Theodore

Roosevelt

Theodore

Roosevelt

……see that each is see that each is given a given a square square dealdeal, because he , because he is entitled to no is entitled to no more and should more and should receive no less.”receive no less.”

The Modern The Modern PresidentPresident

The Modern The Modern PresidentPresidentYoungest ever to be

president (42)

Influenced the media and shaped legislation. (bully pulpit)

The “Square Deal”Square Deal” was targeted towards the middle class.

First to invite an African American to a White House dinner

First to have Secret Service protection

First to win Nobel Peace Prize for his work towards ending the Russo-Japanese War

First to take trip outside the United States

Presidential FirstsPresidential FirstsPresidential FirstsPresidential Firsts

First to be:

submerged in a submarine

to own a car

to have a telephone in his home

to be allowed to operate the light switches in the White House

Presidential FirstsPresidential FirstsPresidential FirstsPresidential Firsts

Work to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits“

Roosevelt the “Trust Buster”

Attack on Laissez-Attack on Laissez-FaireFaire

Attack on Laissez-Attack on Laissez-FaireFaire

Controlling Controlling CorporationsCorporationsControlling Controlling

CorporationsCorporationsTrustbuster

Coal Strike of 1902

Hepburn Act

Bureau of Corporations (Gentleman’s Agreement)

By 1900, By 1900, Trusts Trusts – – legal bodies created legal bodies created to hold stock in many to hold stock in many companies – companies – controlled 80% of controlled 80% of U.S. industriesU.S. industries . .

Roosevelt filed 44 Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under antitrust suits under the the Sherman Antitrust Sherman Antitrust ActAct..

The Railroad industry The Railroad industry regulated by the regulated by the government in both government in both the the Elkins ActElkins Act and the and the Hepburn ActHepburn Act..

TrustbustingTrustbustingTrustbustingTrustbusting

• In 1902, 140,000 In 1902, 140,000 coal coal minersminers in Pennsylvania in Pennsylvania went on strike for:went on strike for:1.1. increased wagesincreased wages2.2. a 9-hour work daya 9-hour work day3.3. the right to unionizethe right to unionize

• Mine owners refused to Mine owners refused to bargain.bargain.

• Roosevelt called in Roosevelt called in both sides and settled both sides and settled the dispute.the dispute.

• After that, when a strike After that, when a strike threatened public threatened public welfare, the federal welfare, the federal government was government was expected to step in and expected to step in and help.help.

1902 Coal Strike1902 Coal Strike1902 Coal Strike1902 Coal Strike

Meat Inspection Act

Pure Food

and Drug Act

Consumer Consumer ProtectionProtectionConsumer Consumer ProtectionProtection

• Highlighted all of the Highlighted all of the unclean and/or unsafe unclean and/or unsafe practices of the meat practices of the meat packaging industry.packaging industry.

• Roosevelt pushed for Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.Inspection Act of 1906.

• Mandated cleaner Mandated cleaner conditions for conditions for meatpacking plants.meatpacking plants.

Impact of Impact of “The “The Jungle”Jungle”

Impact of Impact of “The “The Jungle”Jungle”

• In response to In response to unregulated unregulated claims and claims and unhealthy unhealthy products.products.

• The Act stopped The Act stopped the sale of the sale of contaminated contaminated foods and foods and medicines. medicines.

• It also called for It also called for truth in labeling.truth in labeling.

• Created the Created the Food and Drug Food and Drug Administration Administration (FDA).(FDA).

The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other harmful ingredients off the market.

Pure Food and Drug Pure Food and Drug ActAct

Pure Food and Drug Pure Food and Drug ActAct

• Before Roosevelt’s Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the federal presidency, the federal government paid very little government paid very little attention to the nation’s attention to the nation’s natural resources.natural resources.

• Roosevelt made Roosevelt made conservation a primary conservation a primary concern of his concern of his administration.administration.

Roosevelt, left, was an avid outdoorsman – here he is with author John Muir at Yosemite Park.

Roosevelt and the Roosevelt and the EnvironmentEnvironment

Roosevelt and the Roosevelt and the EnvironmentEnvironment

• Roosevelt set Roosevelt set aside 150 million aside 150 million acres of forest acres of forest reserves.reserves.

• He also set aside He also set aside 1.5 million acres 1.5 million acres of water-power of water-power sites.sites.

• He established He established 51 wildlife 51 wildlife refugesrefuges

• 5 national parks.5 national parks.

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

Environmental Environmental AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Environmental Environmental AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

• Roosevelt failed Roosevelt failed to support Civil to support Civil Rights.Rights.

• He did, however, He did, however, support a few support a few individuals such individuals such as as Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashington..

Roosevelt and Civil Roosevelt and Civil RightsRights

Roosevelt and Civil Roosevelt and Civil RightsRights

Taft’s Progressive ReformsTaft’s Progressive Reforms

Details: Details: Details:Details:

A federal agency that investigated and published problems with Child labor

Increased the power of the ICC to regulate telephone and telegraph industries

Monitored the activities of mining companies

Filed 90 anti-trust lawsuits to break-up trusts

Children’s Bureau

Mann-Elkins Act

Bureau of Mines

Trustbusting

Taft as PresidentTaft as President

Taft was Taft was “trustbuster“trustbuster Weak leadershipWeak leadership Not as popular as Not as popular as

RooseveltRoosevelt Unable to control the Unable to control the

two parts of the two parts of the Republican partyRepublican party

Taft called the Presidency, “The loneliest job in the world.”

Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne-Aldrich Tariff

Taft wants to lower tariffsTaft wants to lower tariffs Taft supports Cannon for Taft supports Cannon for

Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House Senate changes tariff bill.Senate changes tariff bill. Compromise tariff Compromise tariff

acceptedaccepted Small reduction in some Small reduction in some

tariffstariffs Increased tariffs on some Increased tariffs on some

productsproducts

Ballinger-Pinchot AffairBallinger-Pinchot Affair

Ballinger replaces Garfield as Sec. of Ballinger replaces Garfield as Sec. of InteriorInterior

Sec. of Interior opened millions of acres Sec. of Interior opened millions of acres of protected land.of protected land.

Pinchot charged Ballinger with corruptionPinchot charged Ballinger with corruption Charges dismissed by Taft AdministrationCharges dismissed by Taft Administration Pinchot leaks charges to the PressPinchot leaks charges to the Press Pinchot is fired for insubordinationPinchot is fired for insubordination

The Republican

Party &

President William H.

Taft

The Republican

Party &

President William H.

Taft

Keepthe

Whistle

Blowing

Keepthe

Whistle

Blowing

Taft was Taft was determined to determined to defeat TR and preserve the defeat TR and preserve the conservative heart of the Republican conservative heart of the Republican Party.Party.

Republican Party Platform

Republican Party PlatformHigh import tariffs.High import tariffs.

Put limitations on female and child Put limitations on female and child labor.labor.

Workman’s Compensation Laws.Workman’s Compensation Laws.

Against initiative, referendum, and Against initiative, referendum, and recall.recall.

Against “bad” trusts.Against “bad” trusts.

Creation of a Federal Trade Creation of a Federal Trade Commission.Commission.

Stay on the gold standard.Stay on the gold standard.

Conservation of natural resources Conservation of natural resources because they are finite.because they are finite.

The GOPAfterthe

Circus

The GOPAfterthe

CircusTR TR The Republican The Republican

Party must stand for Party must stand for the rights of the rights of humanity, or else it must stand for humanity, or else it must stand for special privilege.special privilege.

The Progressive

Party &Former

President Theodore Roosevelt

The Progressive

Party &Former

President Theodore Roosevelt

People should risePeople should riseabove their sectarianabove their sectarianinterests to promote the general good.interests to promote the general good.

Theodore Roosevelt atOsawatomie, KS: New

Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt atOsawatomie, KS: New

Nationalism

Big business requires big Big business requires big government.government.

Progressive Party Platform

Progressive Party PlatformWomen’s suffrage.Women’s suffrage.

Graduated income tax.Graduated income tax.

Inheritance tax for the rich.Inheritance tax for the rich.

Lower tariffs.Lower tariffs.

Limits on campaign Limits on campaign spending.spending.

Currency reform.Currency reform.

Minimum wage laws.Minimum wage laws.

Social insurance.Social insurance.

Abolition of child labor.Abolition of child labor.

Workmen’s compensation.Workmen’s compensation.

NNeeww

NNaattiioonnaalliissmm

NNeeww

NNaattiioonnaalliissmm

The Socialist Party

& Eugene V. Debs

The Socialist Party

& Eugene V. Debs

The issue is Socialism The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I for Socialism because I am for humanity.am for humanity.

“The Working Class Candidates”

“The Working Class Candidates”

Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for President for Vice-President

Growth of the Socialist VoteGrowth of the Socialist VoteYear

Socialist Party

Socialist Labor Party Total

1888   2,068 2,068

1890   13,704 13,704

1892   21,512 21,512

1894   30,020 30,020

1896   36,275 36,274

1898   82,204 82,204

1900 96,931 33,405 130,336

1902 223,494 53,763 277,257

1904 408,230 33,546 441,776

1906 331,043 20,265 351,308

1908 424,488 14,021 438,509

1910 607,674 34,115 641,789

1912 901,873901,873

Socialist Party PlatformSocialist Party Platform

Government ownership of Government ownership of railroads and utilities.railroads and utilities.

Guaranteed income tax.Guaranteed income tax.

No tariffs.No tariffs.

8-hour work day.8-hour work day.

Better housing.Better housing.

Government inspection of Government inspection of factories.factories.

Women’s suffrage.Women’s suffrage.

The Democratic Party &Governor Woodrow

Wilson (NJ)

The Democratic Party &Governor Woodrow

Wilson (NJ)

Could he Could he rescue the rescue the Democratic Democratic Party from Party from “Bryanism”??“Bryanism”??

Democratic Party Platform

Democratic Party PlatformGovernment control of the Government control of the

monopolies monopolies trusts in general were bad trusts in general were bad eliminate them!! eliminate them!!

Tariff reduction.Tariff reduction.

One-term President.One-term President.

Direct election of Senators.Direct election of Senators.

Create a Department of Labor.Create a Department of Labor.

Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.Trust Act.

Did NOT support women’s Did NOT support women’s suffrage.suffrage.

Opposed to a central bank.Opposed to a central bank.

NNeeww

FFrreeeeddoomm

NNeeww

FFrreeeeddoomm

The “Seas” [of Opportunity]

Open Up for the Democrats

The “Seas” [of Opportunity]

Open Up for the Democrats

UpAgainst theHurdl

e

UpAgainst theHurdl

e

As Big As a BalloonAs Big As a Balloon

Tariff ReformTariff Reform

ConservationIssue:

TheBallinge

r-PinchotControv

ersy

ConservationIssue:

TheBallinge

r-PinchotControv

ersy

The Unanswerable Argument for Suffrage

The Unanswerable Argument for Suffrage

Never Again!Never Again!

Taft Abandons Support for Women’s Taft Abandons Support for Women’s SuffrageSuffrage

Woman Suffrage Before 1920

Woman Suffrage Before 1920

Lynching

& theRaceIssue

Lynching

& theRaceIssue

An Actual 1912 BallotAn Actual 1912 Ballot

Election ResultsElection Results

By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in 1908.1908.

The 1912 election marked the apogee of The 1912 election marked the apogee of the Socialist movement in America.the Socialist movement in America.

GOP Divided by Bull Moose

Equals Democratic Victory!

GOP Divided by Bull Moose

Equals Democratic Victory!

WILSON’S NEW FREEDOMWILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

triple wall of privilege:triple wall of privilege:

–trusts trusts

–tariffs tariffs

–banksbanks

W. Wilson U.S. President 1912-1920

CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACTCLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT

• Strengthened the Strengthened the Sherman Anti-trust Act.Sherman Anti-trust Act.

• The Clayton Act The Clayton Act prevented companies prevented companies from acquiring stock from from acquiring stock from another company.another company.

• Supported union workers.Supported union workers.

FEDERAL TRADE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FORMEDCOMMISSION FORMED

• The FTC was formed in 1914 to The FTC was formed in 1914 to serve as a “watchdog” agency to serve as a “watchdog” agency to end end unfair business practices.unfair business practices.

• ““cease and desist” orders cease and desist” orders (400 by Wilson) (400 by Wilson)

• The FTC protects consumers The FTC protects consumers from business fraud.from business fraud.

Tariff ReformTariff Reform• Underwood TariffUnderwood Tariff

• lowered tariffs meant lowered tariffs meant lost revenuelost revenue

• The 16The 16thth Amendment Amendment was ratified in 1916.was ratified in 1916.

• It legalized a It legalized a graduated graduated federal income tax.federal income tax.

The Federal Reserve ActThe Federal Reserve Act

• Created 12 regional banks Created 12 regional banks

• lend money to banks at a set lend money to banks at a set interest rate.interest rate.

• Established federal Established federal regulation of currency regulation of currency through interest rates.through interest rates.

• Established a Federal Established a Federal Reserve Board to oversee Reserve Board to oversee the system of banksthe system of banks

Wilson’s New Freedom Reforms

Tariffs Banks TrustsWorker Rights

Underwood Tariff Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti-trustAct

Federal TradeCommission

Adamson Act

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act