THE SECONDARY SECTORUNIT 8

WORDS TO DEFINE

• Raw materials

• Energy resources

• Renewable resources

• Non-renewable resources

• OPEC

• Light industry

• Heavy industry

• Industrial reconversion

Consists of economic activities which transform raw materials into finished products.

SECONDARY SECTOR

WHAT ARE MINERAL RESOURCES?

RAW MATERIALS

They are natural resources which industryprocesses into finished products.

ORIGIN

Animal

Vegetable

Mineral

Metallic

Non metallic

energy

ENERGY SOURCES

They are natural resources which, after a transformation process, provide power.

Power uses for

Industry

Transport

Daily needs

Page 95.ex 1 a, b

Minerals can be classified

Metallic minerals:

We can extract metals.

Non-metallic minerals:

No metals. Many materials with a wide range os uses

Energy minerals

Provide us provide energy.

These minerals are found in deposits in the Earth’s subsoil.

Extracting them is called MINING.

Marble quarry

Uranium mine

MINING

Natural resources

RENEWABLE

Regenerate naturally or are never used up

Trees, sun, wind…

NON-RENEWABLE

Limited or form more slowly than

they are consumed

Coal, natural gas, oil…

Can

be

RECYCLEDThey can be used as many

times as possible (iron, aluminium)

NON-RECYCLABLE

Can be used just onces, so their consumption should be controlled. (Oil, coal).

What are the principal energy sources?

• Prehistory: human and animal force (physical force)

• After that, they started to use: water forces, wind…

• 1750-1800: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: COAL, OIL, GAS, ELECTRICITY.

• During 20th : developed natural energy sources (RENEWABLES) and new ones: sun, wind, nuclear.

The use of energy has changed during the human History:

• OIL

• NATURAL GAS

• ELECTRICITY

The most common types of energy are:

OIL and GAS

NATURAL

Conventional energy sources.

Fossil raw materials.

Non renewable In the near future they will be exhausted.

About 40% of the oil and gas reservoirs can be extracted.

They must be transported from the extraction place to the consumption area.

Page 96 (in

class)ex 1 a, b, c

OIL AND NATURAL GAS

EXPORTING COUNTRIES (producers)

OPEC (1960) = 78% world´s reservers

CONSUMERS

Industrialized and populated countries

Energy consumption is an economyindicator.

Page 96 (in class): LOOK DOC

3 – DOC 4- ex 1 c, 2 a,b,c

Energy consumption by source in SPAIN

Page 113: LOOK doc 7. ex 1 a

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

It is an intergovernmental organization of 13 nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela). As of 2015, the 13 countries accounted for an

estimated 42 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world's oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American-dominated

multinational oil companies. (petrolueum crisis 1973)

OPEC's stated mission is to control and regulate the oil

market.

January 2017, OPEC's members

Algeria

Angola

Ecuador

Gabon

Iran

Iraq

Kuwait

Libya

Nigeria

Qatar

Saudi Arabia (the leader)

United Arab Emirates

Venezuela.

The biggest consumers of oil are the industrialized and the most populated countries.

Energy consumption is an indicator of development.

To avoid energy dependence, these countries are investigating alternative energies.

Conventional electricity

Electricity

• It is essential for industrial or domestic use.

• It provides power for almost all modern machines and equipment, lighting and heat.

It is one of the most widespread forms of energy because:

• Easy to transport

• Clean at point of use

• It can be easily transform into other types of energy.

Conventional electricity

To produce electricity other sources of energy are

necessary:

THERMAL ENERGY

NUCLEAR ENERGY

HYDROELECTRIC O HYDROPOWER

Thermal energy.

• It is produced in power stations

• Burning fuel produces heat which then converts water into high pressure steam

• The steam turns turbines connected to electric generators.

• The generators produce electricity.

As a fuel, they can use:

• Coal

• fuel oil

• wood

• urban waste

• natural gas

Nuclear energy.

• It is produced by nuclear fission.

• Radioactive minerals (uranium) break down, large amounts of heat are produced.

• This heat is used to generate high pressure steam which moves turbines and generates electricity.

Hydroelectric or hydropower

• It uses the force of water to produce electricity. First reservoirs collect rainwater. When the water flows through the turbines they produce electricity.

• Hydroelectric energy is the most widely used renewable energy.

Ex 1 page 98; ex 1, 2

page 99

• Forms of renewable energy

• Produce less pollution then fossil fuels

Alternative energy

Problems related to alternative energies

They depend on nature.

They need huge investments.

Output is low.

Energy is difficult to store.

Combining several renewable energy systems is probably the most sustainable solution.

Industry can be considered as a system.

Its inputs, processes and outputs can be expressed in a

diagram.

As a result, their locations are not the same.

Each has specific needs and each affects the environment in different ways.

There are two basic types of industry:

Heavy industry Light industry

Ligh

t in

du

stry

It is usually less capital intensive than heavy industry

have less environmental impact

Examplesmanufacturing of clothes, shoes, furniture, consumer electronics and

home appliances.

Light industry

He

avy

ind

ust

ry It is an industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large or heavy equipment and facilities

It often involves higher capital intensity than light industry does, and it is also often more heavily cyclical in investment and employment.

EXAMPLESFrom the mid-19th

century through the early 20th

steelmaking, artillery production, locomotive erection, machine tool building, and the heavier types of mining.

Hea

vy in

du

stry

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

FROM THIS… TO THIS.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

It was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

It started in England.

This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production

processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools

Fordismmanufacturing philosophy that aims to

achieve higher productivity by standardizing the output, using conveyor

assembly lines, and breaking the work into small deskilled tasks.

Whereas Taylorism (on which Fordism is based) seeks machine and worker

efficiency, Fordism seeks to combine them as one unit, and emphasizes minimization of costs instead of maximization of profit.

Named after its famous proponent, the US automobile pioneer Henry Ford (1863-

1947)

Industrial sector nowadays

Business is concentrated in large

industrial groups

Specially if the activity requires large

investments

MultinationalsProduction processes

are global

Outsourcing

offshoring

Reflects the GLOBALIZATION IN

ECONOMY

Reconversion and restructuring

Industrial restructuring is a striking feature of the economic landscape in Europe today.

However, patterns of restructuring vary from one country to another and across sectors.

Traditional industries are the ones that have suffered a crisis. They lack competitiveness,

so many companies have closed or implemented industrial restructuring

processes, which could be defined as a set of economic policies led to help these industries

to meet the current economic standards.

Today, there is a new revolution of new high-technology industries. They employ in

general few, but highly skilled workers. The mechanical and repetitive tasks are

performed by robots.

New industries

Science and technology parks are an example of industrial reconversion.

• Close to good road networks and airports.

• Availability of skilled workers.

• Links with University.

• Close to consumers and large cities.

• Location is attractive (room to expand).

• Reasonable price of the land.

• Possible fiscal exemptions or assistance.

Several factors are taken into account to establish a park:

Page 104 ex 1, 2

What are the great industrial regions of the world?

Some parts of the world are more industrialized than others.

Industry is powerful in developed and developing countries for different reasons.

However, there are a lot of countries that are still not industrialized.

Some developing countries have become emerging powers thanks to a rapid

industrialization process. Other reasons for them are:

• Increasingly skilled cheap labour

• Stable governments

Reasons for industry development

• Political stability

• Capital availability

• Good transport infrastructure

• Skilled workforce

• Consumerism

• High technology

PAGE 117: Ex 1 a

Some of the imformation that you find in this presentation can be foundhere:https://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-8-the-secondary-sector

The main source of information is the text book (Santillana Richmond)