,
etc.
InksVarious implements
39
CHAPTER VFormsof Booksetc.
Palimpsests
:
The Roll
The Codex The Text Punctuation Accents,..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.44
CHAPTERStichometry and Colometry
VI..
Tachygraphy CryptographyCHAPTERVII
.6775
Abbreviations and Contractions
NumeralsCHAPTERof
......Divisions ofin
VIIIGreek writing93
Greek Palaeography PapyriGreek Palaeography.:
Antiquity
.........CHAPTERIX:
Greek Palaeography {continued)Papyri
Literary Alphabets
The Literary hand or Book-hand.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.104
CHAPTER XGreek
Comparison of Literary and Cursive Alphabets Alphabets
Palaeography
{continued)
:
Cursive
Script
in
Paj)yri
Cursive.
.148
TABLE OF CHAPTERSCHAPTERGreek Palaeography {continued):
ix
XIin
pj^GE
The Uncial Book-hand
Vellum Codices
198
CHAPTEPt XIIGreek Palaeography (continued) The Minuscule Book-hand Ages Greek writing in Western Europe:
in the.
Middle.
.
.
.
.218
CHAPTER
XIII
The Majuscule Book-hand Latin Palaeography Uncials Capitals
:
Square
Capitals
Rustic272
CHAPTER XIVLatin Palaeography (continued)
hand
The Half-uncial Book-hand:
:
The Mixed Uncial and Minuscule Book298
.......CursiveScriptVisi-
CHAPTER XVLatin
Palaeography (contintted)
The
Roman
Cursive310
Alphabets
Latin Palaeography (contintted)gothic
gian
The Carolinffian Reform:
National Minuscule Book-hands Lombardic Merovingian Franco-Lombardic Pre-Carolin:
CHAPTER XVI
......... . . .
340
CHAPTER XVIILatin Palaeography (continued)
Bcok-hand
The Early English Book-hand:
The Irish Half-uncial and Minuscule
.371
CHAPTER XVIIILatin Palaeogra2)h}' (continued)
Ages
The English Vernacular Book-hand(continued):
The Minuscule Book-hand
in the
Middle. .
in the Middle
Ages
403
CHAPTER XIXLatin
Palaeography
The Papal Chancery The imperial Chancery (National hands) English Charter hand English Chancery hand English Court hand
Official
and
Legal
Cursive
Scripts
.
491
TABLES OF ALPHABETSThe Greek and Latin Alphabets Greek Literary Ali^habets Greek Cursive AlphabetsLatin Cursive Alphabets
........ .........
7
144-7 191-4
335-7
LIST OF FACSIMILES{Greek Literary Paj)yri)
No.1.
2.3.
TiMOTHEUS, P^rsrte 4tli cent. b. c. [Berlin Museums] 3 id cent. B. c. V-LX10, Phaedo [Brit. Mus., Pap. 488] Dialectical Treatise; before IGO B.C. [Pai-is, Musee du Louvre,:.
106
\
PajJ. grec. 2]
.........;
.
.
4.5.6.
Hypekides, Athenogenes
2nd
cent. B.C.
[Paris,
Musee du Louvre].
.
[Xaples, Museo Nazionale] Istcent. b. c. [Brit. Mus^., Pap. 733] 7. Petition; about 10 b.c, [Brit. Mus., Pap. 354] about a. d. 1. 8. Homer, Odyssey iii [^Brit. Mus., Pap. 271] Istcent. 9. Hypekides, ^M.w;i2y;^;?is [Brit. Mus., Paj). 115] Istcent. 10. HoyiBB, Iliad xxi'd [Harris Homer) [Brit. Mus., Pa^D. 107] IL Aristotle, Constitution of Athens; about a.d. 90. [Brit. Mus.,;
Metrodokus
1st cent. B.C.
Bacchylides
;
.
.
.
.
;
;
;
Pap. 131]12. 13.
HoMEE, Uiad
xiii;
1st or
2nd
cent.
[Brit. Mus.,;
Pap. 732]
CoMMEXTARY ON THE Theaetetus OF Plato;
2nd
cent.
[Berlin.
14.15.
16.
17.
18.
Museums, Pap. 9782] Julius Africanus 3rd cent. [Egypt Explor. Fund, Ox. Pap. 412] Homer, Hiad v; 3rd cent. [Bodleian Library, Gr. class. A. 8 (P)] Deed of Sale; a.d. 88. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 141] Homer, Hiad xxiv {Bankes Homer) 2nd cent. [Brit. ]^Ius., Pap. 114] Homer, Iliad ii (^Ilaioara Homer); 2nd cent. [Bodleian Library, Gr. class. A. 1 (P)]. ..
.
.
;
19.
20.21. 22. 23.
24.25.
26. 27. 28.30. 31.32.33. 34.
{Greek Cursive Papyri) Official Letter; 242 b. c. [Bodleian Library, Gr. class. C. 21 (P)] Petition; 223 b. c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 106] Tax Receipt; 210-209 b.c. [Brit. Mus., Demot. Pap. 10463] Petition: 163 b.c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 24] Petition; 162 b.c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 21] Sale of Land; 123 b. c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 879 (i)J Sale of Land; 101 b.c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 882] Marriage Settlement; 15-5 b.c. [Berlin Museums, Pap. 66 RJ
.....
29. Bailiff's
Lease; a.d. 17. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 795]. Sale of Land; a.d. 69-79. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 140] Brit. Mus., Pap. 131]. Accounts; a.d. 78-9.|
35.
Aristotle about a.d. 90. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 131] Sale of an Ass; a.d. 142. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 303] Diploma; a.d. 194. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 1178] Taxation Return; a.d. 221. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 353] Sale; A.D. 226-7. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 1158] Military Accounts a. d. 295. [Brit. ]Mus., Pap. 748];.
.
.
;
.
36.37.
Letter; about a.d. 350.Receipt; a.d. 441.
Pap. 234] [Berlin Museums, Pap. 7452]
[Brit. Mus..
.
.
LIST OF FACSIMILESNo.38. 39.
xi
PAOE
40. 41. 42.
Agreement for Lease; a. d. o5G. [Berlin Museums, Pap. 2558] Contract for Lease; a. d. 595. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 113]. Lease A.K. G33. [Brit. :Mus., Pap. 1012] Public Accounts; a. b. 700-705. [Brit. Mas., Pap. H48] Public Notice 8tli cent. [Brit. Mas., Pap. 32];
..../\
178 170181
;
.
182 183
{Greek Uncials)43. 44.
Homer,
77fc?;
3rd cent.
(?).;
Bible (Codex Yaticcmus)Vat. 1209]
[Milan, Ambrosian Librai'y, F. 205. inf.] 4th cent. [Rome, Vatican Library, Cod..
2rres, Macedonia. MS. \\ 10] Gospels; A.D. 1314-15. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 37002] Herodotus; a.d. 1318. [Florence, Laurentian Library, Plut. Ixx. 6]..
.
252 256 258 260 261
xii
LIST OF FACSIMILESHarley MS. 5579] [Brit. Mus.', Buniey MS. 50] [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 11728] The Peophets; A.I). 1437. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 21259] MENAEmr; A.D. 1460. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 16398] Homer, Odyssey; a.d. 1479. [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 5658]
No.76. St.
Athaxasius; a.d. 1321.;
[Brit. Mus.,
.
.
PAGE 262263
77. 78.
Lives of the Fathers PoLYBius; A.D. 1416.
a. d.
1362.
.
.
.
.264.
79.80.
.
266268
.
.
.267.
81.
.
[Latin Capitals)82.83.
ViEGiL 4th or 5th cent. [St. Gall, Cod. 1394] Poem ox the Battle of Actium; before a.d. 79.;
.
.
.
.275.
[Naples,
Museo276 278 280282
Nazionale]
ViEGiL 5th cent. 85. Viegil; 4th cent."? before a. 86. Viegil84.; ;
?
[Rome, Vatican Library, Cod. Palat, 1631] [Rome, Vatican Library, Cod. Vat. 3225] d. 494. [Florence, Laurentian Library, Plut..
xxxix. 1]
{Latin Uncials)87. Ciceeo,
De Repuhlica; 4thcent.
cent.
[Rome, Vatican Library, Cod. Vat.
5757] 88. Gospels; 4th89. 90.;
91. 92.93. 94.
286 287 Chapter Library] LiVY 5th cent. [Vienna, Imperial Library, Cod. Lat. 15] 290 .292 Gospels; 5th or 6th cent. [St. Gall, Cod. 1394] New Testamext about a.d. 546. [Fulda Library] 2.93 St. Augustixe a. d. 669. 294 [Library of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan] Bible (Coc7e, Amiatinus)\ about a.d. 700. [Florence, Laui"entian 295 Library, Cod. Amiat. 1] .296 Gospels; A.D. 739-60. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 5463][Vercelli,..
...... .
.
;
.
.
;
.
.
.
[Latin Mixed Uncials and Minuscules, and Half-uncials)95. 96.
Epitome OF LiVY 3rd cent. Cheoxological Notes; 6th;
[Brit. Mus., Pap. 1532] cent. [Bodleian Library,
.
300302 303 306 307 308
MS. Auct. T.
2.
26];
Paxdects 6th or 7th cent. [Florence, Laurentian Library] 98. St. Hilaey; before a.d. 509-10. [Pome, Archives of St. Peter's] 99. St. Augustine; 6th cent. [Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. lat. 13367] 100. Biblical Commentaey' before a. d. 569. [Monte Cassino, Cod. 150]97.;
101. 102. 103.
[Roman Cursive) FoEMS OF Lettees before A. D. 79. PoMPEiAX Waxed Tablet; a.d. 59. [Naples, Museo.
no, cxliii]
104. 106.
107. 108.
Daci AX Waxed Tablet; a.d. 167. [Budapest Museum] 105. FoEMS OF Lettees 2nd cent. Speeches; a.d. 41-54. [Berlin Museums, Pap. 8507] Sale oka Slave; a.d. 166. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 229] Letter; A.D. 167. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 730];
..........;
.
.
.
.
.
312
Nazionale,
......
.
.....
109. Petition; a.d. 247. [Bodleian Library, Lat. class. D. 12 (P)] 110. Lettee; 4th cent. [Strassburg, Pap. lat. Argent, i] 111. Impebial PiESCEiPT 5th cent. [Leyden Museum] Add. MS. 5412] 112. Pavexna Deed of Sale; a.d. 572. [Brit. Mus., FoEMS OF Lettees ; a.d. 572 113. 114. St. Maximus; 7th cent. [Milan, Ambrosian Library, C. 98, P. inf.].;.
LIST OF FACsnilLES{Latin Jllmuscules:
xiii
National Book-hands)PAfij:,.
No.8th cent. 115. St. AuGUSTiXK [The Escurial, MS. li. ii. 18]. 116. Obatioxale Gothicum; 9th cent. [Brit. Mug.. Add. MS. 30852] 117. Maetyeology; A. D. 919. [Brit. ]\[us., Add. :\IS. 25600];. .
343341 345
.
118. Beati's; A. D. 1109. [Brit. Mus., xVdd. MS. 11695] 119. Saceamentaeium ; ahout A. d. 800. [St. Call, Cod. 348] 120. Alcuix ; a. d. 812. [Monte Cassiuo, Cod. iii] end of 10th cent. [Eton College, MS. Bl. 6. 5]. 121. Statius 122. Lectionaby A. D. 1058-87. [Monte Cassino, Cod. xcix] 123. CoMMEXTAEY ox Monastic EuLES ; a. d. 1264-82. [Monte Cassino,. ..
.
.
347 349351
;
.
.
;
.
.
352 353354
Cod. 440-59]124.
Lectioxaey;
late 7tli cent.
[Paris, Bil)l. Nat., fonds Lit..
9427].
.
125. St. Geegoey; 8th cent. [Brit. Mus., Add. :\IS. 31031] 126. Homilies; 7th or 8th cent. [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 5041] 127. Lex Salica; a. D. 794. [St. Gall, Cod. 731] 128. Homilies; 8th cent. [Brussels, Eoyal Library, MS. 9850-2] 129. St. 130.
.
.
.
356 357 359 360361
.
.
Cypeiax; 8thLat. 15]. :
cent...
" [Manchester. .John Bylands Library, MS..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.364365 366 369 368,.
EuGYPPius
131. St.
Jeeome
;
early 8th cent. [Library of Mons. Jules Desnoj'^ers] a. d. 744. [Epiual, MS. 68]
132. 133. SuLPicius
Seveeus
;
9th cent.
[Quedlinljurg]:
.
.
{Latin J/a/f-xuciaJs134. Gospels; late 7th cent. 135. Gospels {^Book of Kelt b) 136. Gospels of Maceegol
and Minusctdes
The Irish Book-hand).
:
;
[Dubhn, Trinity College, MS. A. 4. 15] end of 7th cent. [Dublin, Trinity College] about a. d. 800. [Bodleian Library, Auct.
373 375
D.
2.
19].
137. '^-Evr T'ESiAyiET^i (Book of Armagh); A.D. 807. [Dublin, Trinity College] 138. Peisciax; a. d. 838. [Leyden, University Library. Cod. Lat. 67] 139.
377 378381
Gospels of M^lbeigte
;
a. d. 1138.
[Brit. Mus.'
Harley
:^IS.
1802]
382
{Latin Half-uncials and Minuscules140. LiXDiSFAEXE Gospels141. 142. 143. 144.(Z)^;7-Art?>i.
:
Tlie;
Early English Book-hand)a. d.
^00^)
about
700.
[Brit. Mus.,
Cotton MS., Nero D.;
:\IS. 1 Caxteebuey Gospels [Brit. Mus., Eoyal Beda; 8th cent. [Cambridge, Univeisity Library, MS. Kk. v.
iv] late 8th cent.
E. vi] 16]..
Beda
;
a. d.
Paschal [Bodleian Library, Digby MS. 63] about a. d. 891. 145. Axglo-Saxox Chboxicle [Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS. 173] 146. Axglo-Saxox Poejis {Exeter Book); about a. d. 950. [Exeter, Chapter Library, MS. 3501] :\[S. 150] 147. Psaltek: about a.d. 969. [Salisbury, Chapter Library, 3IS. about a. d. 992-5. 148. Shebboexe PoxTiFicAL [Paris, Bibl. Nat.,;.
[Brit. Mus., Computatioxs ; 9th cent.
811-14.
Cotton MS., Yespas. B.
vi]
.
387 388 389 390391
392
395 396397
:
lat.
943]
.
149.
Axglo-Saxox Chboxicle; aboutChristi College,;
a. d.
1001.
[Cambridge, Corpus
150. .^LFEic
early1.
MS. 173] 11th cent. [Cambridge, University Library,a. d.
.399400-101
MS.
Hh.151.
10]
Axglo-Saxox Chboxicle; aboutMS., Tiberius B.i]
1045.
[Brit. Mus.,
Cotton
xiv
LIST OF FACSIMILES{Latin Minuscules: The Book-hand in the Middle Afjes)
No.152. St.
PAGE
Augustine;GIO^
before a. d. 814.
[Lyons, Cathedral Library,
MS..
153. Paschasius; a. b. 819. [Brussels, IJoyal Library, MS. 8216-18] 154. Theological Tracts; a. d. 821. " [Muulch, Pioval Library, MS. Lat.
405 407
14468]155. St.
.
.
.
.408
409 [Munich, Royal Library, MS. Lat. 14437] a. d. 825. 156. Constitutions OF Charlemagne 410 [St. Gall, Cod. 733] 157,158. Gospels of Neters; about a. d. 840. [Brit, ^lus, Harley MS. 412, 413 2790] 159. Gospels of Lothair about a. d. 850. [Paris, Bibl. Xat., MS. lat.;
Augustixe
a. d. 823.
;
.
;
266]160. Beda; before a. d. 848. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS., Vespas. B. vi] 161. Canons; about A. D. 888. [St. Gall, Cod. 672] MS. 8 E. xv] 162. Alcuin ; early 10th cent, f^rit. Mus., Eoyal of King ^thelstan; eai-ly lOtbcent. [Brit. Mus., Royal 163. Gospels MS. 1 A. xviii] 164. 165. Rabanus Maurus ; after a. d. 948. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS.. . . .. .
414 415 419
.416420
22820]166. 167. 168. 169...
421, 422
170. 171.1
72.
173. 174.
175.176. 177.
Amalarius; a. d. 952. [Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS. 192] 423 .425 MiLO; a. D. 1022-41. [Brit. Mus., Royal MS. 5 A. xi] Martyrology a. d. 1040-69. [Avignon, Musee Calvet, MS. 98] 426 Gospels of the Countess Goda middle of 11th cent. [Brit. Mus., 427 Royal MS. 1 D. iii] Add. MS. 28106] 428 Bible;"' A. D. 1094-7. [Brit. Mus., Aldhelm 10th cent, [Lambeth Librarj-, MS. 200] 431 Benedictional of St. ^Ethelwold a. d. 963-84. [Library of the Duke of Devonshire] .432 Gregory the Great; early 11th cent. [Bodleian Library, Bodl. MS. 708] 433 Gospels; a. i). 1008-23. [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS. B. 10. 4] 434 435 Benedictional; a. d. 1030-40. [Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. lat. 987] Life of St. Augustine; a. d. 1100-25. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS.,;.
;
.
.
.
;
.
.
.
;
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
Vespas. B. xx]
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
438
Miracles of
St.
Edmund;
before a. d. 1135.
[Library of Sir George"'
439 Holford] a. d. "114 7-7 6. 440 [Brit. Mus., Eoyal MS. 3 A. xii] d. 1176. 179. Leviticus; a. .441 [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 3038] Petrus Lombardus a. d. 1166. [Library of Mr. Dyson Perrins] 180. 442 ' 181. Homilies; early 12th cent. 443 [Brit. Mus., Harley MS". 7183] 182. Petrus Comestor ; a. d. 1191-2. MS. 7 F, iii] 446 [Brit. Mus., Royal 183. Petrus Comestor; before a. d. 1215, MS. 4 D. [Brit. Mus., Royal.
.
.
178.
Beda;
.
.
.
.
.
;
.
.
.
.
184.
185. 186. 187.188. 189.
190. 191.192.
447 vii] .448 Missal; A, D, 1218. [Biit. Mus., Add. MS. 17742] 449 Pontifical; about A. D. 1222. [Metz, Salis MS. 23] Bible A. D. 1225-52, [Brit. Mus., Burn ey MS. 3] .451 452 Lectionary; A.D. 1269. [Brit. Mus., Egerton MS. 2569] Petrus Comestor; a. d, 1283-1300, [Brit. :Nhis., Royal MS. 3 D. vi] 454 Coronation Oath; A.D. 1308. [Brit. Mus., Harley 5lS. 2901] 457 Jacobus de Voragine; a. d. 1312. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 11882] 458 Breviary: A.D. 1322-7. [Brit. Mus., Stowe MS. 12] .459 Mandeville ; a,d, 1371, [Paris, Bibl. Nat., Nouv. acq. frang.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
;
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4515]
461
LIST OF FACSIMILESXO.193.
xvPAGK 462
Chronicle; about
194. 195.19G.
197.
198. 199.
200.
Harley MS. 3634] Add. MS. 11904] .463 TiTCHFiELD Abbey Collkctioxs a. d. 1400-5. [Library of the Duke of Portland] 465 Romances {Talbot Book); a. d. 1445. [Brit. Mus., Eoyal MS. 15 E. vi] 466 ]\I us., Arundel MS. before A.D. 144G. Missal ; 468 [Brit. 109] St. Augustine; A.D. 1463. 469 [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 17284] Ajristotle A. d. 1451. [Library of Mr. Dyson Perrins] 470 Sallust; A.D. 1466. [Brit. .Mus., Add. MS. 16422] .471A. D.
1388.
|
Brit. Mus.,
.
.
Hokace;
A.D. 1391.
[Brit. Mus.,
.........;..
.
.
.
.
;
.
.
.
.
{Latin Minuscules : The English Vernacular Book-hand in the Middle Ages)201. 202. 203. 204.
English Laws {TextusChapter Library].
lioffensis);..
before A. d. 1125..
[Eocbester,.
.
.
.
.473474 477 478 479 480481
205. 206.207.
The Oemulum; early 13th cent. [Bodleian Library, .Junius MS. 1]. Homilies; early 13th cent. [Brit. Mus., Stowe MS. 240] The Ancren Piwle early 13th cent. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS., Titus D. xviii] The iiiENBiTE OF Inwyt A. d. 1340. [Brit, ;^[us., Arundel MS. 57] Wycliffite Bible; late 14th cent. [Brit. Mus., Add. IMS. 15580] Piers Plowman; about A. d. 1380. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS., Yespas.; .
;
.
B. xvi]
208.
Wycliffite Bible959]
;
about
a. d.
1382.
[Bodleian Library, Bodl.
MS.483
209. AVycliffite Bible; before a. d. 1397. [Brit. Mus., Egerton MS. ^ 617, 618]. 210. Chaucer; about A.D. 1400. [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 7334] 211. Trevisa; beginning of 15th cent. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 24194] 212. Occleye; early 15th cent. [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 4866] 213. OsBERX Bokenham; A.D. 1447. [Brit. Mus., Arundel MS. 327].. .. .
......
... . .
484 486 487 488489
{Latin Minuscules
:
Official
and Legal Cursive
Scripts)
214. Benedictio Cerei ; 7th cent. [The Escurial, Cam. de las reliquias] 215. Deed ofBenevento; a. d. 810. [Monte Cassino, xxxiv] 216. Bull of John VIII; A.D. 876. [Paris, Bibl Nat.] a. d. 1102. 217. Bull of Paschal II [Milan, State Archives] 218. Judgement of Thierry III ; a. d. 679-80. [Paris, Archives Xation..
493 494
.
.
""
.495.
;
.
496499
ales,
K.
2, no.
13]
.
.
219.
Diploma of CharlemagneK.7, no.
;
a.d. 797.
[Paris, Archives Natiouales,
15]a.d. 856.[St.
500Gall,
220.221. 222.223.
Diploma of Louis the German;Archives, F. F.;
Chapter
i.
H. 106]
Mercian Charter a.d. 812. [Canterbury, Chapter Archives, C. 1] Charter OF Ethelberht of Kent; a.d. 858. [Brit. Mus., CottonMS., Aug.ii.
502 506 508
66]a.d. 904.[Brit.
Grant by Werfrith, Bishop of Worcester;Mus., Add. Ch. 19791]
224.
Grant by AVilliamii.
53]
225. 226.
Grant BY Henry I; Grant BY Stephen;iii.
...........II;
510513 514
a. d.
1087
(?).
[Brit. Mus.,
Cotton
.AIS.,
Aug..
a.d. 1120-30. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 33629] a.d. 1139. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS., Nero C.
172]
.515
xviNo.227.
LIST OF FACSIMILESPAGE
Grant by Henryxliv].
II: a.d. 1156.
[Westminster, Chapter Archives,[Brit. Mas., Egerton Ch. 372] a.d. 1205. [Brit. IMus., Harlev.
228. 229.
Grant by Eichard I a.d. 1189. Charter of the Hospitallers;;. .
516 518
Ch. 44 E. 21] ". 230. Charter of John; a. d. 1204, [Wilton, Corporatiou Records] . 231. Grant BY Henry III; A.D. 1227. [Eton College] 232. Notification of Henry III; a.d. 1234. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch..
.
.
.
523 524 526528
233.
Letters Patent of Henry19828];
28402]
III
;
a.d. 1270.
[Brit. Mus.,
Add. Ch.
a. d. 1303. 234. Licence by Edward I [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 43 D. 9] 235. Deed of John de St. John ; A. d. 1306. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 23834] 236. Inspeximus of Edward III; a.d. 1331. [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 83 C. 13] 237. Letters of the Black Prince; a.d. 1360. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch.. .
530 534 536538
'
11308]238.239. 240. 241. 242.
Deed of Sempringham Priory;20620]
....Add. Ch..
540542 544 546 548 550 552 556 558 560 562 565 566 568
a.d. 1379.
[Brit. Mus.,
Grant by Eichard;
II
;
a. d.
1395. [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 43 E. 33].
Pledge of Plate a.d. 1415. [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 43 I. 25] Pardon by Henry YI a.d. 1446. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 22640] Lease; a.d. 1457. [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 44 B. 47] 243. Treaty Bond: A.D. 1496. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 989] 244. Conveyance; A. D. 1594. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 24798] 245. Conveyance; A.D. 1612. [Brit. Mug., Add. Ch. 24000];.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
246. Exemplification; a. d. 1539. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 26969] 247. Grant of Wardship; A.D. 1618. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 28271] 248. Final Concord; A.D. 1530. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 23639] 249. Exemplification; a.d. 1578. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 25968] 250. Final Concord; a.d. 1673. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 25871].. .
.
.
.
.
.
AN INTRODUCTION TO
GREEK AND LATIN PALAEOGRAPHYCHAPTERI
THE GREEK AND LATIN ALPHABETSAlthough the task which lies before us of investigating the growth and changes of Greek and Latin palaeography does not require us to deal with any form of writing till long after the alphabets of Greece and Rome had assumed their final shapes, yet a brief sketch of the developement of those alphabets, as far as it is known, forms a natural introduction to thesubject.
The alphabet which we use at the present day is directly derived Roman alphabet the Roman, from a local form of the Greek Whence the Phoenician alphabet was the Greek, from the Phoenician. derived we are not even yet in a position to declare. The ingenious theory set forth, in 1859, l)y the French Egyptologist de Roug^ of its descent from the ancient cursive form of Egyptian hieratic writing, which had much to recommend it, and which for a time received acceptance, must now be put aside, in accordance with recent research. Until the alphabetic systems of Crete and Cyprus and other quarters of the Mediterranean shall have been solved, we must be content to remain in iirnorance of the actual materials out of which the Phoeniciansfrom the;
;
constructetl their letters.
or, as it
A
Greek alphabet with the Phoenician, ma}' be more properly styled, the Semitic, alphabet is not difficult. comparison of the early forms of the letters sufficiently demonstrates
To
trace the connexion of the
order in the
names of the letters and their The names of the Semitic letters are Semitic words, each describing the letter from its resemblance to some particular object, as aleph an ox, hetk a house, and so on. Whentheir
common
origin
;
and.
still
further, the
two alphabets are the same.
the Greeks took over the Semitic
letters,
they also took over their
Semitic names.
This Semitic alphabet appears to have been employed in the cities and colonies of the Phoenicians and among the Jews and Moabites and1184
B
2
GREEK AND LATIN PALAEOGRAPHY;
chap.
other neigbbourino- tribes uud its most ancient form as known to us is preserved in a series of inscriptions which date back to the tenth cen-
tury B.C. The most important of them is that engraved upon the slab kiiown as the Moabite stone, which records the wars of Mesha, king of Moab, about 890 b. c, against Lsrael and Edom, and which was discovered in 1868 near the site of Dibon, the ancient capital of Moab. From theseinscriptions of the oldest type
we can
alphabet of twenty-twopassed through
letters, in
construct the primitive Phoenician a form, however, which must have
many
stages of modification.
The Greek AlphabetThe Greeks learned the artof writino;
from the Phoenicians at
least
as early as the ninth century B.C.; and it is not improbable that they had acquired it even one or two centuries earlier. Trading stations and
of the Hebrews,
colonies of the Phoenicians, pressed at home by the advancing conquests were established in remote times in the islands and;
and their alphabet of two-andtwenty letters was adopted Ijy the Greeks among wdiom they settled or wdth whom they had commercial dealings. It is not, however, to be supposed that the Greeks received the alphabet from the Phoenicians at one single place from whence it was passed on throughout Hellas but rather at several points of contact from whence it was locally diflfused among neighbouring cities and their colonies. Hence we are prepared to find that, while the Greek alphabet is essentially one and the same in all parts of Hellas, as springing from one stock, it exhibits certain local peculiarities, partly no doubt inherent from its very first adoption at diflferent centres, partly derived from local influences or from linguistic;
mainlands of Greece and Asia Minor
or other causes.
While, then, the primitive alphabet of Hellas has been described by the general title of Cadmean, it must not be assumed that that title applies to an alphabet of one uniform pattern for allGreece.
Among
viz, aleph, he, yod,
the two-and-twenty signs adopted from the Phoenician, four, and ayin ('^, ^, ^, o)^ were made to represent the vowel-
sounds a,e,i,o,hoth long and short, the signs for e and o being also emploj^ed for the diphthongs ei and ou. The last sound continued to be expressed by the omikvon alone to a comparatively late period in the history ofthe alphabet. upsilon, which
vowel-sound u was provided for by a new letter, been a modification or differentiation of the Phoenician wau' (Y). This new letter must have been added almost immediately after the introduction of the Semitic signs, for there is no local
The
fifth
may have
'
'
Greek alphabet which is w^ithout it. Next was felt the necessity for distinguishing long and short e, and in Ionia, the aspirate graduall}^ falling into disuse, the sign H, eta, was adopted to represent long e, probably
I
THE GREEK AND LATIN ALPHABETS
3
before the end of the seventh centuiy B.C. About the same time the lont^ beg-an to be distinguished Ijy various signs, that used by thelonians, the omega, H, being perhaps a differentiation
a
(J,
_ f
,
~C3 ^
N
"^
y
C/>
vu
w 5^?"'2 *2
"V
^
5"s '^ o '^C'3
r 3pt-
3
,^
:^ Si iv'i p.eydpoi(T'i yevecrdb).
ec^aT ovS' dTii6i](re Treptclipow evpvKXeia
ijveyKev b
dpa
irvp kul
Orj'ioi',
avrap
6bva-aevCO
V
V xc'X'MCIKII
f^c^i|'XC>cie|:II
Mii'hisxlji|ciislAtltJ XCI
Kv nuun
o;f
I
IaU'CI CIS Oil v\l Aui ^ cjciic>oi
lcu'Xii>tiAic|>t>Md^xi
ic^H
r
i|:ioxHi>
,.>
xc>ciesj>eRXo^ X.O ^ C T^O t> t* J > X H
(J* Ic^ciiI1
1
1
c jci ACi
uci^ohJOHC]^04>er?AHNew Testamentof Fulda.
About(
a.d. 546
At illi dixerunt (Propter spem enim israhel catena hac circum|datus sum. ad eum. Nos neq?ci7c>eiii&>ioisiponD!eS'r7 ecY->iascx>72X>!r7NioSTrr^o:co7i-^^-^ipsopei^1
Co-RjNiOST7^ nix>e;STiovcc4ase,T:>iosiia St. Augustine. a.d. 669(aliquid boni dilectione operamur.''
I
interroga cor
an laude
et ubi hoc cognuscimus, ante dewm es tuum vide quid fecis|ti et quid ibi appetisti. salutem tuam hominum ventosam, intus vide Nam homo iudicare non potest|
|
]
|
|
quern videre non potest, Si persuajdemus corde nostro coram ipso perlsuadeamus, quia se male sentiat cor nostruwi. id est accuset nos in):j
XIII
THE LATIN MAJUSCULE BOOK-HANDFacsimile No. 93
295
r \cTUcr> esT \^aTea> cua> ^c^^eNesvReib
xaRBxeiivRuefieNT iNeua~> UTXUOl RCNT ueRBUW C>1 eTipsesTABXTseciis ST\ inunxcd Nxuecr* quxeeRXT SICDONIS
RoQxuiTXUxecn xrenRX
erseOcNS Ooccbxt OeN \U CULX TU RBXSI
Bible (Codex Amiatinus).(Factumest
Abouteum|
a.d. 700
autem cum
turbae inruerent in|
ut audirent
verbumj
dei|
et ipse stabat secus stagnujH
stagnumin
|
unam|
genesareth et vidit duas naves stantes secus ascendens autem piscatores autem discende rant et lejivabant retia navem quae erat simonis rogavit autem a terra reducere pusil||
|
|
|
|
lumI
et sedens docebat|
de navicula turbas)
296
GREEK AXD LATIN PALAEOGRAPHYFacsimile No. 94
chap.
jiesi^oTecoce
MuiTesTiocnesROcr>xaTxr> 9e
NaTTXRXCT)TJlACOlsJUTeCDCGNaTT
XcniNr>DXE>AUTeoDCeNI aTTNTXX S SON
7MXXS s ONxoTeco 9e/'NU7 tstCIcdon
S>Xcr>ONixoTecr)9ejsu7r'
M
*
Gospels. A.D. 739-60(phares autem ge'nuit esrom esrom autem ge!nuit aiam aram autem genuit aminadab aminadab autem genuit naasson naasson autem gejnuit salmon salmon autem genuit booz de rachab)(|] | j |
XIII
THE LATIN ]\rAJUSCULE BOOK-HAND
2971
general unsteadiness indicate that the uncial hand is here passing into the period of decadence, although the handsome scale of the writing rather screens its defects.
Of the other two codices mentioned above, which Ceolfrid presented Wearmouth and Jarrow, only a single leaf appears This leaf (Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 2)1711 Neiv Pal Soc. to have survived. 158, 159) is written in the same uncial stjde, though in a smaller hand, and is evidently of the same date as the Codex Amiatinus. There isto the monasteries of;
every reason tofrid's
Ijelieve
that
its identification
as a leaf from one of Ceol-
famous codices is correct. The writing, like that of the Amiatinus, has no distinctively English characteristics. To illustrate the uncial liand when it had passed further into the imitative stage of the eighth century, a specimen is selected from a MS. of the Gospels (Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 5463), written by the monk Lupus at the command of Ato or Atto, abbot, apparently, of the monastery of St. Vincent on the Volturno, in the territory of Benevento, from a.d. 739 to 760 (Pal. Soc. i. 236). No. 94
The writingofall
is
form which;
is
ages but its It will be seen how inconstant and weak in formation analysed. of them are, in spite of the fine appearance of the MS. as a whole.
quite calligraphic, displaying the fine sense of beauty conspicuous in the best specimens of Italian writing of imitative character is easily detected if the letters are
many
It is not necessary to follow the history of the uncial hand in the ninth century, when it was practically dead as a literary hand and was chietiy employed in adding a further air of splendour to the costly MSS.
of the Carolingian monarchs.
CHAPTER XIVLATIN PALAEOGRAPHY{continued)
The Mixed Uncial and Minuscule Book-hand
The
fact
must not be
lost sight of that, after all, the
majuscule formsdiscussion,
of writing, both capital
and
uncial,
which have been under
represent only one class of the handwritings of the periods in which they were practised, namely, the literary script used in the production of exactly written codices, and therefore a hand of comparatively limited
By its side, and of course of far more extensive and general was the cursive hand of the time, which under certain conditions, and particularly when a book was being produced, not for the general market, but for private or limited circulation, would invade the literary domain of pure majuscule writing and show its presencerange.use,
by the
alphabet.^
intrusion of minuscule letters which are proper to the cursive Thus some of the notes of scholars in the margins of early
majuscule MSS., or sometimes a few inserted leaves of additions, are found written in a mixed style of negligently formed uncials with certaincursive forms in limited numbers.
But some recently discovered fragments carry us backHomer, perhaps, excepted), these ancient mixed hands.
still
further
to a period earlier than our earliest Latin vellum codices (the
Ambrosian
and suggest interesting speculations regarding These fragments are the remains of a papyrus roll containing portions of an epitome of Livy (Brit. Mus., Pap. 1532), found at Oxyrhynchus in 1903 [Ox. Pap. iv. 90-116), which may be assigned with confidence to the second half of the third century {NeivPal. Soc. 53).
No. 95
Here we find a handwriting mainly following the uncial book-hand, but admitting certain minuscule forms, as b, d, m, r and with the letter f fluctuating between the uncial and minuscule. The MS. there;
fore,
while in no sense a calligraphically written one,
may
be regarded
working copy for ordinary use, and as an ancestor of the mixed-uncial and half-uncial MSS. which form the subject of theas a characteristic
present chapter.^
In describing these mixed handscursive writing.
it
is
necessary to anticipate the discussion of the
Roman
THE LATIN MIXED BOOK-HANDBut the occurrenceit
299
of this example at so early a date, and at a period has been thouglit that the uncial was only in course of developement, raises the question whether it is an instance of the Latin bookhand making for that developement, or, like the later examples of mixed
when
hands, a variation from the uncial already fully developed. It is more probable that the latter view will turn out to be the correct one, and that further discoveries will prove that the uncial book-hand had reachedits final stage of perfection at an earlier period than has been supposed and, further, that, as the present MS. shows, the uncial was not the only style of book-hand current in the third centurj'.^;
^
Ato a
good instance of mixed writing occurs in the notes and additions
MS.
of St. Jerome's version of the Chronicle of Eusebius in the2, 26),
Bodleian Library (MS. Auct. T.ii.
of the sixth century {Pal. Soc.
129, 130).
No. 96
Here the general character is a sloping uncial, but the letters b and d are minuscule forms, and the cursive influence also shows itself in the lengthening of vertical strokes. An unusual method of abbreviation ofthe termination bus, by placing a dot above, instead of at the side bow of b will be noticed in line 7.of,
the
The adaptation
of this
mixed hand, growing as
it
were by accident
into a recognized style of writing, to more formal literary purposes would In the MS. of Gains at Yerona (Z. W. Ex. 24) of the naturally follow.fifth
long
century, besides the ordinary uncial forms, the cursive-shaped d and s ^ are used and also in the few fragmentary leaves of Ulpian at;
Strassburg, of the fifth or sixth century, the cursive long s occurs (Berlin In the Florentine Acad,, Sitzungsber. (1903), 922, 1034; (1904), 1156). Pandects, written by many scribes, several cursive forms appear (Z. W.
Pal. Soc. ii. 108) in one portion of the MS. And fragments of a Graeco- Latin glossary on papyrus {Comnieiit. Soc. Gottingen. iv. 156
Ex. 54
;
;
When writing the chapter on Palaeography in A Companion to Latin Studies, Cambridge, 1910, I was inclined to take the view of the later perfection of the uncial book-hand. ' That the mixed hand continued in use in Egypt even for classical works is proved by the papyrus fragments of Virgil {Aen. i. 495-507^ and Salhist {Catiline), of the fifth century, found at Oxyrhynchus {Ox. PajJ., nos. 31, 884). In the Eainer collection at Vienna, also, is a fragment of the Formula Fabiana ', on vellum, in a mixed hand, said to be of the fourth century {Mittheiluyigen aus der Saminhtng Rainer, iv. 1).' ' ''
'
A curious
instance of misunderstanding of the cursive or long s
(f )
by an ignorant
by the Harley MS. 5792, which contains a Graeco- Latin glossary, written probably in France in the seventh century. The archetype from which the MS. was transcribed, evidentlj' had this form of the letter in several places. The scribe of thescribe is afforded
Harley MS., not under.standing it, copied it sometimes as an i without a dot ^0, sometimes as an i with a dot (i}. Glossae Latino-graecae, etc., ed. Goetz and Gundermann, 1888,
praef xxii.
300
Facsimile No. 95
f.
iXlj^TH xr^f-^ e-5;*ciH1
A>T XixAr Wvicfl^A f^f
B^
r--*
1
'
>'
t,.
V
Vf|-|%.i3,
'^*
4
i
%
^
Epitome of Livy. Third Centuey
301
(sua nianu bonu marcello ... p.|'
.
.
.|
a lanatone cen ...I
vastaita porci[a] ...
]
m.
claiidio
licini, ..
crassi. .|
po
.
.
.|
ludis.
funeribus..
.
.
.
dim m in foro futura i eci rat nate ... 1 ... ... n beri ...... bellum p ..... llites in ... ... theoxen ficti egrimonibus in mare m ugien per patrem coaetu ... p.po.
.
.
.
.
.
.
t[abernac]ulis ban ...i
|
1
.
i
.
.
.
.i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
len-
|
|
|
tulo
m
.
.
aebio ...1.
j
in agro l.nerylli sc
his ...I
livius tvihttnus -plebis. . .]
quo.
.
.
.[
a- postumio cmagistratumpete ..... .|
cum|
est|
|
l.guribus q. fulvio
1.
manlio
c
m
lepidi et fulv
i
no
.
.
.)
302
Facsimile No. 96
ApKy'sioKf-dNi uy