Post on 04-Dec-2014
description
How we can envisage a researcher successfully browsing Wittgenstein Web
contents, but why s/he also should be able to annotate the contents, and what needs to be in place for such annotation
Alois Pichler (WAB)
Cortona & Berlin, 17. & 21.1.2013
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OA Wittgenstein resources 2012
• (1) A substantial amount of Wittgenstein primary sources available OA– http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/
• (2) A substantial amount of Wittgenstein secondary sources available OA– http://wab.uib.no/agora-wab– http://wab.uib.no/agora-alws– http://www.nordicwittgensteinreview.com/
• (3) A substantial amount of Wittgenstein metadata available OA– http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/– http://wab.uib.no/cost-a32_philospace/wittgenstein.owl– DM2E …
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Adequate utilization
Adequate utilization of these resources requires:
• (4) An open RI which integrates and interlinks the resources and offers an attractive environment for work on them along the lines of ”research primitives”/ ”scholarly primitives”Such utilization should also include the
possibility to annotate the resources furtherPundit
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My plan for this presentation
• (1) Scholarly scenarios for searching, browsing and focusing– RI: wittgensteinsource.org-SwickyNotes
• (2) The case for annotation, and elements of what is needed for it (→ Pundit)– Annotation tool– Controlled vocabularies and ontologies
• Three steps: Wittgenstein Source → SwickyNotes → Pundit
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Wittgenstein Source
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SwickyNotes
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Pundit
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Wittgenstein Sourceresearch scenario
• A scholar wishes to investigate Wittgenstein’s thought about language learning
• Searching for ”learning of language” on the OA Wittgenstein Source http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/ brings her to a number of relevant passages
• She gets particularly interested in a specific passage from the Brown Book: http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-310,1[1]_d
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Wittgenstein Source: Searching for ”learning of language”
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Wittgenstein Source: Search results for ”learning of language”
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Wittgenstein Source: Focusing on a specific passage, containing ”learning of language”
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But we need more than Wittgenstein Source alone:
The case for something like SwickyNotes
• The researcher wishes to learn more about the Ts-310,1[1] passage, including about the Ts-310 item and the context to which it belongs.– She wants more data (more texts: relevant primary and
secondary sources)– She wants more metadata (relevant data about these texts and
the relations within and between them: bibliographic, semantic … metadata)
– She wants to browse the data and metadata in interconnected ways
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In order to get his wish fulfilled, the researcher has to …
• … be able to find out that there are other relevant texts (primary and secondary sources)
• … have access to these texts, ideally OA• … be able to find, have access to and efficiently
browse information about these texts and about the relations within and between them (metadata), ideally OA
• … be able to use all these resources together, in interlinked and integrated ways, ideally, through one interface, and with nice graph vizualisation tools as support
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In order to get his wish fulfilled, the researcher has to … (cont.)
• … get data and metadata organized in an OA RI with an ontology as its backbone– Ontology (classes, subclasses, instances,
relations/properties), see http://wab.uib.no/cost-a32_philospace/wittgenstein.owl
• We have this RI now getting in place(!) thanks to EU DISCOVERY (2006-09), NordForsk JNU VWAB (2008-11), EU Agora (2011-13), EU SemLib (2011-12), EU DM2E (2012-14), NB-UBB Digitale Fulltekstarkiv (2012-13), … For a brief description of the situation in 2012 see Pichler & Smith & Falch & Krüger 2012.
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The SwickyNotes browsing tool / RI
• The best currently available browsing tool / RI for Wittgenstein research is SwickyNotes– SwickyNotes has the great benefit of offering one
interface for working with primary sources, secondary sources and metadata in interlinked ways
– Three key components• Resource • Graph • Ontology
– Bi-directional interaction between Graph and Resource
• SwickyNotes is a desktop application.
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The SwickyNotes Trio
(2b) Text / Resource
→
(2a) Graph
←(1) Ontology
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SwickyNotes: Integrating sources, ontology and graph vizualisation
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Searching for ”Lernen der Sprache”
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Interlinked browsing of texts (data) and relations (metadata)
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Exploring Wittgenstein’s references to Augustine further
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Checking PG 1969, Part II, §17, and focusing on one of its sources
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Results from focusing on the source of PG 1969, Part II, §17
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Bi-directional interaction
• In order to pursue the original Nachlass context further, the scholar browses in Wittgenstein Source to the next Bemerkung (Ms-114,47v[6]et48r[1]_n).
• This leads to an automatic update of the graph window which now displays the relations recorded for Ms-114,47v[6]et48r[1].
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Pursuing the co(n)text of PG 1969, Part II, §17 in the Nachlass source
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”Semantic” queries
• Now the scholar wants to query Wittgenstein secondary sources for the topic of language learning.
• On the list of ”Issue” instances he finds a number of relevant terms, among them ”language acquisition” and ”learning”.*– ”learning” leads him to two articles on the subject.
*A note: The secondary sources issues are derived from keywords provided by the authors of these sources.
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From ”language acquisition” …
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… to a secondary source author …
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… to ”form of life”
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Querying the relation between ”published works” and Nachlass
• The Wittgenstein scholar familiar with the so-called ”Published Works” from Suhrkamp or Blackwell or … wishes to consult the original Nachlass about a certain passage he knows from the ”work” ”Philosophical Grammar”: PG 1969, Part II, §17.
• She focuses in the Wittgenstein ontology on the instance W-PG1969:PartI:II:sect17 which leads her to the instance Ms-114,47v[5], the Nachlass source for the ”work” publication.
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Now the scholar wants to add new knowledge to the existing knowledge: Annotation through adding
comments / explicating existing relations
• Annotation can be carried out through ”free comments”
• However, even such ”free” annotation greatly benefits from support through controlled vocabularies and ontologies:– By referring to and using the same ontological
background, Wittgenstein scholars’ engagement and interaction with the resource and each other can become incomparibly more structured and shareable.
– We can more quickly start talking about the same things!
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”Talking the same language”
Shared concepts for objects (in square brackets):
• ”The text [Bemerkung: Ts-310,1[1]_d]]”– ”discusses [Issue: learning of language]” (NB: multilinguality!)– ”is authored by [Person: Wittgenstein Ludwig]”– ”is part of [TS: Ts-310]”– ”has been published in [Work: W-BBB]”– ”dates from [Date: 19341000-19350500]”– ”has other version in [Bemerkung: Ms-141,1[1]_d]”– ”refers to [Person: Augustine]”– ”refers to [External Source: Augustine: Confessiones]”
• ”[Work: W-BBB] is referred to in [Secondary Source: VenturinhaNuno_2004]”
• [Secondary Source: VenturinhaNuno_2004] discusses several issues, including [Issue: style]”
• …
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”Talking the same language” (cont.)
Shared concepts for relations:
• The strings in square brackets (e.g. ”Bemerkung: Ts-310,1[1]_d”) in the slide above describe the stable nodes of the map (the instances), while the strings between the entries in square brackets refer to relations between these nodes (the relations).
• For each relation, its domain and range are defined so that they are ascribed in consistent and coherent ways.– E.g.: In our Wittgenstein ontology, it is excluded that one
predicates about an instance of Issue that it has a date (relation: hasDate); only an instance of Source can have a date.
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WAB’s Wittgenstein ontology (for a brief description see Pichler & Zöllner-Weber 2012)
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Source
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Subject
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Person
• Tba.
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Source branch (classes) • Source: A thing which is a primary or a secondary source.• Primary source: A primary source for Wittgenstein scholarship, authored by Wittgenstein or in cooperation with
Wittgenstein, or not by Wittgenstein but referred to by Wittgenstein.• Wittgenstein primary source, subclass of Primary source: A primary source for Wittgenstein scholarship, authored
by Wittgenstein or in cooperation with Wittgenstein.• External primary source, subclass of Primary source: A primary source for Wittgenstein scholarship, not authored
by Wittgenstein nor in cooperation with Wittgenstein, but referred to in a Wittgenstein primary source.– Example of instance: Goethe JWv: Faust; Augustine St: Confessiones
• MS, subclass of Wittgenstein primary source: A Wittgenstein primary source physical item, handwritten.– Example of instance: Ms-115; Ms-139a
• TS, subclass of Wittgenstein primary source: A Wittgenstein primary source physical item, typed.– Example of instance: Ts-213; Ts-310
• Bemerkung, subclass of Wittgenstein primary source: A single remark in a Wittgenstein primary source.– Example of instance: Ts-310,21[2]et22[1]
• Sentence, subclass of Wittgenstein primary source: A single sentence in a Wittgenstein primary source.– Example of instance: Ts-310,21[2]et22[1]_1; Ts-310,21[2]et22[1]_2
• Chapter, subclass of Wittgenstein primary source: A single chapter in a Wittgenstein primary source.– Example of instance: Ts-213,ch-i
• Work, subclass of Wittgenstein primary source: A standard publication (“work”) of a Wittgenstein primary source.– Example of instance: W-CV; W-TLP
• Secondary source: A secondary source for Wittgenstein scholarship, not authored by Wittgenstein nor in cooperation with Wittgenstein, but referring to Wittgenstein or a Wittgenstein primary source.
– Example of instance: PichlerAlois_2001; WallgrenThomas_2008
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Person branch (classes)
• Person: A thing which is a person.• Author, subclass of Person:
– Example of instance: KantImmanuel; PichlerAlois; WallgrenThomas
• NB: In addition to instances of the subclass Author, the Person class is also populated with direct instances of person – Example of instance: Socrates; Moses;
WittgensteinPaul
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Subject branch (classes)• Subject: All things which are neither a source nor a person (nor a relation)• Place, subclass of Subject:
– Example of instance: Skjolden; Cambridge• Date, subclass of Subject:.
– Example of instance: 19361105; 19450000• Issue, subclass of Subject:
– Example of instance: philosophy; logical analysis• Point, subclass of Subject:
– Example of instance: Logical analysis is essential to philosophy• Field, subclass of Subject: A field of philosophical discussion.
– Has subclasses: Metaphysics; Epistemology a.o.• Example of subclass structure: Field > Epistemology > Scepticism > Rule-
FollowingScepticism
• Perspective, subclass of Subject: – Has subclasses: APichler_Course_TLP; APichler_Course_PI a.o.
• Example of subclass structure: Perspective > APichler_Course_TLP > [Instances] Kontradiktion-contradiction; Sachverhalt-state_of_affairs …
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Relations (selection)
•isPartOf ↔ hasPart
– Example of instance:[Ms-114,48v[5]et49r[1]] isPartOf [Ms-114];[Ms-114] hasPart [Ms-114,48v[5]et49r[1]]
• isPublishedInWork ↔ isWorkPublishedFrom– Example of instance:
[Ms-114,48v[5]et49r[1]] isPublishedIn [W-PG1969:PartI:II:sect19]; [W-PG1969:PartI:II:sect19] isPublicationOf [Ms-114,48v[5]et49r[1]]
• refersTo ↔ isReferredToIn– Example of instance:
[Augustinus, Aurelius: Confessiones] isReferredToIn [Ms-114,48v[5]et49r[1]];[Ms-114,48v[5]et49r[1]] refersTo [Augustinus, Aurelius: Confessiones]
• hasAuthor ↔ isAuthorOf– Example of instance:
[ArisoJM] isAuthorOf [ArisoJM_2003]; [ArisoJM_2003] hasAuthor [ArisoJM]
• hasDate ↔ isDateOf– Example of instance:
[Ms-118,11r[2]] hasDate [19370825]; [19370825] isDateOf [Ms-118,11r[2]]
• hasOtherVersion– Example of instance:
[Ms-114,48v[5]et49r[1]] hasOtherVersion [Ms-152,38[2]]
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Relations (selection, cont.)• Discusses[Issue/Point] ↔ is[Issue/Point]DiscussedIn
– Example of instance: [ArisoJM_2003] discusses [dream]; [dream] isDiscussedIn [ArisoJM_2003];[W-TLP] discusses [Philosophical analysis is essential to philosophy];[Philosophical analysis is essential to philosophy] isDiscussedIn [W-TLP]
• isContra ↔ isArguedAgainstIn– Example of instance:
[Philosophical analysis is essential to philosophy] isArguedAgainstIn [W-PI];[W-PI] isContra [Philosophical analysis is essential to philosophy]
• isPro ↔ isArguedForIn– Example of instance:
[W-TLP] isPro [Philosophical analysis is essential to philosophy];[Philosophical analysis is essential to philosophy] isArguedForIn [W-TLP]
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Conceptual mappings (cf. http://dm2edata.hu-berlin.de/neologism/dm2e)
WAB speech DM2E data model
isPartOf ↔ hasPart [dct:isPartOf] ↔ [dct:hasPart]
isPublishedInWork ↔ isWorkPublishedFrom [dm2e:publicationOfRemark]
refersTo ↔ isReferredToIn [dm2e:refersTo]
hasAuthor ↔ isAuthorOf [dm2e:author]
hasDate ↔ isDateOf [dm2e:dateOfRemark]
hasOtherVersion
Discusses[Issue/Point] ↔ is[Issue/Point]DiscussedIn
isContra ↔ isArguedAgainstIn
isPro ↔ isArguedForIn
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WAB’s Wittgenstein ontology:a very great number of RDF triples
• The model is throughout: aRb, where a and b stand for instances (objects), and R for the relation between them– Objects can enter into different configurations (pairs)
– but not all combinations are possible– Between the same pair of object a range of different
relations can obtain – but not all relations– Formalized example:
• [instance1]R1[instance2] & [instance1]R1[instance3] & [instance2]R2[instance7] & …
A web of connections• Cf. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus logico-
philosophicus!
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The RDF triple ”code”: an example
<Bemerkung rdf:about="http://wittgensteinsource.org/Ms-115,118[1]_n">
<rdfs:label>Ms-115,118[1]</rdfs:label><hasAuthor rdf:resource="http://discovery-project.eu/ontologies/wittgensteinsource/Wittgenstein_Ludwig"/><hasDate rdf:resource="19360800-19361100"/><isPublishedInWork rdf:resource="http://discovery-project.eu/ontologies/wittgensteinsource/W-EPB1970"/>
</Bemerkung>
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Some figures
As of today (January 2013), our ontology comprises:
• 10+ types of relations• 100+ instances of External Source
[Source]• 500+ instances of Secondary Source
[Source]• 1 000+ instances of Issue [Subject]• 10 000+ instances of Bemerkung [Source]
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Moreover: The case for user-driven augmentation of the ontology!
• Why the annotator needs to be able not only to:– Create free comments– Explicate already existing relations (picked from a
pre-established set) between already existing instances (picked from a pre-established set)
• But also to:– Create new instances and relation types
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The case for user-driven augmentation of the ontology (cont.)
Creating new instances
• A new [Secondary source]– A scholar has published a new article which discusses a certain Wittgenstein primary source; he wants to make the public aware
of this achievement and (1) adds to the existing ontology a new secondary source instance, and (2) establishes through the property refersTo the relation between his secondary source and the Wittgenstein primary source.
• A new [Issue]– Moreover, the scholar (1) adds a philosophical theme (issue) treated in the article to the list of issues, and (2) establishes through
the property discusses the relation between his secondary source and the issues. [NB: it shall be possible to add the new issue in a different language (or a translation of an already existing issue) → language labels!]
• A new [Point]– Also, the scholar (1) adds a philosophical claim (point) to the list of points, and (2) establishes through the property discusses the
relation between his secondary source and the point. [NB: the new point can be added in a different language → language labels!]• A new [Date]
– The scholar disagrees with WAB’s dating of a specific Wittgenstein Bemerkung and wants to propose an alternative date. She (1) adds to the existing ontology a new date instance, and (2) establishes through the property hasDate the relation between the Bemerkung and this date. In addition, (3) the scholar creates a point ”Bemerkung […] hasdate […]” and (4) labels, through the relation isPro, his article to support this point.
• …
There must be procedures and premises for sharing and including user annotation in the backbone ontology!– Legal– Technical– Scholarly– …
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Work flow for user-driven augmentation of the ontology (adding of new instances and
additional relation types)
• Creating (to begin with in one’s own ”notebook”) new ontological instances and relations
• Sharing one’s suggestions for new instances and relations with others
• Submitting the new instances and relations for review by the ontology coordinators
• (Having the new instances and relations included in the master ontology the ”master notebook”)
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URLs and referencesEntrance:• (2006-) http://wab.uib.no/wab_philospace.pagePrimary and secondary sources:• (2009-) http://wittgensteinsource.org• (2011-) http://wab.uib.no/agora-alws • (2011-) http://wab.uib.no/agora-wab• (2012-) http://www.nordicwittgensteinreview.com/WAB’s ontology:• (2011-) http://wab.uib.no/wittgenstein.owlSwickyNotes:• (2010-) http://dbin.org/swickynotes/downloads.php
References:• (1921) L. Wittgenstein: Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung. In: Annalen der Natur- und
Kulturphilosophie 14. pp. 185-262.• (2012) A. Pichler & A. Zöllner-Weber: Towards Wittgenstein on the Semantic Web. In: Digital
Humanities 2012 Conference Abstracts. pp. 318-321. Hamburg University Press.• (2012) A. Pichler, D. Smith, R. J. Falch & W. Krüger: Elements of an e-platform for Wittgenstein
research. In: Ethics - Society - Politics. Contributions of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society. Edited by Martin G. Weiss and Hajo Greif. pp. 268-270. Kirchberg am Wechsel: ALWS.