Post on 04-Aug-2020
James Madison, Republican
Charles Pinckney, Federalist
v.
Election of 1808
Non Intercourse act
• Repeals Jefferson's embargo act
• Opens trade to all nations except France
and Britain
• This act reopens foreign trade but
maintains US stance against alliances with
France or Britain
Causes of the War of 1812
• Continuing warfare in Europe between
France and Great Britain that drew the
United States into the conflict.
• Westward expansion of American
settlement that collided with a native
population determined to protect its lands.
Neutral Rights
• France: Continental System
– Closed the European continent to British trade
– No British or neutral ship that had first touched a British port could land a cargo on the European continent.
• Britain: Orders in Council
– Blockaded the European coast
– Any goods shipped to Napoleonic Europe must be carried in British ships or landed first in England.
British policy of “impressment”:
•Britain claimed the right to stop and search any
American merchant ship and re-impress deserters.
The USS Chesapeake and HMS Leopard
The “Indian Problem” and the
British
• Jefferson’s
solution:
– Assimilation, or
– Migration west of
the Mississippi
River
British Policy
• Northwestern Indians looked to Great
Britain for protection from expansionist-
minded Americans.
• Britain looked to the Indians as partners in
the lucrative fur trade and as wartime
allies.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
• Urged tribal unity to
oppose U.S.
expansion.
• Sought to unite all
tribes of the
Mississippi River
Valley.
•Argued that the
treated negotiated by
Harrison were
invalid. Tecumseh
Battle of Tippecanoe
• William Henry Harrison Defeats Tecumseh
and his Indian Confederation
Lure of Canada and Florida
• Because of the British
support given to
Tecumseh, northern
frontiersmen believed
that only by driving
the British out of
Canada could the
frontier be made safe
for American
expansion.
Lure of Canada and Florida
• Southern
frontiersmen coveted
Spanish Florida
(present state of
Florida, and southern
parts of Alabama,
Mississippi, and
Louisiana).
War Hawks
John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina Henry Clay of
Kentucky
Early Battles of the War of 1812
An attack on Canada by way of Detroit failed, and
Detroit and Fort Dearborn (Chicago) fell to the British.
Early Battles of the War of 1812
Against the northern Indians, William Henry
Harrison won the Battle of the Thames, killing
Indian leader Tecumseh (Jan. 1813)
Early Battles of the War of 1812
Against the southern Indians, Andrew Jackson led a
Tennessee force against the Creeks and defeated
them in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Mar. 27, 1814).
New British
attacks in 1814:
•Chesapeake
Bay
•Lake
Champlain
•Mouth of the
Mississippi
River
August 1814: a British fleet sails up
Chesapeake Bay and lands an army that
threatens Washington D.C.
American forces are routed—the flight of the
Americans is known as the “Bladensburg
Races.”
President and Mrs. Madison quickly left
Washington as the British entered the city.
The British burn Washington, including the
President’s House.
The bombardment of Fort McHenry guarding
Baltimore, Sept. 1814.
Fort McHenry National Historic Site
American lawyer
Francis Scott Key
watched the
bombardment.
The next morning,
“by the dawn’s
early light,” he
could see the flag
on the fort still
flying.
Francis Scott Key and the real “Star-Spangled
Banner”
The Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWkOe
K5AmI8
British General
Edward Pakenham
led battle-hardened
veterans of the war
against Napoleon
who landed south of
New Orleans and
moved up the
Mississippi River.
Andrew Jackson led the troops protecting the city
of New Orleans.
New Orleans battlefield
291 British dead; 1200 wounded; 500 captured.
13 Americans dead; 39 wounded.
The Treaty of Ghent was signed on Dec. 24, 1814,
before the Battle of New Orleans!
The Treaty of Ghent
• All lands taken by either side would be
returned to the previous owner;
• The United States retained fishing rights
off the Newfoundland coast;
• All outstanding debts and property taken
was to be returned or paid for in full.
Hartford Convention
• Convention of New England merchants
who opposed the embargo and the War of
1812
• Strong states rights
• Propose amendments to constitution
Results of the War of 1812
• The United States gained international
stature by battling the British Empire to a
standstill.
• American morale and pride increased after
the Battle of New Orleans.
• The Federalist Party disappeared and the
U.S. entered an “era of good feelings.”
Results of the War of 1812
• Increased emphasis on military professionalism and the training of military officers—West Point Military Academy founded.
• Transportation problems during the war encouraged road building afterwards.
• Dramatic effect on manufacturing in the U.S., as American manufacturers replaced British imports.