The ZBB is the best battery for renewable energy storage!

San Ramon - California

500 kWh - 1MWpeak

Individual String Voltage ProfilesTen Consecutive Cycles

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Ten consecutive cycles, more than 500 kWh discharge energy each cycle

Milwaukee - Wisconsin

50 kWh

50 kWh Discharge Energy

450litrestotal

Milwaukee stack production section

Click the picture to run video

Infra red welding of membranes and electrodes to flow frames

Infra red welding of membranes and electrodes to flow frames

IR welding electrodes and membranes to flow frames

Click the picture to run video

Vibration welding of a 60 cell ZBB stack

Vibration welding of a 60 cell ZBB stack

Vibration welding of a 60 cell ZBB stack

Vibration welding a ZBB “stack”

Click the picture to run video

Stacks of stacks !

Perth Western Australia

The Questions

• How much electricity can it store ? • How efficient is it ? • How long will it last ? • How much does it cost ? • How powerful is it ?• Is it safe ?

Laboratory test of one stackLab bench test of one 20kWh ZBB stack, 60 cells, 100V, 20 kWh discharge capacity

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50 AMP CHARGE

#92 100 AMP DISCHARGE #64 50 AMP

DISCHARGE

Total Disharge Energy: 20 kWh

Constant Current 100% Discharge Tests on One 60 Cell Stack

Efficiency: 77%

Energy Density

Discharge Energy: 20,000 Wh

Stack: ~60 kg

150 litres of electrolyte: ~225 kg

(75% zinc utilisation from 2.25M Zn)

ZBB: Energy density: ~70 Wh/kg

-----------------------------------------------

VRB: Energy Density: 15-25 Wh/kgSource: Maria Skyllas –Kazakos, VRB inventor, Eurosolar 2006

Lead-Acid: Range 15-30 Wh/kgTypical range at 50% DOD cycling

20 kWh of energy discharge

150 litres of

electrolyte

to here!

•Zinc is plated on charge and totally removed when 100% discharged

•Bromine is produced on charge and stored in the tank

•When discharged we have a solution of Zinc Bromide salt

The Challenge!

NiMH – 30gr ZBB – 285kg

Energiser NiMH 2500mAh

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Test performed at ZBB laboratories, Perth, Western Australia

Energiser 2.5Ah AA Ni Met Hydride, Efficiency Plot Batt 1

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All cycles at 250mA Charge and 250mA Discharge

300 Cycles to 1.0 V

Test performed at ZBB laboratories, Perth, Western Australia

The Winner!

0.003 kWh, $4.00

$1,333 /kWh

200 cycles in 8 months

$6.67 to store and return 1kWh

20 kWh, $8,000

$400/kWh

3,650 cycles over 10 years

$0.11 to store and return 1kWh

Battery Cost to Store and Return Electrical Energy

0.05 10.0 3,650200 100200

Ten years life with no stack replacement necessary

ZBB projected (cost reduction 50%, stack life increased to 10 years)

0.13 10.0 3,650490 100490

Ten years life with stack only replacement ($90/kWh) after 5 years

ZBB available now $400/kWh, 5 years stack life

0.25 1.6 600150 5075Data sheet: 600 cycles to 50% DOD if <25C

Coopower CP-2-3000VRLA, rated 3000Ah (2V cell), FOB Shanghai for $450

0.16 6.8 2,500400 502002,500 Cycles to 50% DOD if < 25CLead Acid

6.67 0.5 2001,3331001,333200 C10 cycles giving ~0.003 kWh/cycle

Energiser NiMH AA 2,500mAh, retail ~ $4

$/kWh percycle Years Cycles

$/kWh battery

cap.%$/kWh

COST per kWh stored

and returned

LIFE if cycled daily

CYCLELIFE

COST useable capacity DOD

COST rated

capacityLIFE Estimate/RatingBATTERY

Low CostLow cost electrolyte• Water• Zinc Bromide Salt• Quat

Low cost membrane(micro porous polyethylene)NOT expensive ion exchange membrane

All plastic stack• Polyethylene• Carbon• Fibre Glass

Click the picture to run video

Power Density

Max Continuous Power: 20 kW

Stack + Electrolyte ~285 kg

Power density: ~70 W/kg

Note:

Short Circuit Current: ~1,000 Amps

10 kW of continuouspower for 2h

Note!With less electrolyte

-higher power

density!0

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50 AMP CHARGE

#92 100 AMP DISCHARGE #64 50 AMP

DISCHARGE

Total Disharge Energy: 20 kWh

Safety

• Zinc is NOT a toxic metal !• The ZBB contains NO high concentration

bromine - even when fully charged• Bromine can be readily neutralised and

the discharged electrolyte can be safely diluted and disposed of

• No safety concerns with used stacks that are made from recyclable plastics

Schematic layout of a single cell ZBB

CHARGE REACTIONS

Overall: ZnBr Zn Br2 2→ + Anode: Zn e Zn2 2+ −+ → Cathode: 2 22Br Br e− −→ +

Bromine Complex: ( )QBr nBr Q Br Brn− −+ →2 2

QBr − = Complexing Agent

Note, the bromine produced during charge is immediately complexedand safely stored in the tank.

Complexed Bromine Is Safer

Complexed phase1,600 g/litre Br2

Aqueous phase15 g/litre Br2

Vapour phase<10 mmHg Br2 pressure

Skin contact with fully charged ZBB electrolyte does NOT burn the skin!

Click the picture to run video

Vapour Pressure for 100 %SOC Complexed Bromine (PBr) and

Bromine Solutions

Please note; there is NO pure bromine in a ZBB PBr (Poly Bromide) = Comlexed bromine

Temp ºC

The ZBB is the best battery for renewable energy storage !

Where can I buy one ?

Tested driving range:Tested driving range:With factory fitted Lead/Acid batteries: 33 kmWith factory fitted Lead/Acid batteries: 33 kmWith a ZBB (same weight): 78 kmWith a ZBB (same weight): 78 km

Higher energy density means longer driving range

---Lower cost per kWh stored and returned means longer battery life and therefore lower vehicle life costs

ZBB Battery48 Volt (2 X 30 cells)

9 kWh (discharge capacity)