Post on 16-Dec-2015
Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security
The Treaty of Versailles created new boundaries, states & occupied territories; however many were unhappy.
The League of Nations was weak. France demanded reparations
from Germany; when unable to pay, France occupied the Ruhr Valley.
The Dawes Plan: Reduced reparations Coordinated Germany’s
payments with ability to pay Granted a $200 million loan
(Am. Investment)
Treaty of Locarno Guaranteed Germany’s borders
with France and Belgium Germany joins League of Nations
(1926)
Kellogg-Briand Pact 63 Nations “renounce war” No reinforcement
The Great Depression
Causes:1. Slump in the economies of many
nations2. International financial crisis3. U.S. Stock Market Crash
Responses: Unemployed and homeless filled the
streets. Govt. interference in the economy Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines
Worksheet questions
Answer for each country (include vocab) How did the Great Depression affect the
country? What did the government do in order to
help boost the economy? What effect did these have on the
country? Were the changes a success? How so?
Germany Germany experienced major inflation
which caused serious social problems. A German democratic state was created
known as the Weimar Republic. The country was not able to pull
themselves out of the Great Depression for a long time. The Germans were severely affected by unemployment during the depression and caused the rise of extremist parties.
Great Britain Declines in the production industries led to a
rise of unemployment. The Labour Party failed to solve the economic
problems. Fell from power in 1931
A new Conservative led Gov. brought Britain out of the worst stages of the Depression by using traditional policies of balanced budgets and protective tariffs.
Keynes- advocated deficit spending (going into debt).
France France had a balanced economy Leftist parties formed the Popular Front
government. Created the French New Deal which gave
workers the right to collective bargaining – the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours
France pulled out of the depression rather quickly due to a more balanced economy and the French New Deal
United States The U.S. production industry fell by half Roosevelt wanted a policy of active
government intervention in the economy, that was called The New Deal.
The New Deal created the U.S. welfare and social security system, including pensions and unemployment insurance.
Although the New Deal didn’t solve the unemployment problem, eventually WW II would because of the need for weapons and supplies.
The Political Spectrum
The Political Spectrum
Rise of Dictators
Totalitarian state – a government that aims to control political, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of citizens.
Wanted to conquer the minds and hearts of their subjects Propaganda Modern communication
Fascist Beliefs & Policies Fascism - a political movement
that stresses extreme loyalty to the state and its leader.
Support for Fascists comes from aristocrats, industrialists, veterans, and the lower middle class.
Fascism similarities to Communism
1. Ruled by dictator & one party system
2. Both denied individual rights3. State is supreme
Difference is that Fascists didn’t want a classless society.
Methods used by
Mussolini
Strict laws against those
criticizing the regime
Secret police,
OVRA, had unrestricted
authority
Outlawed all other political parties
Controlled mass media
Promoted the main ideals of Fascism
through organizations
Made a deal with the Catholic
Church to gain support
Mussolini in Power
The perfect Italian – fit, disciplined, war loving, held traditional values.
Family is the pillar of the state Catholic Church state religion Still unable to truly control every
aspect Large gap between ideals and
practices
A New Era in the Soviet Union Lenin abandoned war communism in
favor of his New Economic Policy (NEP). allowed private ownership of small
businesses Sell produce openly Heavy industry and banking gov. run
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Lenin dies 1924 – no successor named
Politburo – the Communist Party’s main policy making body.
Leon Trotsky Commissar of War Called for rapid
industrialization Spread communism
abroad ( world-
wide revolution
Joseph Stalin
Party general secretary Appointed officials
(received their support) Remove Bolsheviks from
power end NEP
Economic Costs
Stalin shifts from the NEP with his Five-Year Plans. Transform the USSR into an
industrial country Maximum production of military
equipment and capital goods
Social Costs not much money spent on housing
creation of slums Private farms were eliminated under
collectivization – a system in which private farms were eliminated and the government owned all of the land peasants worked on.
Strict laws limited movements
Political Costs
Strengthened hold over party. Those who resisted were sent to
labor camps in Siberia. Old Bolsheviks removed or put to
death Promoted women’s rights
Divorce easier Women work
Eastern Europe fall to Dictators
In Hungary & Poland, the new democratic governments formed after WWI fall to dictators.
By 1935, Czechoslovakia is the only democracy in eastern Europe.
they see authoritarian rule as the only way to prevent instability.
Spain
Civil war in Spain leads to a Fascist dictatorship.
Francisco Franco — a young general who rose quickly as dictator of Spain. Supported by Italy & Germany The Soviet Union supported the
Republican government Authoritarian more than totalitarian
The ancient Basque village of Guernica was destroyed on April 26, 1937 by a German air force more interested in practicing than in any military aims.
Wave after wave of planes dropped heavy bombs as well as incendiary devices on the defenseless town. Fighter pilots strafed civilians attempting to escape.
Hundreds of Guernica citizens lost their lives during the raid. Up to one-third of the town's 5,000 residents were killed.
This image shows the center of Guernica shortly after the raid. Some three-quarters of all buildings in the town were damaged with the center almost completely destroyed.
THEN
Guernica by Pablo Picasso
Hitler’s Germany Hitler wanted to create another
Roman Empire Create an Aryan race that
would dominate Europe Third Reich
Holy Roman Empire Germany empire after unification
Hitler’s Germany
Use variety to maintain a totalitarian state
Schutzstaffeln (SS) – police force used to maintain order Directed by Heinrich Himmler 2 principles – terror and ideology Chief goal was to further the Aryan
race.
Economic policies Put people back to work to reduce
unemployment propaganda
press, radio, literature, painting and film
Rallies (Nuremberg) Youth programs
Women’s roles Traditional role of wife and mother of
the Aryan race Jobs reflected Nazi ideals for women
Kristallnacht “night of broken glass”, November
9, 1938 Destruction against Jewish
synagogues, businesses, and people
clean up everything from Kristallnacht
Many encouraged to leave the country