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Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations
1931
The transmission of pressure in the dry pressing of typical The transmission of pressure in the dry pressing of typical
building brick and fire brick mixes as affected by the variation in building brick and fire brick mixes as affected by the variation in
grog size grog size
Henry Rickel Herron
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Part of the Ceramic Materials Commons
Department: Materials Science and Engineering Department: Materials Science and Engineering
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Herron, Henry Rickel, "The transmission of pressure in the dry pressing of typical building brick and fire brick mixes as affected by the variation in grog size" (1931). Bachelors Theses. 304. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/304
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~- TRANSMISSION OF PRESSURE IN THE DRY PRESSING
OF TYPICAL BUILDING BRICK AND FI}iE BRICK I~:IXES .AS AFFECT:ED
BY TffE VARIATION IN GROG SIZE
A
THE-SIS
submit.ted to the faculty of the
SCHOOL OF MINES AJn) bLETALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI
in partial fulfilLment of the work re~uired for the
De-gree of
BACHEL6R OF sc rENeE IN CERAMIC ENGINEERING
Rolla. Missouri
1931
A.pproved by --------------------Pro:ressor of Ceramic Engineerin.g-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
ACKN OVVLEDG1\rENT • • • • • .. • • • • !
INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3
MATERIltLS USED .. • .. • '. • • • • • • • • • • 6
SIZING OF lVIATERIp...LS • • • • • • • • • • 6,
MIXING .AIm TEMJ?li,EING • • • • • • • • • 7
FORMING. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8
TEST SPEC I:MEl~S • • • • • 9
DRYING .. .. • • • .. • • .. • • • • • • • ~o
APPAli.ENT POROSITY DETEilliiINATION. • • • • • • 10
CALCUL.A.TIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIO~I ,OF DJ~TA • • • • • l~
DATA .. • • '. • • • • .' • • • • • • .. • 12
CURVES • • • • • • • • • .. .. • • • .. • 23
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. • • • • • • .. • 24
RESUME .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28,
ACDJOWLEDGIVfENT:;:
The wri ter wishes· to aeknow~edge his· indebtedness to the
Dry Press· Commi ttee of the National Bricl{ }[anufacturers
Association fo~· the priviledge of us ing its dry press in
~arrying out the investigation.
Special IlPI>reciatiorl is Que to Doctor ]I. .E.Holmes and to
Professor C.M.DodCL for their many helpful comments and
criticisms throughout ~he entire research problem.
The writer wishes to thank and congratulate his
Qo-investigat,or, ·S.J. Tompach t for his hearty ~oo:peration
in all the work encountered.
I~rTROlJUCTION
In the :tormation o:r dry pre'sse<l ware. the transmission of
pressure is of' vital import.anc.a t.o the quali t.y and eharac"t-e·r
of' the finished proQuct, as regards the resistanee· to spalling.
load at high. temperatures. slag aetion. abrasion anQ other
physieal propertie-s·. Furthermo're·,. the· transmissi.on of pressure
is a limi ting :rae'tor as regards the s·ize and. irregularity of
shape o~ a pro~Qct manufaetured by the dry press process.
Prior to the time of' this. investigation several companies
have sucaeed.ed. in producing ware. up to· six (6) inches in dept·h;
but an inerease over six inehe. has resulted.. in every oase. in
failura iiue to lam~ations, so:rt. eanters t andair crack.s~ which
were c.aused by entrapped air.
An id.ea~ mater'ial :for' dry press,ing' would. be one. which
possesses the J,nherent characteristies of' water. i.e •• trans
mi·ts pressure equally in al~ direc.tions. C·~ay» unf'ortunately.
does not possess this clesirab:le property and. it is the aim of'
dry press inves.tigators to a:pproaC'h tlle. ideEtl pressure trans
mission. whie;h water ::Possess.es to such a marvelous clegreeOl
The cause for unequa~ d.is·tribution of pr"essure in a clay
mix is Que to differences. in grain sizes. ~riction be~een the
grains. abs:ence of lub·rication between tha grains. and the
di:r:fere'nce in phys1.c.al ]ropartie's of the various grains.
!fh.e Ceramic InQus.tries or -the United States have dec1d..ed
to concluct a series. of inTes.~igations concerning the d.ry press
p,r'oblems of manufaeturing bigger ana. better ware. 50 tile
a.tiona1 B 1ek Ian~acture,r8Ass{)c.1ation ha$-" appo.inted a
Commit"5ee on the Dry Presa Proe:ess to work in coordination nth.
3
the Ceramic Departrnent of the hl[issouri School of Ivfines and
Metallurgy on a series of investigations relative to the im~
ortant prob16:ms of the' dry press process. T.his Comnli ttee~ has.
secured. a hyclraulia· press. which is established at the M1ss,ouri
School of Mines and Metallurgy.
The first 1")robl.em investigated. by the d.ry press Commi ttee·
was eondueted by C. M. Dodd.; G. A. Page; F. F. Netzebancl3 on
uThe Transmission of Pre:ssure in the 'Dry Pressing o~ Typical
Building Brick and Fire Brick Mixes As Affected By the Degree
o~ Pressure.• Physical Charaeter of the Mix Ingredients t and
the Moisture Content of the Mix. 1t.
From this problem it was discovered that the more fines
present. the less uniform is the pressure transmission. The
bUilQing brick contained more fines that the fire brick. and
the bUilding ~rick mix, with its excess fineSt transmitted
pressuIlle less uniformily than the fire brick mix <lid. It was
als.o established that the. most, pra0tioal water content far dry
pre:ss work was ?-Sro • The most et:r'ieient I>re~ssure was found
to be 2000 pounds per square ineh for good pressure trans-
mission.
(1) C.M.~odd - Assistant Professor of Ceramie' Engineeringa& the. Missouri Sahool of Mines ana. Metal~u.rgy.
(2) G.,A.Page - S~enior Student of Ceramie- Engineeringat the Missouri School of ~nes and Metallurgy in 1930.
(3) F.F·.Net.ze·b.and - Senior Student o:f Ceramic Engineeringat the Missouri School of Min,es" and Metallurgy in 1930.
This paper maybe obtained. at the TeohniealLibrary of
The Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy at Rolla.• Missour1.
The second :proble,m stuclieQ was~ ltThe Ef:tect o:r Occluded
Air in Dry Press Mixes lt by W. R. Powel11 From this :problem
it was clisc:overe.a that the e:f:fect of a vacauum on the reIna,val
o~ occluded air increased. trl6 porosi ty. This was :round to be·
true between 500 and 2000 pounQS, per s~uare in~h on~y. Above
these ~ressures there was no Qecided effect proQueed by a
vacuum",
The third problem investigated concerned. ffT'he Ef:reo.t of
Grog on Pre,ssure Transm.i.ssion in Dry Pressing. tt Tha in
vestigators were C.M.:Dodd.1 and. M.E.H.olmes5• It was deter-
minecl that the adclition o:f grog increased.. the pressure. trans-rn
mission, ancl near 5ar; add.i tion of grog gave the. max~um effect.
although small. additions· aid-a.a.. materiall.y. The more fine,s
prese-nt in a mix~ aueh as the. building briek mix. the more
grog was re~uired to give good. pressure transmission. The
smaller the pressure~ the mere grog was required. It was eon
eluded that thro·u.gh the use of a substantial amount, of grog.
shapes as· thick as tan (lO) inehes eoulQ be formed with a min
imum loss through physi ca~ defects arising' f:ronl clifferential
shrinking.
The foregoing stUdy has a tiirect bearing on this paper,the
ai.nee both are aoneerned with grog. Sineej\ optimum amount of'
grog was :found. fl prob!lem in direct coordina tion with the
abo,va would. b·e the optimum size of grog. lfhe·refore,. this
:paper originatecl :from the ab.Qve rela ti onship anci co·ncerns the.
(4) ·W.R.Powel~ - Se·nior St.udent o~ Ce.ramie Eng'ineeringat the: Missouri Schoo1 of Mines and. Metallurgy in 1930.
(~) M.E.Holmes, .. Professor of :Ceramic Engineeringat the lfisSQuri Schoo1 a,f" Mines and Metall.urgy.
size of grog and ~he best pressure transmission.
MATERIALS USim
The clays use·d ax~e· repI.le-sentativa: of the various types
of clays employed· in dry ~ress work. A mixture of 30~ grog
and 7·0/~ clay was used in eacl1. case. The grog used throughout
the eJq>eriment was obtained from Cheltenham Briek.
The foll.owing· list gives the- clays used and. the sizing
t,Q 1ih1.ch they we-re' ground:
(1) North Missouri Semi-flint Clay ~ S- Mesh
(2) North Missouri Plastio Fire Cla-y ... 8 Mesh
(3) Cheltenham Fire Clay - 8 Mesh
(4) St. "LoUis Sur~aoe. Clay - 10 Mesh
SIZING OF MATERIALS
CLAY:
The primary crushing was performed in a J·aw crt1sher and the
lumps re-duc-ad to a maximum of one (1) ineh. ~hen the seeond.ary
crushing was done by dry :panning in a three foot. C3onvertible.
~et and dry ~an.running at a speed o~ sixty (60) R.P.M. The
openings in the sereen :plates of the dry pan were l/e inehes
.in width and: 6 inches in length. The milled material was
sereened. through the <lea.ired- mesh on at Great Wes,tern Manufac·t
urLng Company Gyratory Ridd1e. ~he tailings were returned to
the· dry pan and. reground until the entire ba:tch passed through
the desired-mesh.
Grog.:
ftte cr- « was ,sizad. in eJEact:Ly the same manneraB the clay.
ne gQg was ground. i:~ the dry pan ana $creened through six. (6)
different meshes) which were:
Through 2,.5 M'eshn 4 "11 8 It
tt' 20 t
tt 40 It
It 60 IT
It must be: emph.asi zed that the grog was ground to the
de-sire·d fine 5S so that i t all passed through the reflUireo.
mesh. There::rore. the rna te.ria1. that pass.ad. through 2.• 5. mesh
eontaine<l all the d.i:fferent .size grains whi~·h range below the
siz'e of the 2.5 mesh openings. while. the grog whioh p.assed thru..
~.he' 60 mesh openings eontaine:d on~y the grain Biz,es below t.he 60
mesh openings.
The reason for' grinding the· gro·g through the various meshes
ma~e explaine~ by the ~aet that in the manufacturing operations
o~ the industry. a separation of the tiifferent grain sizes is
very seld.om macle. An a t tempt was mad.e to approximate as nearly
as possible the actual operative conditions in praatiee.
MIXING AIm TEMPERING
The first step was; to we'igh out. the grog and. elay in the
c·orre~t. prop'ortions - 3~and '10% respective·ly. In each ease the
total'mixture weighe~ 35 pounds. as this weight gave a plentiful
a.llowanaa :tor' each test bloc·k. Then the mixture was plaeed in. a
small kneading machine. ana a.ll.owed to mix dry. for on.$ minute.
An. eight '8) per eent. ad.Qition of water was adcleo. to the mixture.
and th,emixer a,11oweii to run for fiva minutes in artier to pro-
7
viae an equa1. distribution of ater. eigh~ of water ~ded
in e~ch case .as 2 poun .s.... 2.8 Q·unc·es. ftla r'esu1ting mixtur
as dumped. f:rom t.he'kneatiing machine onto a 2.5 mesh se:reen~ and
rushe hrough in orcler to ramo e a11 lumps Qf' coagulated (I.lay.
Each batch was covered with a damp cloth and al~owed to
age for twenty-four hour's before being formeci in orcler to insure
a homogeneity of the mix.
Samples for moisture determillations were take·n from each
bateh before forming into blocks.
FO·RMING
A/hydrauliC dry press made by the Hydraulic Press Manufact
uring Company of' Mount Gilead." Ohia, was used for :forming all
test blocks.
~he operating s:peci~ications of this press are as follows:."
The maxium pressure obtainable on this :pre.. is 684.0 pounds perA
sQ..uare inc-h. whic'h gives a total pre-ssura of' 135 Tons on the
mo,ld box surface of 9: inches by 4; inches. ~he maximum cle·pth
of the mold box is 22 inches. which permitteQ blocks to be
forma·a.. up to 10 inehes in d.e:gth. The possible:: lower ram travel
was 22 inahes~ and the mold. box itself traveled 1i ·inches•.
A gaatge. was locatecl between the electrie plunger pump and
the compression aylind.er of the dry .press. ind.icating at all times
of compression the, :pressure on the clay column. ~e forming
pre:ssure an al~ blocks in thi 8 investigation was 500 pounds per'
s.~uare inah.•
In the actual. formation of the blooks the lower ram was
first ra.ised to within two inches of the topot the mol.d gax.
~hen a weighe~ amount of the aged mixture wasintroQuced into this
two· inch. depres·s,ion. and a f"linted tissur& towel was p1acad on
top as a s$parating medium between la~ers. ~e; ram as 1Q~ered.
another two inehes t ancl the same operation repeated until th~
co~umn o,t clay was buil.t up into eight 2 inch I.ayers.
s
Since· each l.ayer was of the same weight and thickness. the test
blook was ke.pt uniform throughout.
A:fter the reqUired. number of layers had been placed in the
mold. box. the aompress.ing maahiner:}r was se.t into operation. and
the reqUired pressul'e of 500 pounds :per square inch was apl?lied
for two seconcls and instantly released.. The resultant block
was removed flrom the mold. "box anti its total height measured..
rES T SPEC IME:NS
There were severa~ proposed methods o~ obtaining the
pressure transmission in the whole bloak. but Que to labaratory
linli tations. lack of time ~ ancl lack of finanoial 'backing 1 twas
:finally decided upon to measure the pr~ssure transmission by
means of the variation in Apparent Porosity between the ~ayers
throughout the entire bloek.
The next item to consider was a method of obtaining rep
resentative samples from each layer. 9n which to measure the
Apparent Porosity. ~is was solved by breaking each layer into
four equal parts. and selecting two opposite eorners,on which
an average porosity could be obtained for the entire layer. The
flinted tissure· towel permitted the layers to be separated easily.
Then each layer was broken into i ts fo,ur quarters by striking
sharply over a kni:fe e~ge.
! I23-4 I £3-4X, .
~-_._---t---------
Z3-4'1 23-4X
!he above illustra"tiqp·illustratss the method. employ-ed. in
numbering the tes specimens. This diagram piQtures layer
number 4 in block number 23. The' specimens. used. were 23..4 and
23-4x. the other two being reserved in case of' a necessity of
repetition in measuring the Apparent Porosities.
DRYING
After the test specimens. were selected anti trued. up. in
order to eliminate all loose corners, th&y were placed on a
p·allet. boarCl and allowed to dry at room temperatures for five
days. A.t. the end of' this time the spee-ime:ns were: meahanica11y
dried for 14 hours or more at 2Z50F.
A~ the end o~ the drying period the samples were taken out
of the dryer and allowed to cool in a dessica:tor. Then they
were removed from the dessicator anQ given a. thorough brushing
to remove all loosely adhering particles.
The test specimens were then ready for the final. operation•
.APPARENT POROSITY DETERMINATIONS
The first ate'p' in the de·termina tion of Apparent Porosity
was obtaining the dry weight of the s~eaimens.
Immediately after each sjle'cimen ha<l been weighed dry', it
was immersed in kerosene. to prevent the moisture in the air from
entering into the pores. of each sample. !he next ste:p was t.o
place the s~eeimens. immersed in kerosene. in an evacuating
chamb,er and to apply a vacuum of 2.9 inehes of mereury. 'lhese
s;peeimens were subjected to this. treatment for two hours. They-
were., then, removed from. the eonta:Lne,r and plaeea in k·erosen
unti~ th.ey were needed. ~e:n. the saturated and suspende.d weigh:tB
o,:r. each specimen were obtained and tabul.ated.
lit:'
C:ALCULATIONS
From the d.ry" sat·ll.rated and suspended weight s obtained on
the test specimens, the Apparent Porosity for each sample was
calculated by use of the following formula:
Saturated wt - Dry ~t
II
~ .. S1>. Gr. of Kerosene
Saturated wt ~ SuspendeQ wtSp. Gr. of Kerosene
x 100
Since· the Specific. Gravity of the K.erosene remains constant
throughout. the formula was reduced to the following form:
%AIlP. PorSaturated wt - Dry wt r 100
• • ;;;to..Saturated wt - SusHended wt
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION' OF DAT.'A
The draWing of conclusions and discuss1onof results was
faeilitated by transforming statistieal data to graphical
represe,ntation.
On' the follOWing page,s are the data ancl curves obtained,.
Onl.y one block was run on each grog size. with the exception
ot blocks, Nos. 4. 6) lOt and 14. where it was found n~Q:essary
to run ()heclk bl,acks. The curves plotted were taken as an average
of both the original and eheick blocks.
In order to observe the effect· in variation of grog size.
i t was necessary to kee.p everything constant except the: s.ize,
of grog.
CONSTRUCTIVE DATA ON .ALL BLOCKS
Jz'
No.--I,2
3
4
5,
6
7
8
9
10
~l
1.2
13
l4.
15,
~6
1.'1
~8
19
20
2.1
22
2Z:
24
Grog 'Size- 2.5
.- 4.0
- 8.0
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
- 2.5
- 4.0
- 8.0
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
- 2.5
- 4.0
- 8.0
- 20.0
-40.0
-60.0
- 2.• 5
- 4.0
- 8.0
-20.0
-40.0
....60~O
LayerWgt
3#-140·z
3/-12oz
3i-lloz
3ii- 60z
3#-11oz
31- 60·z
3#- 40Z,
3#- 6oz·
zl- 10z
3#- 30-z
3#- Ooz
3#,- :J.o'z
1J:/f- 80z
3#-l.Ooz
'lJ#- 60z
3#-lOoz
31- 50z
3#-50z
3#-11oz
3#-11oz
3#- 90z
3#- 80z
'li#- 90S
z1-iOoz
T-otal H'eight
8-9/1<
a-511GB
8-Z/16 tf
'l-lQj16tt
8-6/'16 ft
7-13/16rt
7-1.4j~6t1
8-4/l61'
7-8/16"
7-~o/16n
7-9/15"
7-~2/16tl
a--6./1&"
7-10/16
7-11/16
7-11/16f.'
7-9/16tt
8-3/16rt
8-4!16ft
8-1/16"
8-5/1.6
8-12/16
10 Moisture8.65
8.78
9.00
8.46
8.65
8.8.6
8.88
7.86
8.36
8.49
B.28
8.21
B.6~
8.06
8.4Q
'1.80
8.1tS
8.63
8..26
8.40
8.1'1
8.43
8.40
8.38
ClayNo.Mo.Semi-Flint
n
It
'··St.Louis Surface
It
n
n
ft
Che:ltenham
1t
n
n
11'
No.Mo.Plastie Fire
n
It
COMPLETE DATA ON ALL~BLOCKS
21,.492%'~19
22.'0~.45
23.19f;1.'5~1.61
!,0.182
21.~4G
22.~
22.88az.3''l2&.49'21.6,5,21.~
20.9·4
Ayar.Po;r
22.~2
21.4,02.2013Zl.8G2&.42.226012.1.5720.98
22.2.0~46
&4:.0023.Z623.9923.9422.9922.,&620.66a20092:L.7S~.fJ8
20'.9819.4619.6119.2J..
22.92230-4524.2325.1826.,092S. 92~.·08
22.26~~,O~·
2a~92n~'i'7, .0..,.';.
20•. ""',':'2O.1~
19.17
~ For.
·25·.5.02.2:.86a4.0024.142Z.74~.oa
as.062.2.482,0 0 2.519.9:420.2.619.5'21..0916.7120.0719.48
~1.,5
3~.O
35.032.035.53.5.531.531.5:;1 ... 5~8.0
36.038.0~2·.O
3~~O'ZG.O29.0'
33.034:.031.5M.SIZZ.5Zl,.Oao.o~O.5
.. :n..,Q3,2'.0,31:.5_·;',.,,54If:,., .
Sat-Dry;
Z,8.0M.5a3..oS5.0'/)-7.536.0Z~.7
3S.632~.5
~1~O
51.030.5~Q..O
34.029.5W.O
~4 .6·1.42.5157.5137.0148.0140·.a13rr~o
1~9.0
152.5~72.0
165.5162~5152..5~64.5
Q2.~·
l.~l..o
144..0145.0
00.013'1~O13Z.Q1Z2.0110.01Z·,.01S .0
>5 .-m~·a1. .51:" •',5%.·56.,55, ."
Sat..sus
l.49.0161.0lZ7.~,
145·.0108.01Q;G.O137.514:9.0160.5155,.5153>.018,6.5
66.0203.514.7.01Q.4.0
246.0248;.0258.5239.0254~O
M~.O
2040.02:4:3:.526ti.a301.028G~O283.()·2,62;.52,88.0267~O2&£1.0
aw.oM9.•~5222.02Z3.0228.5228.~O
225.5'24.l...0274.0264-.'02"..2;,.5aM~i26' .02'1Z.0,;278.,6
Sus
261.5263.02Z'1.Q.24'.02'12·.6~70.0
241.5260.Q278:.D·270.5264,.5284.S284.52,9·2.0253.~
270;.0
• .. I.
4l.7,.i8.,5
~,'...o
410.5414.0375,.0392.0400.5426.0379·.0409.5439.0426.041~.5
451.0450.54Q·9.o400.6424.0
38'.5Z90.5376.0375.0402~O
383.5~'l .0382.5419·.04'13. ;451..5445.•_415.0452.5419.54.1'1'.0
394.0Z9~.5
~52.0
370.0Z62..0S60.0355,.5Z7S.043,1.0417.54l"'~
4i~
:Dry
3:72.5Z79.fi342--.05L1'1.0~93.0
~90.•0347.~
~76.0
406.5~95.0
~8&.5
414.54:15.5425.53'l~.O
Z94~O
S5Gt.O35705:34~.O
343.03;6'1.~·
350.0346.5.351.038'.0143~,.O
4J.5.~;
407.5383t O'420.5389.5388.0
~61..0360.5~2,O.5
:i,~.5
Z28~5~29.0
~o5K7'.5'~99~5\$~,~ 5.,Q..3$S~O.~'6~·6':S'I~tl'
1$,' •.0,
5.
B10ek
1 ...11-21...Z1-41 51 61--'1--81-lx~...2x1--ZX.1-4%1.-ax1-6%1-7x~8x
~"1Z...~2~3
~-4
2-5~&
2...72-82-1%Z-2X2-k2-4x2"'5%2-6x2-'1xa-ax3-1~-2
3-ZZ-45..5,S-63-7.3~a:
3;-.1%3 ...k,~":'b~~,
,~ 'ax'$-:6x,3~7x
3-8%
/4
Blo'ck Dr;r Sat Sus Sat-Sus: Sat-Dry 1&- Por. Aver.Por
4-1 31.0.fi. 3~9.0 214.5 124.5 28.6 2Z.89 21.4t)-4-2 311.5 33.9.Q 216.5 124.0 28.0 22.Q8 21.544 ..3 Z64.0 3·98.6 253.0 146.B 34.B 22.03' 21~81
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1'1-2 199.5 2~,.O 13900 84,.0 23.5 2?98.(out)25.4917...~ 1.92.0 2~3.0 ·132.Q· 80.6 2:1.0 2.&.09 26.66 '
7-4 208.0 232.5 144.0 8·8.0 24.5 2.7.84 2,8.8711-5. 200.5 225.5 139&Q 86.0 25'.0 Z9.07 28'.ti517-6 203,.0 22~.5 41.0 SZ.6 21.Q 25.71 20.6717-7 178.5 197.0 12Z. 74.0 18.Q 2~.OO ~.94
1.7-8 184.• 0 20~.5 2'l.fi '14.0 1 rz .5' 23.6ti 25.0417-lx 197.6 21.7.0 13'7.0 ,80.0 19.6 24.381'1'-2x la6.0 200.L5 1.29:.0 ·76.5 19'.5 2.5.4.9I7-~x 201.6 224.5 40.0 84.5 23.0 2'.22~7-4x 202.0 228.0 141.0 87.0 26.0 29~89
1'l-5x 185.0 207.,0 1.28.·5 '18.5 22~O 28~ .~
1.7-6x :t90.t> aU·.o 132.6 80.5, 22.5 Z7.~9
1.'1-7x 1.9:2.5 2,· 4.•:0 1H.~O SQ,.O 21.•5 26.88'7..8X 169.6, 188.,0 1.8'.0' 70.0 18.6 26~4~
Block D·ry; S'at Sus S·at-Sus. Sat-Dry fi Par Aver Por18'-1 21.9.0 241.0 l52.5 88.5 22.0 24.86 25.66~8-2 214.5 237.0 149.,0 88.0 22.5 25.51 25.6118...3 218.0 243.0 151.0 92.5 20·.5 27.5'7 27.081.8-.4 215.5 '244.0 :150.5 93.5 28.5 30.48 30.9Q18-5 ~93.0 217.5 134.5 83·.0 24.5 29.52. 28.0518-6. 192.0 2·14.5: l33.5 81.0 22.5 27.'78 27.6418-7 200.5 2.20.5 139.0 81.5 20.0 24.54 25.43l8-8 2.06.5 226.0 143.0 83.0 19.5 23.49 25.0'1l8-Ix 229.5 254.5 160.0 9'4.5 2.5.0 26.4618-2x 236.0 262.0 164.6 97.5 25.0 25.64.18-3x 208.5 231.5 14~.O 86.• 5 23.0 26.591.8-4x 216.5. 246.• 5 151.0 9Q.5 30.0 31.41~8-5x ~88·.5 209.5 130&5 79.0 21.0 2.6.5818-6x. 1.89.0 211.0 131.0 80.0 22.0 27.5018-?x, 231.0 2.fi6.0 161.0 96.0 25.0 26.32la-ax 22~.O 2.45.0 IB4.5 90.6 24.0 2.6.52
19-1 290.0 316.5 201.5 115.5 26,.5 2Z;·.04. 23.2719...2 27'1.0 296.0 198.0 98.0 25.0 25~J51 (out) 23.'1119-3 254.5 278.0 176.0 102.0 23.5 23.0,4 23.4519-4 283.5 3~O·.D. 196.5 114.0 27.0 23.68 24.131.9-n 2.71.5 297.5 187.0 l10.5 2·6.0 23.53 2~.72
19-6 24,7.5 270.Q 171.~ 99.0 2:5.0 23·.23 2Z.0819-' 285.5 312.0 198.5, 11.~.5 26.5 23.35 22.2619-8 269.0 294.0 18'1.0 197.0 2~.O 23.36 231419-1x 26~.O 274.5 174.5 ~oo 23.5 23.5019-2:x 243.0 266.0 169.0 97.0 23.0 23.7119-3% 2:73.0 299.0 190.0 109.0 26.0 23.8519-4:x: 22.2.0 244.0 154.5 89.5 22.0 24.5819-5x ~25.5 247.0 156.D 90.5 21.5 23.7619-6:x:. 240.0 262.0 1,66,.0 96.0 22.0 2Z.921.9-1x 24~.5 261.5, 167.0 94.5 20.0 21.1619-8x 227'.5 2,48.0 158.5 89.5 2-0.5 22.91
20-1 261.0 2.84.0 181.0 1.QZ.O 23.0 '~2.~3 22'·.452,0-2 266.5 291.0 1.8·5.0 106.0 24.• 6 23,.11 23.5020-3 262.•0 287'.0 181.5 105.5 25.0 2,3.70 23.5020-4. 272.0 299.0 188.5 ll0.5 21.0 2.4.43 24.Q920,-0 24,2·.Q ~65.0 16,8.0 97.0. 22·.6, 23.20 22·.9020-6 2~·4.• 5 261.5 166.0 945.5 22.0 2~3..04 22,.9920-' 243,.Q 2.6.5 .5 168.B 91.0, 22.•0 2.2:.68 22.4~
20-8 2,20.5 247.0 157.0 90.0 20.5 22.78' Z2.•13'2.0-1x 245.0 267.0 16.9.6 974!'5 22,.0 22.562,O-2:x: 249.5 2'13.5 175.0 100.5 24 .. 0 23, ..88·20~3x. 2'12.•6 298.0 189'.0 109.0 25.5 2.3.3920-4x 23·7'.0 2.61.0 164.0 97.0· 24.0 24.7420-5x. ~a,2.• 5 199,.0 1~6.0 13.0' 16.5 22.• 6020-Gx ~~f .0· 14.9.0 95.0 Q4.~, 1%.5 22.'94,20-'% E~4.0 1~5~O 14'.6· 8.~:.5, l~.O 22':2a'20-8x 224.0 24.3.0 lli4.5 8S.0 19.0, 21.41
B:look Drl Sat, Sus Sat¥Sus Sat-Dry: PO Po,r :l.ver Por21-1 286.0 312.0· 198.0 1l4.0 27.0 23.68 23.272l-2 169.0 1.86.0 ll7.0 69.0 l7.0 24.64 24.3421-3 2,93.5 322.0 204.0 1l8.0 28.5 24.15 24.202l....4 290.5 320.5 200.5 l20.5 30.0 25.00 25.1321-5 1.99.5 219.0 138.0 al.O 19.5 24.0,7 23.5521.-6 214.0 234,.0 l48.0 86.0 20.0 23.26 23.452l-7 214.5 234.0 148.5 85 •.-5 19.5 22.• 81 23.082,1...8 242.5 263.5 l68.0 95.5 21.0 21.99 21.9521.-1x 264.0 288.0 18,3.0 105.0 24.0 22.8621.-2x 267.0 282.0 178.0 104.0 25.0 24.042~-3x 20~.5 221.5 139.0 82.5 20.0 2'4.24.21.-4x 240.0 265 •. 0 166.0 99.0 25.0 25.2521-5x 188.5 206.0 l30.0 76.0 17.5 23.052~-6x 218.0 238.5 151.0 87.5 20.5 23.4321-7x 225 ..0 245.0 155.5 89.5 20.0 23.352~-8x 226.5 246.0 15·7.0 89.0 19.5 21.91
22-1 278.0 305.0 194.6 111.0 27.0 24.3Z 24.3022-2 2.70.0 298.5 l87.5 lll.O 28.5 2..5.68 25.6~
22....,3 270.5 300.5 188.0' 1~2.5 30.0 26.67 26.2Z22-4 259.5 288-.5 180.5 108.0 29.0 26.85 26.752G-5 25~.5 278'.0 174.0 1.04.0 26.5 25.48 26,.1822-6 267'.0 284.L5 194.5 110.0 27.5 2.5.00 2.4.8122-7 267.5 284.0 194.0 ~l.O.O 26.5 24.90 24.1222.-8 254.5 279.0 1.76.0 103.0 24.5 23.79 23.6022--lx 2n6.0 281.0 178.0 lO3.0 25.0 24.272Z-2x 24.8.5 274.5. 173.0 I_Ol.o 26.0 25.62.22--3x 2,73.0 302.0 189.5 :J.12.5 28.0 25.7822.-4x 255.6 284.0 1'17.0 :107.0 28.5 26.64.22-5x 235.0 259.0 162.6 96.5 24.0 24.8722-6x 24.6.0 270.5 17l.0 99.5 '24.5 24.6222-7x 255.0 279.5 174.Q 105.0 24.5 2303322.-8x 236.0 258.0 1.64.0 9'4.0 22.0 23.40
23-l 17~.O 189.0 118.5 70.5 18.0 25.53 '26.0623-2 195.0 21.5.0 135.0 80.0 20.0 25.00 (out. ) 26.1923-3 199.0 22,1.0 138.0 8.~.O 22.• 0 Z6.51 26.5l.23-4 206, • .0 231.0 143.5· 87.5 24.5 28.00 2.7.7623-5 ~92.5 214.5 133.5 81.0 22.0 2.7.~6 26.8'423,-6 ~8o.0 202.0 126.0 75.0 19.0 2.6.33 26.2823-7 ~9'l.fi 21.7.5 137.0 80.5 20.0 24.85 24.78·23-8, l89.fi, 209.0 131.0 78.0 19.5· 25.00 25:.002Z-U 2~6.Q 238.5 150.0 89.5 23.0 23.~·9
23-2% 2,03.5 225.5- 141.5 84.0 22.0 2,6.1923-3:x- 21~.O 22.9.5 146·.~ 84.0 ~8.5 22:.29 (out)23-4x 218.6 245.0 150 • .Q 94.5 26.0 2'1.512,3-5x: 198.0 220.0 137.0 83.0 2: -.0 Z6.,§12D-6x 13~.S 140.0 91..5 53.5 13.5 25.232Z-1x 219.0 24~.O 15 .0 89.0 22.0 24.7423,-8x 226.0 249.0 lS'l.O 92.0 2Z,.O 25.00
Block Dry Sat Sus Sa~Sus Sat-Dry 10 Por Aver Por
24-1 104.0 11.6.0 72.5 43.5 12.0 27.59 26.0024-2 207.5· 232.5· 144.0 88.5- 25.0 28.25 28.4024-3 213.5 240.5 148.0 92.5 27.0 29.19 29.1924.-4 193.0 217.5 134.0 83.0 24.5 28.34 29.4724-5 1.8'0.5 203.0 125.0 78.0 22.6 .28.86 29.12,24-6 178.0 200.5 123.6 77.0 22.Q 29.22 (out) 28.0924-7 189.0 210.0 131.0 79.0 21.0 26.58 26.952498 201.0 223.0 139.5 83.5 22$0 26.36 26.6124-lx 208.0 233.0 145.0 88 •.0 25.0 28.4124-2:x 208.0 233.5 144.5 89.0 25.6 2.8.6624--3x 172.0 ~95.0 119.0 76.0 23.0 30.26(out)24-4:x: 226.0 155.0 157.0 98.0 29.0 2.9.5924..-5% 206.0 2,32.0 143.5 88.6 26.0 29.3824-6x 211. •. 0 236.0 147.0 89.0 2,~.O 28.0924--7x 217.fi 242.:5 151.0 91..6 25.0 27.3224-8x 211.0 234.5 147.0 87.5 23.5 26.86
DISCUSSION OF I{ESULTS
, All- curves obtaine<l are-· based on Apparent Porosi ty t which
give·s all indicationa of being directly proportional to IJressure
ilransmission. The smaller the differenoe between the extremes
of Al)parent Porasi ty the more uniform p·ressure transmission
throughout eaeh block. The ideal curve would. be a st,raight line
where the ]tQrosi ty would. be equal_ for all layers. which would
indicate that the :pressure· had been equally distri'buteCi to each
layer of the block. Such a curve would be obtained with water
as the traxlsferringmed.ium. while clay would not giva this ideal
pressure transmissio,n clue to its heterogeneous arrtangment of the
grains.
It may be easily seen from the curves that the size of grog
p~ays an important part in the d.egree- of pressure transmission
throughout a test block.
It would. appear to.be reasonable that there would be more
pressure at the to~ ,~and at the bottom than in th~ center of the
block.. whi:ch was :found to be true in this investigation.
PLOT' A
Nort-h Missouri Semi-Flint Clay 70% and Fi~e Brick Grog 30%
From thistset of ourvEis i t was easily conoluded tha t, the
larger the gro:g size the better the pressure transmission, i.e.,
approxi.mating the ideal straightlina of water.
The 2.0 mesh ourve was a curve being nearest to a straight
line. as di sc'ussed above. There was, not, a large difference
between the ext,raffias of poros1ties of this curve - the t,otal
differ.~Qe being ~.4~.
As the grog size· deo'rea'sed. which is illustrated by the
· 4. and. 8 mesh curves,,, tIle difference in the e-xtrenles becomes
greater. There i's very Ii ttle difference in the 4 and 8 rnash
ourves. the two being very nearly parallel to each other. The
'total differenoe between the extremes of these two curves was 2.5%.
As the size of grog decreased to a greater extent,. the
oontrast betweell the extremes becomes more evident~t until the size
of grog had been reduced to 60 mesh, where the largest difference
in the extremes'was disoovered. It was 2.8%.
In each o:f tile six CllrVeS J' with the exception of the 2.5
me sh curve. the highest pora sity was obtained i.n the fourth
layer. T.his is reasonable because' the fourth layer is in the
e,Jtaot center of tIle block and the.oretically receives. the least
amount of pressul~e clue to uneg:Llal pressure transmissio'n. When
the ~ressure is less in the center of the block. a soft core and
a n'shellylf structa.re will result.
There are several proposed reasons for the unequal distrib
ution of pressllre throughout a piece of war·e. Some of the mor~e
probable are as follows:
(1) It is apparent that the pressure exerted on tIle to]? and
, bo·ttom of a clay col"umn has been absorbed. before reaching the
center of the column because the pressure in the center is less
than that on the ends.
This nlay be logically eX111ained by the ass'WllIJtion that the
press'are is lost in transmi tting itself from one grain to another.
Fro,m thi·sreasoning it would be natural to e.x:p8ct that with a
certain height of column there would be no'"pressure transmitted
to the center.
hom the previous deductions it would seem that to inarease
the numberot grains would redllce the degree o,:r pressuretra.ns~
mission towards the oenter. ' This~is the exact condition whioh
arises frofn the fine grinding of the grog and as o'ur c'urves
indicate. this theory is tenable •.
(2) When ~arge size gr"og is used. similarity is approached.
. to that of an ideal medium of pressure tran~nission because there
are ':rewer contacts ·between the grains t as explained above t and.
the grog cannot be compressed to any such degree as c18Y due to
its immobility caused by its dense structure.
All honlogeneous materials transmi t,..~ressure equally in all
directions. Large grog is a homogeneGus mixture because of its
vitrifieQ structure due to the formation of a binding glass when
fired. while fine grog, although bound within itself. is too
finely disseminated to act as a single transmitting medium.
T.he curves in Plot A were studi.ed wi th the above considerat
ions in mind and were found to bear out the theories in a very
remarkable manner.,
The total difference in the high porosity ~etween the 2.5
and 60 me sh amounted to 4.•5%.
So it may be ooncluded that course· grinding gives the best
pressure transmission with the North MisS.ouri Semi-Flint Clay.
PLOT B
North Missouri Plastio Fire Clay 70~ and Fire Brick Grog 30%
The curves in this graph were very similar to those in
Plot A. with the 2.5 mesh again giving the. b;est pressure tans,
mission. A.s· the grog size decreased. the l,)orosity rose'; 'With the
mazi.~ porosity in the fourth layer.
. All theourves were slightly more jagged than the CUITes
in Plot -L. his maybe e'xplained by the mowlefige tha·t the
!Ia,rth lfissouri S'emi-Flin"t approached more nea.rly the character
istics of the grog t sf.nee ~t oontained more grains of a· flinty
:1,0
nature. which produced a more ev·en :proleSSUl-·e transTIlission.
The tcDtal variation between the highest p·orosi ties of the
2.5 and 60 mesh was 5.5~
PLOT C
Cheltenham Fi:re Clay 70)~ 2~nd. F,ire Brick Grog 30)'0
This clay gave the best anQ the worst exapmles of pressure
transf11ission. The 60 mesh .curve made a very decided jump to a
high I>0rosi ty in tile center of the block which W8JS very und.esir
able. But the 2.5 mesh curve was more n~arly a straight line
than any of the curves obtained and gives the best pressure
transmission of any o~ the clay mixes.
n·u.e to some tlnexplainable cause t the 4 Inesh curve fell into
a nl'uch higl1er region than was expected.. This was probabl.y clue
to experimental error.
The total variation between the high porosities of the 2.5
and. 60 mesh was 8.3Jo which was tIle largest difference obtained.
PLOT D
St. Louis Surface Clay 701~ and Fil"e Brick Grog 30~v
This plot gave the best set of curves of any obtaineQ in
the investigation.
Each curve was ··clearly defined and the CUi"ves followed each
other in an orderly sequence from the lowest mesh (2.5) to the
highest (60). !I!'his graph differ.s from the three previo'usly
discrussed in possessing a much higher :porosity throughout the
entire set of blocks on this building brick. mix.
From screen analyses. previously made by the other invest
tigstors t it was found that this clay possessed an unusual
amount of fine.s through 20·0 mesh about 46~. Compared wi th the
other clays this is an exce.edingly high figure. This clay
27
possesses a v'er~l lttrge 8,ffiourlt of frtee silica) vvhich J?!~ogably
contributed a large portion of the fines.
It has been defini tely proved that fine n'lateria·l has a
much gr~eater ~ur·:race tllan large rnaterial, bo·th being originally
of ~.he san1e volume. and this obviously increases the porosity of
a prod'llct com.posed mainly of ftines. This shovvs why the curves
obtained :from the bUilding brick clay have such B,n exceedingly
high porosi ty. T'he large amount of free silica in this clay
seemeQ to have a positive effect on the pressure transmission
beCa"llSe it had a sonlewhat simila:r effect as the grog i tsalf.
Onoe more the 2.5 mesh gave the best pressure transmission
curve with a variation o~ 1.5~.
The total variation between the high porosities of the 2.5
and. 60 mesll CUl--ves \vas 6 •. 07b•
This clay shovvs a e;:reater res:ponse to any variations in the
manipulations of its ~hysieal charaoteristics than any of the
other clays. It is the onJ.y bUilding 'brick mix in this invest-. ..
igation~ the' other tllree being fire brick mixes.
RESUlvIE
From the above investigations it may be conclutied that in
every case the large grog gives a much better transmission than
the fine grog.
The reason for selecting50Q pound.s per squal"e inch form.ing
pressure wa:s b,ecause it aaaentuated thediffareht variations. i.e.,
grog a1 ze. used through.Qutthis investigation.
It is suggested that the followingtopxcs be aarried dnin
fUtureresearoh:
(1) ~e grog' size be made l~rger than 2.•5 mesh.
(2\) IncI~ea.sa the forming pressure to. 20·00 :m:ounds ,per square
inch and inorease the amount of grog to 5oal>
(3) T-he re:S:Lll ts obtained in this inves.tigation be more
l)ractically proved by using the best mixtures~ as clecideu' from
this study~ by making standard 9 inch briak and testing them for:
a} MOQulus of iu~ture in Doth the green and fired state~
b) Hot Load test...
c) Spallimg test.