The Skeletal SystemSupport Systems

Unit 2

The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System

• Hematopoiesis– The process of producing blood cells in the red bone marrow

• Structure/Support– Provides a rigid framework that supports the soft tissues of

the body and maintains the body’s shape• Movement Facilitation

– Bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction to movement

– Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles

• Mineral Storage– Bones store calcium in bone matrix

Axial vs. Appendicular

• The Axial Skeleton (green)– Contains the bones that are along

the long axis of the body, or the bones of the head and trunk

• The Appendicular Skeleton (purple)– Contains the bones of the

extremities (or appendages) – Includes the pectoral girdles,

pelvic girdles, and the bones of the arms and legs

Bones of the Cranium

Frontal Bone

• Forms the forehead• Forms the roof of the eye sockets

Parietal Bones

• Consists of two bones• Forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

Temporal Bones

• Consists of two bones• Forms the lower sides of the cranium and part

of the cranial floor

Occipital Bone

• The base of the cranial cavity• Prominent posterior portion

Facial Bones

Maxillae

• The upper jaw

Mandible

• Lower jaw bone

The Vertebral Column

• 7 Cervical– Atlas (C1)– Axis (C2)

• 12 Thoracic• 5 Lumbar• Sacrum– 5 fused

• Coccyx– 4 fused

Bones of the Thoracic Cavity

• Manubrium • Sternum• Xiphoid Process• Ribs

Manubrium

Bones of the Upper Extremities

Shoulder Joint– Scapula– Clavicle– Humerus

Elbow Joint– Humerus– Radius– Ulna

Wrist & Hand– Carpals– Metacarpals– Phalanges

Bones of the Pelvis

Os Coxae (single)• Ilium• Ischium (purple)• Pubis (red)

The fused os coxae articulate with the sacrum

Bones of the Lower Extremities

• Leg– Femur– Patella– Tibia– Fibula

• Foot & Ankle– Tarsals– Metatarsals– Phalanges

Joints

• Definition– Any location where 2

bones meet• Types– Many joint are freely

movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, wrist, etc.

– Some joints allow little to no movement such as the sutures of the skull and vertebrae

Hinge Joints

• Allows for extension and flexion

Gliding Joints

• Bones slide past each other

Ball and Socket Joints

• Allows for rotational movement in almost any direction

Joints

• Types cont.– Some joints allow little to no movement such as

the sutures of the skull

Ligaments

• Ligaments attach bone to bones• They provide much of the support for our

freely movable joints

Disease and Disorders

• Fractures• Scoliosis• Kyphosis• Lordosis• Osteoarthritis• Sprains

Fractures

• Types of fractures – Closed or simple fracture• The bone is broken and the skin is intact

– Open or compound fracture• The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the bone

Scoliosis

• Signs & Symptoms– One hip or one shoulder higher than the other– Back pain– Muscle spasms

• Cause– An imbalance of muscles – A leg length discrepancy

• Treatment– Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts, surgery

Kyphosis and Lordosis

• Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged thoracic curve (humpback)

• Lordosis- abnormally enlarged lumbar curve (swayback)

Osteoarthritis

• Arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and loss of cartilage in the joints

Osteoarthritis

• Cause: normal wear and tear on the joints– May be specifically causes by:

• Obesity• Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly

• Signs & Symptoms– Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling– Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and loss of motion

• Treatment includes: – pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint replacement

Sprain

• The stretching or tearing of a ligament.

Three Degrees of Sprains

• 1st degree– The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears in the

tissue• 2nd degree

– A partial tear• 3rd degree

– A complete rupture• Signs & Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint laxity, instability• Treat with RICE

Careers

Radiologist

• Medical doctors who have specialized in radiology during their internship and residency.

• College (4 years), Med school (3 or 4 years), and then internship/residency (3 - 5 years). So that's 10 to 13 years after high school

• Directs medical imaging technologist to diagnose and treat diseases and disorders

• Reads x-rays, MRI, CT scans• Average : $300, 000• Radiologist video

Radiology Technician

• Specialize in diagnostic imaging– Take x-rays, MRI, CT, Nuclear

Medicine and Ultrasonography• Associate degree for x-ray

certification• Bachelors degree for further

specialization– MRI, CT, Nuclear Med and

Ultrasound• Average salary: $30-35,000• A Day in the Life - Radiological Techni

cian - YouTube

Chiropractor

• Diagnoses and treats mechanical disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system

• Provide natural, drug-less, non surgical treatments like adjustments and joint alignments

• Earn Doctorate of Chiropractic = 8 years• Average Salary- $65,000-100,000• youniversity chiropractor

Physical Therapist

• Help restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients suffering from injuries or diseases

• Doctorate degree (6years)• Salary : $60- 85,000• Physical Therapy (long but good)

Physical Therapy Assistant

• Works under direction and supervision of a physical therapist

• Perform exercises, massages, electric stimulation, hot and cold packs, traction and ultrasound to patients

• Complete Physical Therapy Assistant Program= 2 years- Associates degree

• Salary- $35-55,000

Physical Therapy Aide

• Under close supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant

• Perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing the patient and the treatment area.

• On the job training• Salary- $8-15 per hour

Vocabulary- Word Parts

• Costo- rib• Chondro- cartilage• Cranio- skull or cranium• Thoraco- chest or chest wall• Hemato- blood• Cephal- cranial or head• Cervico- neck, neck of an organ• Arthro- joint• Osteo- bone• Vertebro- vertebra

Vocabulary- word parts

• Inter- between intercostal (between the ribs)

• Sub- under, beneath, less thanEx: Sublingual (under the tongue)

• -poiesis - formation or production ofEx: Hematopoiesis (production of blood)

• -malacia - softening of tissueEx: Osteomalacia (softening of bone)

• -al - relating toEx: Vertebral (relating to the vertebrae)

Vocabulary- word parts

• -genesis - generation, reproductionEx: Osteogenesis (generation of bone cells)

• -tomy - cutting into, incisionEx: Craniotomy (cutting into the skull)

• -ectomy - excision, removal ofEx: Appendectomy (removal of the appendix)

• -ic - characteristic of, relating toEx: Thoracic (relating to the chest)

Vocabulary

• Thoracic - pertaining to the chest or thorax• Cranium - the portion of the skull that encloses the brain• Extremities - the arms and legs• X-ray - type of diagnostic imaging• Hematopoieses - production of blood cells• Vertebrae - any of the 33 bones of the spinal column