Thermodynamic and enthalpy chart

€Tech YORK Production System

Thermo-dymanic and Enthalpy Chart

• Quick Physics Review• Pressure-Enthalpy Chart• Water Chiller Pressure-Enthalpy Chart• Pressure-Enthalpy Chart curves• Cycles in refrigeration

First Law of Thermodynamics

• You can neither produce nor destroy energy.

• You can only change its form

• Heat and mechanical energy are mutually convertible

Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Heat flows from a body of higher intensity to a body of lower intensity

Boyle’s Law

• The volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure (if the temperature of the gas remains constant)

• To increase the pressure, reduce the volume

• If the volume is doubled, the pressure will be reduced by 50%

Charles Law

• The volume of a gas is in direct proportion to its temperature, provided the pressure is kept constant, and...

• the pressure of a gas is in direct proportion to its temperature, provided that the volume is kept constant

Pressure and Boiling Temperature• Water boils at

100°C at sea level

• Water boils at 84°C at the top of The MONT BLANC (4807 m above sea level)

Negative Pressure

• Vacuum• Rated in mm of mercury

(mm HG)

Gauge Pressure

• Relative to atmospheric pressure

• Calibrated to read zero when open to ambient air

THE CALORIE

• The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water on 1°degree Celsius

THE JOULE

• 1 KCal = 1000 Calories

• 1 KCal = 4,185 KJoules

• 1 Kcal = -1fg

• 1 BTU = 1,052 Kjoules

THE WATT

• 1 Watt = 1 Joule/ 1second

• 1 KWatt = 1000 Watt

• 1 HP = 0,745 KWatt

Heat Transfer and Change of State

• Boiling occurs at a constant temperature

Heat Transfer and Change of State

• Condensation occurs at a constant temperature

Changes of states for water

Pressure :1013 mbar

Sensible Heat Gain

Adding Heat

Atmospheric pressure

Vaporization

Water Boiling

Liquid turns to vapor

Atmospheric Pressure

Saturation

212° F

Atmospheric Pressure

Both liquid and vapor in the same container

100° C

Changing the Saturation Point

Water Boiling

A pressure cooker prevents vapor from escaping.

An increase in pressure on the surface of a liquid, will produce an increase of the boiling point of that liquid. 1 bar gauge

120°C

Lowering the Saturation Point

Water Boiling

A vacuum pump draws all air out of the vessel.

A decrease in pressure on the surface of a liquid, will produce a decrease of the boiling point of that liquid. 23,3 mbar vacuum

1.013 1.98 3.63 10 15.6 120

°C 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 325

-15 0 10 20

Pressure/Temperature relationship for water

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1.9 6.1 12.2 23.3 42.2 73.7 123 198 310 473 700 1013

1.43 4.58 9.2 17.5 31.8 55.3 92.5 149 233 355 525 760

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Enthalpy

Heat Content(KJoules/Kg)

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure

Enthalpy

Liquid - VaporMixLi

Pressure

Enthalpy

100% Liquid

Pressure

Enthalpy

100% Vapor

Pressure

Enthalpy

20% Liquid 80% Vapor

Pressure

Enthalpy

Evaporator

Pressure

Enthalpy

Evaporator

Refrigerant absorbs heat from load

Pressure

Enthalpy

Evaporator

Pressure

Enthalpy

Evaporator

Refrigeration

Effect

Pressure

Enthalpy

Compressor

Pressure

Enthalpy

CompressorHead Pressure

Pressure

Enthalpy

Condenser

Refrigerant rejects heat to atmosphere

Pressure

Enthalpy

Condenser

Pressure

Enthalpy

- Thermal expansion valve

- Fixed orifice- Variable orifice

Metering Device

Pressure

Enthalpy

Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

Metering Device

Pressure

Enthalpy

Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

Metering Device

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart (Water Chiller)

44°6°C

Pressure

Enthalpy

44° 6°C

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure

Enthalpy

Cooling Tower

Pressure

Enthalpy

Cooling Tower

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure

Enthalpy

Refrigeration

Effect

Refrigeration

Effect

Pressure

Enthalpy

Adding a subcooler

Refrigeration

Effect

Pressure

Enthalpy

Adding a subcooler

subcooling

Refrigeration

Effect

Pressure

Enthalpy

Adding a subcooler

Increased refrigeration effect

Refrigeration

Effect

Pressure

Enthalpy

Adding a subcoolerIncreases refrigeration effectIncreases energy efficiency

Enthalpic Chart :Curves

• Isobars bar• Isotherms °C• Isenthalpic KJ/kg• Isentropic KJ/kg K• Isovolume m³/kg• Isotitles %

Enthalpic chart R22

Isobars (bar)

Enthalpic chart R22

Isotherm 0°C

Enthalpic chart R22

Isochore v = 0.100 m³/kg

Enthalpic chart R22

Cycles in refrigeration

• Single stage cycle R22• Bi-stage cycle NH3 with Flooded economizer• Bi-stage cycle NH3 with partial injection

Single stage cycle R22

Bi-stage cycle NH3 with Flooded economizer

Bi-stage cycle NH3 with partial injection

THE END

HOURRA !!!

Thermodynamic and enthalpy chart

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Transcript of Thermodynamic and enthalpy chart

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