Post on 11-Jan-2016
The World War II The World War II EraEra
Worldwide Post – WWI Worldwide Post – WWI IssuesIssues
Unsuccessfulness of Treaty of VersaillesUnsuccessfulness of Treaty of Versailles Caused Anger and Resentment Throughout Caused Anger and Resentment Throughout
the Worldthe World Weimer Republic – Blame for the WarWeimer Republic – Blame for the War Soviet Union – Carved up Russian EmpireSoviet Union – Carved up Russian Empire
Did Not Secure a “Just and Secure Peace”Did Not Secure a “Just and Secure Peace” Worldwide DepressionWorldwide Depression
The Entire World Was Dealing With the The Entire World Was Dealing With the Depression – Not Just the United StatesDepression – Not Just the United States
London ConferenceLondon Conference U.S. Leaves & Destroys Success of ConferenceU.S. Leaves & Destroys Success of Conference ““Every Country for Itself”Every Country for Itself”
The Development The Development of Nationalism and of Nationalism and
Dictatorship Dictatorship WorldwideWorldwide
Soviet Union – Joseph StalinSoviet Union – Joseph StalinItaly – Benito MussoliniItaly – Benito MussoliniGermany – Adolf HitlerGermany – Adolf Hitler
Japan – Militarists (Hideki Tojo)Japan – Militarists (Hideki Tojo)
The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union Joseph Stalin (man of Joseph Stalin (man of
steel) Took Over After steel) Took Over After Vladimir Lenin Died in Vladimir Lenin Died in 19241924
Made ‘Ideal’ Communist Made ‘Ideal’ Communist StateState Economic Goals:Economic Goals:
Agricultural GrowthAgricultural Growth Industrial GrowthIndustrial Growth
Developed ‘Collectives’Developed ‘Collectives’ Government Owned FarmsGovernment Owned Farms
Developed a Developed a TotalitarianTotalitarian GovernmentGovernment Government Has Complete Government Has Complete
Control Over CitizensControl Over Citizens Purged and Eliminated Any Purged and Eliminated Any
Possible Threats and Possible Threats and Opponents to PowerOpponents to Power
The Rise of Fascism in The Rise of Fascism in ItalyItaly
Italian Economic ProblemsItalian Economic Problems Inflation, Unemployment, Inflation, Unemployment,
StrikesStrikes Middle and Upper Class Middle and Upper Class
Demanded Leader to ‘Save’ Demanded Leader to ‘Save’ Country From Economic Country From Economic Ruin and CommunismRuin and Communism
Mussolini Created the Mussolini Created the Fascist PartyFascist Party in 1921 in 1921 Interests of the State Above Interests of the State Above
the Interests of the Individualsthe Interests of the Individuals Mussolini Given Power By Mussolini Given Power By
Italian King in 1922Italian King in 1922 Known as ‘Known as ‘Il DuceIl Duce’ (the leader)’ (the leader)
Crushed All Opponents and Crushed All Opponents and Created a Totalitarian StateCreated a Totalitarian State
Hitler and Nazi GermanyHitler and Nazi Germany Hitler Was a Struggling and Hitler Was a Struggling and
Angry WWI Veteran in Weimar Angry WWI Veteran in Weimar RepublicRepublic Joined the National Socialist Joined the National Socialist
German Workers Party (NAZI) in German Workers Party (NAZI) in 19191919
Eventually Named ‘Fuhrer’ of Party Eventually Named ‘Fuhrer’ of Party in 1921in 1921
Wrote Mein Kampf While in JailWrote Mein Kampf While in Jail Established Plan of Action for NAZI Established Plan of Action for NAZI
PartyParty Uniting of All German Speaking Uniting of All German Speaking
PeoplePeople Racial ‘Purification’ in GermanyRacial ‘Purification’ in Germany National Expansion (Lebensraum)National Expansion (Lebensraum)
Depression Eventually Allowed Depression Eventually Allowed NAZI Party to Become Strongest NAZI Party to Become Strongest in Germany & Hitler Was in Germany & Hitler Was Appointed Chancellor & Appointed Chancellor & Dismantled Democratic Dismantled Democratic Principles of Weimar RepublicPrinciples of Weimar Republic Developed the Developed the Third ReichThird Reich
Japanese MilitaristicJapanese Militaristic Beliefs and Movements Beliefs and Movements
Reasons Japanese Militaristic Reasons Japanese Militaristic Leaders Believed Expansion Leaders Believed Expansion Was NecessaryWas Necessary Western AspirationsWestern Aspirations Security ReasonsSecurity Reasons Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
Free Asian Nations of Western Free Asian Nations of Western DominationDomination
International ProvocationInternational Provocation Five Power Treaty, Japanese Five Power Treaty, Japanese
ExclusionExclusion EconomicsEconomics
Invaded and Took Control of Invaded and Took Control of Manchuria in 1931Manchuria in 1931 League of Nations Did NothingLeague of Nations Did Nothing
The Beginning of The Beginning of Aggression Aggression WorldwideWorldwide
German AggressionGerman Aggression Hitler Pulled Germany Hitler Pulled Germany
Out of the League of Out of the League of Nations in 1933Nations in 1933
By 1935 Hitler Began By 1935 Hitler Began Military Buildup – Military Buildup – Complete Violation of Complete Violation of Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
Sent Military Troops to Sent Military Troops to the Rhinelandthe Rhineland Demilitarized Zone Demilitarized Zone
According to Treaty of According to Treaty of VersaillesVersailles
Owned by France But Owned by France But Controlled by Germany Controlled by Germany Before WWIBefore WWI
Italian AggressionItalian Aggression Mussolini’s Goal – Mussolini’s Goal –
Build ‘His’ New Build ‘His’ New Roman EmpireRoman Empire First Focus: EthiopiaFirst Focus: Ethiopia
Invaded Ethiopia w/ Invaded Ethiopia w/ Thousands of Thousands of Soldiers in 1935 & Soldiers in 1935 & Conquered by 1936Conquered by 1936
League of Nations League of Nations Response:Response: Economic Boycott Economic Boycott
(Slap on the Wrist)(Slap on the Wrist)
[To the League of Nations] “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow”
Ousted Ethiopian Emperor:
Haile Selassie
The Test Ground for The Test Ground for FascismFascism Spanish Civil War Began in Spanish Civil War Began in
19361936 Led by Francisco Franco and Led by Francisco Franco and
Other Spanish Army OfficersOther Spanish Army Officers Western Democracies Western Democracies
Remained Neutral But Elected Remained Neutral But Elected Spanish Government Received Spanish Government Received Limited Help From Other Limited Help From Other VolunteersVolunteers
Franco Received Aid From Franco Received Aid From Hitler and MussoliniHitler and Mussolini Troops, Tanks, Fighter PlanesTroops, Tanks, Fighter Planes
Franco is Victorious & Another Franco is Victorious & Another Fascist Leader in Europe Fascist Leader in Europe PresentPresent
Spanish Fascist Leader
Francisco Franco
IsolationismIsolationism Americans Clung to Isolationism Just Like in Americans Clung to Isolationism Just Like in
WWIWWI Why:Why:
Kellogg – Briand PactKellogg – Briand Pact ‘‘Merchants of Death’ Rumors After WWIMerchants of Death’ Rumors After WWI
Roosevelt Changing Foreign PolicyRoosevelt Changing Foreign Policy Beginning of Presidency:Beginning of Presidency:
Recognized Soviet UnionRecognized Soviet Union Good Neighbor Policy in Latin AmericaGood Neighbor Policy in Latin America Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934)Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934)
As Aggression BeginsAs Aggression Begins Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts
1935 --Prohibited American Citizens From Selling Arms to 1935 --Prohibited American Citizens From Selling Arms to Belligerents in International War Belligerents in International War
1936 – Prohibited Trade in War Materials as Well as Loans to 1936 – Prohibited Trade in War Materials as Well as Loans to Belligerent CountriesBelligerent Countries
1937 – More Tightly Enforced Previous Acts and 1937 – More Tightly Enforced Previous Acts and Included Included Nations in Civil WarNations in Civil War
The Beginning of Hitler’s The Beginning of Hitler’s AggressionAggression
Nov. 1937 – Hitler Met w/ Officers & Explained Nov. 1937 – Hitler Met w/ Officers & Explained That Germany Needed Land of Neighbors to Grow That Germany Needed Land of Neighbors to Grow and Prosperand Prosper
March 1938 – German Troops March Into Austria March 1938 – German Troops March Into Austria Unopposed Unopposed Many Austrians Were German Speaking PeopleMany Austrians Were German Speaking People Anschluss (Union) With Austria Was CompleteAnschluss (Union) With Austria Was Complete
Germany Began to Move Troops to Take the Germany Began to Move Troops to Take the Sudetenland (German Speaking Province of Czech.)Sudetenland (German Speaking Province of Czech.) For: 1) Living Space 2) Natural ResourcesFor: 1) Living Space 2) Natural Resources
Munich ConferenceMunich Conference Germany’s Last Territorial Advance and ClaimGermany’s Last Territorial Advance and Claim Beginning of Appeasement PolicyBeginning of Appeasement Policy
Rhineland Sudetenland
The German Offensive The German Offensive BeginsBegins
Hitler Lied @ Munich Conference & Had Hitler Lied @ Munich Conference & Had Eyes on All of CzechoslovakiaEyes on All of Czechoslovakia ““Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist” – Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist” – Hitler Hitler
(March, 1939)(March, 1939)
Poland Was Next on Hitler’s ‘Wish List’Poland Was Next on Hitler’s ‘Wish List’ German Speaking People in PolandGerman Speaking People in Poland Were Supposedly Mistreated by the PolesWere Supposedly Mistreated by the Poles
Consequences of Attack on PolandConsequences of Attack on Poland May Bring Soviet Union Into ConflictMay Bring Soviet Union Into Conflict Declaration of War by France and Great Declaration of War by France and Great
BritainBritain
Hitler’s Allies and Hitler’s Allies and FriendsFriends
Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy The Rome – Berlin Axis (1936)The Rome – Berlin Axis (1936) Pact Between Hitler and MussoliniPact Between Hitler and Mussolini
Germany and Soviet UnionGermany and Soviet Union Nazi – Soviet Pact (August, 1939)Nazi – Soviet Pact (August, 1939)
Nonaggrression Pact – Countries Would Never Nonaggrression Pact – Countries Would Never Attack EachotherAttack Eachother
Also Secretly Agreed to Divide Up Poland Also Secretly Agreed to Divide Up Poland Between Two CountriesBetween Two Countries
Bad News for the Rest of EuropeBad News for the Rest of Europe
The Start of World War The Start of World War IIII
Germany Invaded Poland on Sep. 1, 1939Germany Invaded Poland on Sep. 1, 1939 BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg (Lightning Warfare) (Lightning Warfare)
Attack Using All of Germany’s Superior Military ForcesAttack Using All of Germany’s Superior Military Forces LuftwaffeLuftwaffe TanksTanks More Numerous SoldiersMore Numerous Soldiers
Great Britain and France Declare War – Sep. Great Britain and France Declare War – Sep. 33 Too Late to Save PolandToo Late to Save Poland Poland Ceased to Exist in About Two WeeksPoland Ceased to Exist in About Two Weeks
Soviet Union Invaded From East and Took Soviet Union Invaded From East and Took TerritoryTerritory
Map Showing German Invasion of Poland (1939)
The Phony War and The Phony War and SitzkriegSitzkrieg
Both Sides of the Both Sides of the Conflict Were at Ease Conflict Were at Ease For Several Months For Several Months After the Conquering After the Conquering of Polandof Poland Maginot Line (French Maginot Line (French
and British)and British) Sigfried Line Sigfried Line
(German)(German) Blitzkrieg Turned Into Blitzkrieg Turned Into
Sitzkrieg (Sitting War)Sitzkrieg (Sitting War)
Maginot LineSigfried
Line
German Reactivation of German Reactivation of the Blitzthe Blitz
Hitler Attacked Hitler Attacked Denmark, Norway, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Netherlands, Belgium, and Belgium, and Luxembourg by May, Luxembourg by May, 19401940 Hitler’s Excuse: “To Hitler’s Excuse: “To
protect [those protect [those countries] freedom countries] freedom and independence”and independence”
Hitler’s True Hitler’s True Purpose:Purpose: Build Military Bases Build Military Bases
Along the Coasts Be Along the Coasts Be Used to Attack Great Used to Attack Great BritainBritain
German Luftwaffe Fighter Badge
The Fall of FranceThe Fall of France Beginning in May, 1940 – Beginning in May, 1940 –
Germany Began its Advance on Germany Began its Advance on the Maginot Line and Francethe Maginot Line and France The French and Allied Forces Put The French and Allied Forces Put
Up Little Defense Against the Up Little Defense Against the British BlitzBritish Blitz
Eventually Nazi Forces Pushed Eventually Nazi Forces Pushed Allied Troops (400,000 Total) to Allied Troops (400,000 Total) to Beaches of DunkirkBeaches of Dunkirk Operation Dynamo (May 26 – June Operation Dynamo (May 26 – June
3)3) Duce Mussolini Entered War Duce Mussolini Entered War
and Attacked France From and Attacked France From South At the Same TimeSouth At the Same Time
France Surrendered to Nazi France Surrendered to Nazi Troops – June 23, 1940Troops – June 23, 1940
Marshal Philippe Petain – French Hero – Called Back to Marshal Philippe Petain – French Hero – Called Back to Boost French Morale Fighting Against GermanyBoost French Morale Fighting Against Germany
Upon Surrender – Became Leader of Vichy FranceUpon Surrender – Became Leader of Vichy France Tried to Lead Collaborative Government in Southern FranceTried to Lead Collaborative Government in Southern France
Known as the ‘Traitor of France’ – Was Eventually Known as the ‘Traitor of France’ – Was Eventually Returned to French and Sentenced to Death by French Returned to French and Sentenced to Death by French Government Government
Operation SealionOperation Sealion Once Hitler Occupied France, The Only Country Once Hitler Occupied France, The Only Country
Remaining in Western Europe for Him to Take Remaining in Western Europe for Him to Take Was Great BritainWas Great Britain Began the Attack of Great Britain in July, 1940Began the Attack of Great Britain in July, 1940
The Battle Was Fought Completely in the AirThe Battle Was Fought Completely in the Air G.B. Had a Superior Navy So Hitler Believed He G.B. Had a Superior Navy So Hitler Believed He
Needed Superiority of the Skies Needed Superiority of the Skies (Luftwaffe(Luftwaffe)) Beginning Point for Hitler: 1) Airfields 2) Beginning Point for Hitler: 1) Airfields 2)
Manufacturing CentersManufacturing Centers Eventually Changed Strategy and Focused on CitiesEventually Changed Strategy and Focused on Cities Eventual Daily & Nightly Raids Over Great BritainEventual Daily & Nightly Raids Over Great Britain
RAF Eventually Secured G.B. From German RAF Eventually Secured G.B. From German Control (Radar)Control (Radar) Germany Pulled Back Operation and Focused on Germany Pulled Back Operation and Focused on
Invasion of U.S.S.R.Invasion of U.S.S.R.
America Moves America Moves Toward WarToward War
The U.S. in the Midst of The U.S. in the Midst of WarWar
Roosevelt Desperately Tried to Remain Roosevelt Desperately Tried to Remain Neutral Even When Hitler Was Expanding Neutral Even When Hitler Was Expanding in Europein Europe
Neutrality Act of 1939Neutrality Act of 1939 U.S. Will Sell Weapons on a “Cash and Carry” U.S. Will Sell Weapons on a “Cash and Carry”
Basis to Democratic NationsBasis to Democratic Nations American Response to Battle of BritainAmerican Response to Battle of Britain
Increase in Defense Spending Increase in Defense Spending Huge Air Huge Air Force & Two Ocean NavyForce & Two Ocean Navy
Selective Service Training Act Selective Service Training Act First First Peacetime Draft in American HistoryPeacetime Draft in American History
Franklin Roosevelt: 449 Electoral Votes
54.7% Popular Vote
Wendell Wilkie 82 Electoral Votes
44.8% Popular Vote
Presidential Election of 1940
•Roosevelt Broke Tradition and Ran for 3rd Term as Pres.
•Candidates Were Very Similar So Many Americans Voted for Candidate They Knew Best
““The Great Arsenal of The Great Arsenal of Democracy”Democracy”
After the Election Roosevelt Didn’t Have to After the Election Roosevelt Didn’t Have to Worry About His Critics as Much – America Worry About His Critics as Much – America Would Be the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’Would Be the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’ The U.S. Cannot Remain Neutral When the NAZI Goal The U.S. Cannot Remain Neutral When the NAZI Goal
is World Domination is World Domination The U.S. IS THREATENED The U.S. IS THREATENED The Lend – Lease PlanThe Lend – Lease Plan
The U.S. Would Lend or lease Arms and Other The U.S. Would Lend or lease Arms and Other Supplies to “Any Country Whose Defense Was Vital to Supplies to “Any Country Whose Defense Was Vital to the United States”the United States”
Is Basically U.S. Economic Entrance into WWIIIs Basically U.S. Economic Entrance into WWII Roosevelt Also Laid Out ‘Four Freedoms’Roosevelt Also Laid Out ‘Four Freedoms’
Speech and ExpressionSpeech and Expression ReligionReligion Freedom From WantFreedom From Want Freedom From FearFreedom From Fear
The War The War Overseas Overseas ContinuesContinues
Keeping America Out of Keeping America Out of the Warthe War
Tripartite Pact (Axis) Tripartite Pact (Axis) Signed on Sep. 27, Signed on Sep. 27, 19401940 Germany, Italy, JapanGermany, Italy, Japan Pact For Mutual Pact For Mutual
Defense and Military Defense and Military SupportSupport
Aimed to Keep the Aimed to Keep the U.S. Out of the WarU.S. Out of the War
Was the Reason for Was the Reason for the Development of the Development of U.S. 2 – Ocean NavyU.S. 2 – Ocean Navy
The Axis Powers Continue The Axis Powers Continue to Expandto Expand
Germany Invades Northern Africa Germany Invades Northern Africa in Feb. 1941in Feb. 1941 General Erwin Rommel & ‘Afrika General Erwin Rommel & ‘Afrika
Korps’ Arrive w/ Tank Squadrons & Korps’ Arrive w/ Tank Squadrons & Attack Greece and Northern Africa Attack Greece and Northern Africa w/ Help of Italian Militaryw/ Help of Italian Military
Hitler Lied Again – Nazi / Soviet Hitler Lied Again – Nazi / Soviet PactPact Invaded the Soviet Union in July Invaded the Soviet Union in July
19411941 Operation BarbarossaOperation Barbarossa Laid Siege to Major Soviet CitiesLaid Siege to Major Soviet Cities
Leningrad – 900 DaysLeningrad – 900 Days Germany Was Looking for Germany Was Looking for
LebensraumLebensraum Took Soviets by SurpriseTook Soviets by Surprise The Americans Actually Helped to The Americans Actually Helped to
Soviets thru Lend – Lease PolicySoviets thru Lend – Lease Policy Began American Warfare Against Began American Warfare Against
U – Boats in AtlanticU – Boats in Atlantic
“If Hitler Invaded Hell, the British Would Be
Prepared to Work With the Devil Himself”
Winston Churchill on the German Invasion of the
Soviet Union
The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter Roosevelt Was Basically Planning for War in Roosevelt Was Basically Planning for War in
the U.S., Presuming the U.S Would Be Forced the U.S., Presuming the U.S Would Be Forced to Enterto Enter
Roosevelt and Churchill Met on USS Augusta Roosevelt and Churchill Met on USS Augusta & Created the Atlantic Charter & Created the Atlantic Charter A Basic A Basic Declaration of War Aims:Declaration of War Aims: Collective Security, Disarmament, Self – Collective Security, Disarmament, Self –
Determination, Economic Cooperation, Freedom of Determination, Economic Cooperation, Freedom of the Seasthe Seas
Declaration Signed by 4/5 of the Human RaceDeclaration Signed by 4/5 of the Human Race The U.S. / German Naval Warfare Continued The U.S. / German Naval Warfare Continued
in the Atlantic & the U.S. Government Allowed in the Atlantic & the U.S. Government Allowed Merchant Ships to be ArmedMerchant Ships to be Armed
Japanese Imperialistic Japanese Imperialistic AimsAims As European Countries As European Countries
Were Tied Up w/ Hitler Were Tied Up w/ Hitler in Europe – Japan Saw in Europe – Japan Saw Chance to ExpandChance to Expand Invaded China & Other Invaded China & Other
French Military Bases in French Military Bases in the Pacificthe Pacific
U.S. Response:U.S. Response: Embargo (Especially Oil)Embargo (Especially Oil)
Japan Saw As Partial Japan Saw As Partial War Declaration and War Declaration and Prepared for Attack on Prepared for Attack on the U.S.the U.S.
Japanese Emperor Hirohito
Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 19411941
Japanese Planned Japanese Planned Surprise Attack and Did Surprise Attack and Did Not Wait For American Not Wait For American Military Forces to Build Military Forces to Build Up and Attack Japan Up and Attack Japan FirstFirst
Two Waves of AttacksTwo Waves of Attacks 7:55 a.m.7:55 a.m. 8:50 a.m.8:50 a.m.
Total Losses:Total Losses: 2403 Killed2403 Killed 1100 Wounded1100 Wounded 18 Ships Sunk or 18 Ships Sunk or
DestroyedDestroyed 188 Planes Destroyed188 Planes Destroyed
Japanese Lose 29 Japanese Lose 29 Planes and 64 MenPlanes and 64 Men
The United States in World The United States in World War IIWar II
The American War Machine The American War Machine
Starts AgainStarts Again Japan Believed America Would Shudder and Japan Believed America Would Shudder and
Back Down From a Superior Japanese ForceBack Down From a Superior Japanese Force America Did Exactly the Opposite and America Did Exactly the Opposite and
Nationalism SoaredNationalism Soared Military MobilizationMilitary Mobilization
The Selective Service Act Increased & Eventually The Selective Service Act Increased & Eventually 16 Million Men & Women Served in WWII16 Million Men & Women Served in WWII
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) Worked in Every Part of Military Service Except Worked in Every Part of Military Service Except
CombatCombat
Minorities Also Served in Segregated Units Minorities Also Served in Segregated Units and Saw Some Wartime Combatand Saw Some Wartime Combat
The Government TakesThe Government Takes Control of the Economy Control of the Economy
Wartime Production Increased in Factories and Wartime Production Increased in Factories and Fewer Consumer Products Were AvailableFewer Consumer Products Were Available Prices Looked as they Would Climb OutrageouslyPrices Looked as they Would Climb Outrageously
Office of Price Administration (OPA) Office of Price Administration (OPA) Goal: To Fight InflationGoal: To Fight Inflation How:How: 1)Freeze Prices on Most Consumer Goods1)Freeze Prices on Most Consumer Goods
2) Raised and Extended Income Taxes2) Raised and Extended Income Taxes Encouraged People to Purchase War BondsEncouraged People to Purchase War Bonds Encouraged Rationing (Meat, Shoes, Sugar, Coffee, Gasoline)Encouraged Rationing (Meat, Shoes, Sugar, Coffee, Gasoline)
War Production BoardWar Production Board Goal: To Ensure that the Armed Forces and War Goal: To Ensure that the Armed Forces and War
Industries Had the Resources Needed to Win the WarIndustries Had the Resources Needed to Win the War Converted Certain Industries to Wartime ProductionConverted Certain Industries to Wartime Production
Propaganda Propaganda Campaign of ‘Rosie Campaign of ‘Rosie the Riveter’ Got the Riveter’ Got Women into the Women into the WorkforceWorkforce
War Labor Board:War Labor Board: Worked to Maintain Worked to Maintain
Standard of Living for Standard of Living for Working AmericansWorking Americans
The Early War for the The Early War for the AmericansAmericans
The Allies Struggled Early in the WarThe Allies Struggled Early in the War Hitler’s ‘Wolf Packs’ Dominated Seas Hitler’s ‘Wolf Packs’ Dominated Seas
Sunk Millions of Tons of Supplies Headed to EuropeSunk Millions of Tons of Supplies Headed to Europe
Germany Laid Siege to Soviet UnionGermany Laid Siege to Soviet Union Were Stopped From Taking Moscow and Were Stopped From Taking Moscow and
Leningrad by Cold in 1941Leningrad by Cold in 1941 Attacked Southern Soviet Union in 1942 – Oil Attacked Southern Soviet Union in 1942 – Oil
FieldsFields Battle of Stalingrad (1942 – 1943)Battle of Stalingrad (1942 – 1943)
Soviet Union Furious at Allies – Didn’t Soviet Union Furious at Allies – Didn’t Open a Second Front to Help SovietsOpen a Second Front to Help Soviets
Stalingrad -- 1942
Movement of Fronts in Movement of Fronts in EuropeEurope Roosevelt & Churchill’s First Roosevelt & Churchill’s First Plan:Plan: Deal With Hitler First, Then Worry Deal With Hitler First, Then Worry
About JapanAbout Japan Operation Torch – November Operation Torch – November
19421942 Invaded North Africa @ Casablanca Invaded North Africa @ Casablanca
Among Other PlacesAmong Other Places Didn’t Believe Allies Had Enough Didn’t Believe Allies Had Enough
Power to Land in EuropePower to Land in Europe British and American Forces British and American Forces
Squeeze German Troops in Squeeze German Troops in Northern Africa Northern Africa Battle of El Alamein – Nov. 1942 Battle of El Alamein – Nov. 1942
(Turning Point of Campaign)(Turning Point of Campaign) Germans Surrender in North Germans Surrender in North
Africa – May 13, 1943Africa – May 13, 1943
Erwin Rommel
The “Desert Fox”
Commander of Operation Torch:
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Defeating ItalyDefeating Italy Casablanca Conference – Casablanca Conference –
January 1943January 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill Roosevelt and Churchill
Decide:Decide: Will Only Take Unconditional Will Only Take Unconditional
SurrenderSurrender Invasion of Italy to Get to Invasion of Italy to Get to
GermanyGermany Allied Troops Very Allied Troops Very
Successful & Make Way Successful & Make Way Up ‘Boot of Italy’Up ‘Boot of Italy’
The End of Mussolini:The End of Mussolini: Mussolini Was Stripped of Mussolini Was Stripped of
Power – July 25, 1943Power – July 25, 1943 ““At this moment, you are the At this moment, you are the
most hated man in Italy”most hated man in Italy” Germany Refused to Let Germany Refused to Let
Allies Out of Italy Allies Out of Italy Did Not Want Fighting to Get Did Not Want Fighting to Get
to Germanyto Germany Battle of Anzio – Early 1944Battle of Anzio – Early 1944
Roosevelt and Churchill @ Casablanca
Purpose of Italian Invasion:
•Open Mediterranean For Troops and Supplies
•Diverted German Divisions From Soviet and French Fronts
The Allies Try and Save The Allies Try and Save EuropeEurope
Operation Overlord – Operation Overlord – June 6, 1944June 6, 1944
Combined Allied Offensive to land on Normandy Combined Allied Offensive to land on Normandy Coast of France and Initiate 2 – Front Battle Coast of France and Initiate 2 – Front Battle Against Germans and Liberate EuropeAgainst Germans and Liberate Europe
Hitler Began Constructing the ‘Atlantic Wall’ in Hitler Began Constructing the ‘Atlantic Wall’ in 19431943 Normandy Coast Was Less FortifiedNormandy Coast Was Less Fortified
Largest Air / Sea Invasion in History on 5 Largest Air / Sea Invasion in History on 5 BeachesBeaches Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, SwordUtah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, Sword
Consisted of 5,000 Ships and 150,000 MenConsisted of 5,000 Ships and 150,000 Men Operation Fortitude – The Ultimate DeceptionOperation Fortitude – The Ultimate Deception
The Beginning of the End The Beginning of the End For HitlerFor Hitler
Successful D-Day Landing Allowed Allied Troops Successful D-Day Landing Allowed Allied Troops to Enter Europe (Despite Huge Casualties)to Enter Europe (Despite Huge Casualties) Germans: 30,000 Dead & 80,000 WoundedGermans: 30,000 Dead & 80,000 Wounded Americans: 29,000 Dead & 106,000 WoundedAmericans: 29,000 Dead & 106,000 Wounded
Liberated Paris in August, 1945 and Continued Liberated Paris in August, 1945 and Continued to Liberate Countries in Western Europeto Liberate Countries in Western Europe
Allied and Soviet Forces Pushing Germany Back Allied and Soviet Forces Pushing Germany Back Within BordersWithin Borders Operation Bagration – Soviet Attack From EastOperation Bagration – Soviet Attack From East Battle of Kursk – Largest Tank Battle in History Battle of Kursk – Largest Tank Battle in History
(Soviet Victory)(Soviet Victory) By March, 1944 – Soviets Enter Poland and Don’t By March, 1944 – Soviets Enter Poland and Don’t
Allow Germans to Move Troops to Western FrontAllow Germans to Move Troops to Western Front
The Battle of the BulgeThe Battle of the BulgeOctober, 1944October, 1944
Hitler Realized What Was Going On and Hitler Realized What Was Going On and Stockpiled Weapons For One Last Attack to Stockpiled Weapons For One Last Attack to Defend German HomelandDefend German Homeland Goal: To Capture Port of Antwerp to Destroy Goal: To Capture Port of Antwerp to Destroy
Supply LineSupply Line Attacked and Split U.S. and British Lines w/ Attacked and Split U.S. and British Lines w/
Tanks and Forced Line to ‘Bulge’Tanks and Forced Line to ‘Bulge’ Hitler Believed Lines Would Break and Split, but Hitler Believed Lines Would Break and Split, but
Eventually Troops Secured Lines and Nothing Eventually Troops Secured Lines and Nothing Changed in Lines of EuropeChanged in Lines of Europe
Was Basically the End for GermanyWas Basically the End for Germany Lost Most of Supplies: Men, Tanks, Airplanes & Lost Most of Supplies: Men, Tanks, Airplanes &
MoraleMorale
The Surrender of The Surrender of GermanyGermany
The Germany Military Was in Shambles w/ No The Germany Military Was in Shambles w/ No Supplies and the Economy Was DestroyedSupplies and the Economy Was Destroyed Added: Enemies Closing in and Bombing Homeland Added: Enemies Closing in and Bombing Homeland
GermanyGermany Soviet and Allied Troops Began to Liberate Soviet and Allied Troops Began to Liberate
Concentration Camps and See What Hitler Had Concentration Camps and See What Hitler Had DoneDone
Hitler:Hitler: Made Final Decree to German People:Made Final Decree to German People:
Blamed Jews for Starting WarBlamed Jews for Starting War Blamed Generals for Losing WarBlamed Generals for Losing War
Shot Himself and Wife (Eva Braun) Took Poison – Shot Himself and Wife (Eva Braun) Took Poison – Bodies BurnedBodies Burned
Dwight Eisenhower Accepted Unconditional Dwight Eisenhower Accepted Unconditional Surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945 Surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945 V – E DayV – E Day
•Unfortunately for Franklin Roosevelt, He Never Got to See V-E Day
•He Died of a Stroke in Warm, Springs Georgia on April 12, 1945
•Harry S. Truman Was Sworn in the Next Day as the 33rd President of the United States
The Battle in the PacificThe Battle in the Pacific
Losses While Dealing Losses While Dealing With HitlerWith Hitler
The Allies Suffered Many The Allies Suffered Many Losses While Dealing Losses While Dealing With Hitler in EuropeWith Hitler in Europe Doolittle Raids – Some Doolittle Raids – Some
Recourse from Pearl Recourse from Pearl HarborHarbor
Americans Withdraw Americans Withdraw From Many Pacific From Many Pacific Islands Under Islands Under Leadership of Douglas Leadership of Douglas MacArthurMacArthur
Some Forces Withdrew Some Forces Withdrew and Were Captured Near and Were Captured Near BataanBataan ‘‘Bataan Death March’Bataan Death March’
Photo of the Bataan Death March
Japanese Expansion to May, 1942
The Battle of the Coral SeaThe Battle of the Coral SeaMay, 1942May, 1942
The Japanese Had Control of Almost the Entire The Japanese Had Control of Almost the Entire South Pacific and Were Now Moving South South Pacific and Were Now Moving South Toward Australia and New Zealand – Especially Toward Australia and New Zealand – Especially Now the Solomon Islands in the Coral SeaNow the Solomon Islands in the Coral Sea
U.S. Intelligence Reports Japanese Carriers U.S. Intelligence Reports Japanese Carriers Moving to Coral Sea and Sends USS Yorktown Moving to Coral Sea and Sends USS Yorktown and USS Lexingtonand USS Lexington
Five Day Battle Fought Entirely With Airplanes Five Day Battle Fought Entirely With Airplanes From CarriersFrom Carriers
SignificanceSignificance Japanese Suffered Defeat For First Time in WarJapanese Suffered Defeat For First Time in War Japanese Invasion / Conquest of Australia StoppedJapanese Invasion / Conquest of Australia Stopped
The Battle of MidwayThe Battle of MidwayJune 4 – 5, 1942June 4 – 5, 1942
The Japanese Next Focus The Japanese Next Focus Was on Midway IslandWas on Midway Island Just Northwest of HawaiiJust Northwest of Hawaii Goal: To Eliminate American Goal: To Eliminate American
Fleet in the PacificFleet in the Pacific U.S. Planes Spot Japanese U.S. Planes Spot Japanese
Carriers on Way to Island and Carriers on Way to Island and Bomb Before Planes Can Get Bomb Before Planes Can Get Off DeckOff Deck
Is Great Victory for American Is Great Victory for American MilitaryMilitary Some Said it Avenged Pearl Some Said it Avenged Pearl
HarborHarbor Protected West Coast From Protected West Coast From
AttackAttack
Admiral Chester Nimitz
Commander of Naval Forces in the Pacific
The March to Japan The March to Japan BeginsBegins
After Hitler Was Stopped, Allied Forces After Hitler Was Stopped, Allied Forces Could Focus on JapanCould Focus on Japan Started the ‘Island Hopping Campaign’Started the ‘Island Hopping Campaign’ Allied Forces Had to Dislodge Japanese Control Allied Forces Had to Dislodge Japanese Control
From Every Controlled Island in the PacificFrom Every Controlled Island in the Pacific Began @ Guadalcanal in the Solomon Began @ Guadalcanal in the Solomon
Islands Islands Focus on Henderson Field (Muddy Airstrip)Focus on Henderson Field (Muddy Airstrip) Japanese Couldn’t Re-Supply TroopsJapanese Couldn’t Re-Supply Troops
American Submarines Did Not Allow American Submarines Did Not Allow Japanese Military to Move Troops Where Japanese Military to Move Troops Where Needed to Attacked IslandsNeeded to Attacked Islands
Nimitz and MacArthur
Planning for the Island Hopping
Campaign
•MacArthur in Charge of Ground Attacks
•Nimitz in Charge of Naval Attacks
The Victories @ Midway and Coral Seal
Allowed For Campaign to
Begin, Pushing Japan Back to
Confines of Formed
Boundaries
Moving Through The Moving Through The IslandsIslands
American Troops Invaded and Retook the American Troops Invaded and Retook the Philippines and Liberated Prisoners of War Philippines and Liberated Prisoners of War
Next Step: Iwo JimaNext Step: Iwo Jima Island Close Enough to Use as Base For Heavy Bombers Island Close Enough to Use as Base For Heavy Bombers
to Attack Mainland Japanto Attack Mainland Japan One of Most Heavily Fortified Islands w/ About 20,000 One of Most Heavily Fortified Islands w/ About 20,000
Troops in Tunnels and Underground FortificationsTroops in Tunnels and Underground Fortifications Focal Point of Battle on Island is Mt. SirabachiFocal Point of Battle on Island is Mt. Sirabachi Results: Americans Take Island w/ Huge CasualtiesResults: Americans Take Island w/ Huge Casualties
Over 6,000 American DeathsOver 6,000 American Deaths ¼ of All Medals of Honor of WWII Are Given @ Iwo Jima¼ of All Medals of Honor of WWII Are Given @ Iwo Jima
Mt. SirabachiMt. Sirabachi
•American Troops @ Mt. Sirabachi
•Photo Taken by Joe Rosenthal
The Battle of OkinawaThe Battle of OkinawaJune, 1945June, 1945
The Island of Okinawa Was the Final Major The Island of Okinawa Was the Final Major Island Allied Forces Had to Take Before Island Allied Forces Had to Take Before Mainland JapanMainland Japan Island Had 4 Major Airstrips for Operation DownfallIsland Had 4 Major Airstrips for Operation Downfall
Was the Largest Land – Air – Sea Battle in Was the Largest Land – Air – Sea Battle in HistoryHistory
Results:Results: Americans Successfully Take Island w/ Many Americans Successfully Take Island w/ Many
CasualtiesCasualties Japanese Lose Over 100,000 Troops Many of Who Japanese Lose Over 100,000 Troops Many of Who
Commit Commit SeppukuSeppuku Told Story for Future Possible Invasion of Told Story for Future Possible Invasion of
Japanese MainlandJapanese Mainland
Japanese Protection of Japanese Protection of HomelandHomeland Throughout the Throughout the
Island Hopping Island Hopping Campaign, The Campaign, The Japanese Became Japanese Became More and More More and More DesperateDesperate 4/22/1943 – Japan 4/22/1943 – Japan
Announced Captured Announced Captured American Pilots Will American Pilots Will Be Given “One Way Be Given “One Way Tickets to Hell”Tickets to Hell”
10/25/1944 Begin to 10/25/1944 Begin to Use Kamikaze AttacksUse Kamikaze Attacks
Eventually Use 2,257 Eventually Use 2,257 Kamikaze Attacks Kamikaze Attacks Throughout the WarThroughout the War
Finding a Way to End the Finding a Way to End the WarWar
The Potsdam Conference – July, August, 1945The Potsdam Conference – July, August, 1945 Allied Meet and Warn Japan That They, “Must Allied Meet and Warn Japan That They, “Must
surrender or suffer complete and utter destruction”surrender or suffer complete and utter destruction” Surrender Must Come w/ Emperor Stepping DownSurrender Must Come w/ Emperor Stepping Down
Planned Invasion of JapanPlanned Invasion of Japan The Allies Saw How the Japanese Were Willing to The Allies Saw How the Japanese Were Willing to
Protect Islands Around Japan – Didn’t Know What Protect Islands Around Japan – Didn’t Know What They Would Do @ HomelandThey Would Do @ Homeland
Churchill Predicted Invasion of Japan Would Cost 1 Churchill Predicted Invasion of Japan Would Cost 1 Million American and ½ Million British LivesMillion American and ½ Million British Lives
Allies Looked for Another Way to End WarAllies Looked for Another Way to End War
The Development of the The Development of the Atomic BombAtomic Bomb
Roosevelt Created the Office Roosevelt Created the Office of Scientific Research and of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) in Development (OSRD) in 19411941 Developed New Technologies – Developed New Technologies –
Radar, Sonar, Etc.Radar, Sonar, Etc. German Scientists Now in U.S. German Scientists Now in U.S.
Warned About German Warned About German Capacity to Create New Capacity to Create New Weapon of Mass DestructionWeapon of Mass Destruction
The Manhattan ProjectThe Manhattan Project Top Secret American Project to Top Secret American Project to
Develop an Atomic BombDevelop an Atomic Bomb Over 600,000 People Worked Over 600,000 People Worked
on Development of Bomb, Yet on Development of Bomb, Yet No One Knew What They Were No One Knew What They Were DoingDoing
Total Cost: $1.8 BillionTotal Cost: $1.8 Billion
Director of Research for the Manhattan Project:
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Results of the Manhattan Results of the Manhattan ProjectProject
Produced Three Atomic BombsProduced Three Atomic Bombs 1) Gadget 2) Little Boy 3) Fat Man1) Gadget 2) Little Boy 3) Fat Man
Test to See if Bombs WorkedTest to See if Bombs Worked Where: Alamogordo, New Mexico – AKA Where: Alamogordo, New Mexico – AKA Trinity Test SiteTrinity Test Site Result: Bomb WorkedResult: Bomb Worked
Blast Equal To 20,000 Tons of TNT & Flash of Explosion Seen 180 Blast Equal To 20,000 Tons of TNT & Flash of Explosion Seen 180 Miles AwayMiles Away
Areas of Destructiveness:Areas of Destructiveness: ½ Mile: Everything Vaporized (3000-4000 Degrees C)½ Mile: Everything Vaporized (3000-4000 Degrees C) 1 Mile: 90% Casualties – All Buildings Destroyed1 Mile: 90% Casualties – All Buildings Destroyed 1.75 Miles: 65% Fatalities – Rivers Flow Counter Current1.75 Miles: 65% Fatalities – Rivers Flow Counter Current 2.5 Miles: 50% Fatalities – Burn Damage -- Suffocation2.5 Miles: 50% Fatalities – Burn Damage -- Suffocation
Trinity Explosion .16 Seconds After
Detonation
Little Boy
Fat Man
The Question of Nuclear The Question of Nuclear WarfareWarfare
A Huge Debate Developed Now About the A Huge Debate Developed Now About the Use of Nuclear Warfare That Hitler Was Use of Nuclear Warfare That Hitler Was DefeatedDefeated
Arguments For Use:Arguments For Use: Fear of U.S.S.R.Fear of U.S.S.R. Destruction of JapanDestruction of Japan Save American LivesSave American Lives
Arguments Against UseArguments Against Use Ethical / Humanity ReasonsEthical / Humanity Reasons Einstein Was One of the Biggest Opponents of Einstein Was One of the Biggest Opponents of
UsingUsing
The Bombs at WorkThe Bombs at Work
Truman Ultimately Decided to Use the Bombs Truman Ultimately Decided to Use the Bombs Against Japan as They Refused to SurrenderAgainst Japan as They Refused to Surrender
Aug. 6, 1945 – B-29 Bomber Flown by Paul Aug. 6, 1945 – B-29 Bomber Flown by Paul TibbetsTibbets Dropped ‘Little Boy’ Over HiroshimaDropped ‘Little Boy’ Over Hiroshima
66,000 Killed Instantly & 200,000 Later66,000 Killed Instantly & 200,000 Later
Aug. 9, 1945 – B – 29 Bomber Named Aug. 9, 1945 – B – 29 Bomber Named “Bock’s Car”“Bock’s Car” Dropped “Fat Man” Over NagasakiDropped “Fat Man” Over Nagasaki More Powerful Bomb But Fewer CasualtiesMore Powerful Bomb But Fewer Casualties
39,000 Killed Instantly & 100,000 Later39,000 Killed Instantly & 100,000 Later
Mushroom Cloud From Bomb @ Nagasaki
Nagasaki After the Bomb
Hiroshima After the Bomb
Photo of Injuries Sustained Due to the
Atomic Bomb
The Surrender of JapanThe Surrender of Japan Emperor Hirohito Emperor Hirohito
Said He Couldn’t Said He Couldn’t Bear to See His Bear to See His People Suffer Any People Suffer Any More & Ordered More & Ordered Surrender Papers Surrender Papers to Be Drawn Upto Be Drawn Up
Japan Japan Surrendered – Surrendered – August 14, 1945 August 14, 1945 on USS Missouri on USS Missouri in Tokyo Bayin Tokyo Bay V-J DayV-J Day
WWII in ReviewWWII in Review
46 – 55 Million Dead46 – 55 Million Dead 35 Million Wounded35 Million Wounded 3 Million Missing3 Million Missing 30 Million Soldiers Dead30 Million Soldiers Dead
300,000 American300,000 American 23 Million Soviet23 Million Soviet
6 Million Jews Killed as Part of “Final 6 Million Jews Killed as Part of “Final Solution”Solution”
6 Million Others Physically Handicapped6 Million Others Physically Handicapped
The Rebuilding Process The Rebuilding Process After WarAfter War
The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill Met @ Yalta b/f Germany Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill Met @ Yalta b/f Germany
Surrendered (but Surrender Was on the Way) to Surrendered (but Surrender Was on the Way) to Discuss Fate of Postwar WorldDiscuss Fate of Postwar World
Views @ Conference:Views @ Conference: Stalin: Punish Germany HarshlyStalin: Punish Germany Harshly Churchill: Complete OppositeChurchill: Complete Opposite Roosevelt: MediatorRoosevelt: Mediator
Break Germany into 4 Military Controlled Sections and Break Germany into 4 Military Controlled Sections and Eventually Make Back into Free and Combined GermanyEventually Make Back into Free and Combined Germany
Roosevelt Wanted Stalin as FriendRoosevelt Wanted Stalin as Friend To Join in War Against JapanTo Join in War Against Japan Participate in International Meeting in San Francisco Participate in International Meeting in San Francisco
United NationsUnited Nations
The Nuremberg War The Nuremberg War TrialsTrials
A Series of War Trials Were Developed A Series of War Trials Were Developed After the War to Punish NAZI Officials for After the War to Punish NAZI Officials for Crimes Against HumanityCrimes Against Humanity Result of Evidence Found in Concentration Result of Evidence Found in Concentration
CampsCamps 12 Initial Officials Sentenced to Death 12 Initial Officials Sentenced to Death
and Many Others Sentenced to Jail Termsand Many Others Sentenced to Jail Terms Principle Established:Principle Established:
It is Not an Excuse to “Follow Orders” to Kill It is Not an Excuse to “Follow Orders” to Kill Another Human BeingAnother Human Being
The HolocaustThe HolocaustHolocaust: Systematic Murder of 11 Million
People Across
Europe – More Than Half Were
Jews
The Elimination of Jews in The Elimination of Jews in GermanyGermany
The Targeting of JewsThe Targeting of Jews Hitler Specifically Targeted Hitler Specifically Targeted
Jews for Economic Problems Jews for Economic Problems and Defeat in WWIand Defeat in WWI
Nuremberg Laws (1935)Nuremberg Laws (1935) Stripped Jews of Personal Stripped Jews of Personal
Property, Jobs, and Property, Jobs, and CitizenshipCitizenship
Forced Jewish People to Forced Jewish People to Wear Star of DavidWear Star of David
Kristallnacht – Nov. 9 – Kristallnacht – Nov. 9 – 10, 193810, 1938 NAZI Destruction of Jewish NAZI Destruction of Jewish
Businesses and SynagoguesBusinesses and Synagogues
Hitler’s “Final Solution”Hitler’s “Final Solution” Hitler’s “Final Solution” Was the Deliberate Hitler’s “Final Solution” Was the Deliberate
and Systematic Killing of the Entire Jewish and Systematic Killing of the Entire Jewish Population (Genocide)Population (Genocide) Why: Aryans Were a Superior People and the Purity Why: Aryans Were a Superior People and the Purity
of the Master Race Must Be Preservedof the Master Race Must Be Preserved Those Who Hitler Condemned:Those Who Hitler Condemned:
Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, Mentally Ill, Physically DisabledHomosexuals, Mentally Ill, Physically Disabled
Forced Relocation: Forced Relocation: Hitler’s ‘Security Squadron’ or SS Rounded Up Jews Hitler’s ‘Security Squadron’ or SS Rounded Up Jews
and Moved them to Ghetto’s or Segregated Jewish and Moved them to Ghetto’s or Segregated Jewish Areas in Poland and then in Other AreasAreas in Poland and then in Other Areas
PHOTO OF THE WARSAW GHETTO
The Final StageThe Final Stage
The NAZI’s Developed Concentration The NAZI’s Developed Concentration Camps, First in Poland, and then Camps, First in Poland, and then Throughout Europe for Holding and Throughout Europe for Holding and Eliminating the Jew’s of EuropeEliminating the Jew’s of Europe
Types of Camps:Types of Camps: Labor CampsLabor Camps Death CampsDeath Camps
Originally Developed for Political Enemies Originally Developed for Political Enemies in Germany – Plan Just Shifted to Jewsin Germany – Plan Just Shifted to Jews
Camps Also Used for Medical Experiments Camps Also Used for Medical Experiments / Research/ Research
NAZI Concentration and NAZI Concentration and Death CampsDeath Camps