The New South

Chapter 16

Bourbon Triumvirate

Redemption Era : period after Reconstruction and before the “New South”

Redeem the state from the hardships of Reconstruction (i.e.…The Republican Party)

The Bourbon Triumvirate: Joseph Brown, Alfred Colquitt, and John Gordon

Democrats who wanted stronger economic ties with northern industry but maintain “old South traditions” (White Supremacy)

Joseph Brown

Yale Law SchoolOpened law office in Canton, GAState senatorJudgeN. Georgia farmer1857: elected governorState’s rights activistPossible connections to KKK

Annals: records

Governor Joseph Brown

Alfred Colquitt

Princeton Law SchoolFought in Mexican WarState senatorMaj. Gen. in Confederate Army1876: elected GovernorState debt reducedNew state constitution (1877)

Political Ally: one who shares a common cause Alfred Colquitt

John B. Gordon

Lt. Gen. in Confederate Army

Newspaper man

Manager of coal mine

Rumored Head of Georgia’s KKK during Reconstruction

1886: elected Governor

Brought new industry to Georgia.Lt. Gen. John B. Gordon

The Bourbon Triumvirate

Successes

State taxes lowered

State war debts reduced

Business and industry expanded

Failures

Did not improve lives of poor

Education suffered

Did not reform prisons

Poor working conditions in factories

Convict Lease System

Prisoners were leased (rented) to people who provided them with housing and food in exchange for labor (Slavery?)

Repairing/building RailroadsFarmingMining

Rules ignored, such as…health care, work on Sundays, adequate clothing and housing.Paid workers were not given work because of cheap Convict Lease System…Bourbon Triumvirate took advantage of this!

Chain gang in western North Carolina

Rebecca and William Felton

Roots of Populist MovementLed a group of independent Democrats against the TriumvirateFrom Cartersville

William Felton: U.S. Congressman; served in GA General Assembly

Worked to improve education, prison reform, and paved the way for controls and limits on alcohol.

Rebecca Latimer Felton

Picture of 1930 Prohibition

Rebecca Felton

A leader towards suffrage-votes, particularly for women.Pushed for temperance-anti-alcoholPopular writer for the “Atlanta Journal”

Used paper as a forum (Way to communicate ideas…TV, paper, radio, speech…)

Began Georgia Training School for Girls in Atlanta

With Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage

First female U.S. Senator in nation’s historyReplaced another Senator due to death (24 hours)

“The New South”

New South: A phrase used to describe southern progress in the late 1800s…Industry!

Henry W. Grady: first to use the phrase…editor for the Atlanta Daily Journal

Henry W. Grady

Example of Georgia Industry

The Chicago Fire

1871-Started in the barn of Daniel Sullivan17,500 buildings destroyed

250 people killed

$200 Million in damageMrs. O’Leary’s Cow!!!

Chicago before the fire Chicago during the fire

Industrial Revolution

New inventions and leaps forward in technologyThe rise of the factory and industry

Assembly LinePoor, difficult and dangerous working conditions (Laissez-faire)

Rise of the City (Urban)Labor Organizations: Unions

Worked for the improvement of safety and working conditions in the work place.

Religious and Charitable (Philanthropic) organizations came to the aid of workers and child laborers.

Immigration

Immigration: people moving into the U.S. from other countriesEmigration: people moving out of the U.S. to other countries (move away)

1840-1880: Western Europe (Ireland, France,…)1900-1910: Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Germany,…)

Congress passed acts to restrict immigration.They feared the newcomers would take jobs and gain political officesLed by the people who had been here since before the Revolution

Ellis Island

Political Scandals

Schuyler Colfax New York Elections in 1870s

Rutherford B. Hayes 2000 Electoral Map

Political Scandals II

Credit Mobilier Scandal: a political and financial scandal in President Grant’s administration that centered around the Trans-Continental Railroad.New York Democratic Party Machine: robbed the city of millions of dollars and led through bribery and threats.1876 Election: Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.) vs. Samuel Tilden (Dem.)

Tilden won the popular vote.4 Disputed states (Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon)Special committee appointed to decide the election.

5 Senators, 5 House of Reps., and 5 Supreme Court Justices (8 Republicans and 7 Democrats)Voted Party Lines

Hayes ended Carpetbag rule and removed all troops from the south…to fulfill promises made to Committee.Similar to the 2000 Bush-Gore Election

James Garfield Assassination

1881 Republican PresidentInvolved in Credit Mobilier ScandalKilled by an angry Republican job seeker who was overlooked for a government position.

Patronage: appointing people to gov’t jobs in return for political support.

Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883: established civil service exams for job vacancies in government.

Most qualified would get job

James Garfield

Railroad depot where Garfield was shot

“Splendid Little War”

February 15, 1898:The U.S. battleship “Maine” blew up in Havana (Cuba) Harbor…260 Americans died

Americans blamed the Spanish

Spanish-American War

“Remember The Maine!”Rallying cry for Americans seeking war with Spain.

Battleship Maine

Spanish-American War

Commodore George Dewey:

Defeated Spanish fleet stationed in Manila, Philippine Islands

Theodore Roosevelt:Led the attack up San Juan Hill, Cuba…future President

Treaty signed in Paris ending war in 1898.

U.S. gained Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for $20 million.

George Dewey

Theodore Roosevelt

The Populist Movement

Rose from farmers and workers who were becoming tired, poor, and discouraged!

The Grange: name used for the “Patrons of Husbandry”, a group organized to allow social gatherings where farmers could talk about common problems.

Early 1870s prices began to dropBanks not lending as much money to farmers

Georgia’s Granges

1872: Georgia’s Granges become political (Along with others in the South and Midwest).

Applied political pressure (lobbying) to state legislature and forced the formation of a State Department of Agriculture (1st in the nation)The National Grange

The Farmers’ Alliance

Farmers’ Alliance: began as social organizations in the Northwest and the South.

Formed co-ops: purchased goods and equipment directly from producers and sold to farmers at wholesale prices -cost of production (No taxes).Called for more U.S. production of paper moneyHigher credit limits to farmers

The Populist PartyThe Farmers’ Alliance joined with

labor organizations (unions) to form this new political

party.

Platform:1. 8hour workday2. Gov’t ownership of

railroad, telephone, and telegraph

3. Graduated federal income tax

4. Direct election of U.S. Senators

5. Restriction of immigration6. Use of Australian Ballot:

Ballot printed by gov’t, distributed at voting places, and collected in secret sealed boxes.

1892 Election: Democrat Grover Cleveland won…Populist candidate: James B. Weaver

James B. Weaver

White and black farmers

Tom Watson

Georgia’s best known Populist.1882: elected to Georgia General Assembly1890: elected to Congress with backing of Farmers’ Alliance

Introduced the Rural Free Delivery Bill (RFD): required the postmaster general to find a way to deliver mail to rural homes free of charge

Warren County: 1st in GA

1896: ran as vice-president under William Jennings Bryant (Lost)Tom Watson, Populist

Credits

Page 2: http://www.historypictures.com/home_ahppx_e.htm

Page 3: http://ngeorgia.com/people/brown.html

Page 4: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000647

Page 5: http://ngeorgia.com/people/gordon.html

Page 7: http://www.millionsforreparations.com/prisons.html Page 8: http://www.beerbooks.com/cgi/ps4.cgi?action=enter&thispage=psdbi/map/prohibitionphotos.html&order_id=!ORDERID!

Page 8: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-904

Page 10: http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Provinces/Georgia/Photos

Page 10: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2451

Page 11: http://www.chicagohs.org/fire/prefire/pic0173.html

Page 11: http://www.chicagohs.org/fire/conflag/pic0172.html

Page 13: http://www.ellisisland.com/ellis_home.html

Page 14: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rh19.html

Page 14: http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/issueoftheweek/20030901/200/507

Page 14: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000626

Page 14: http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/election/map.htm

Page 16: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jg20.html

Page 16: http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/charles_guiteau/index.html

Page 17: http://www.spanamwar.com/maine.htm

Page 18: http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/dewey.html

Page 18: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/tr26.html

Credits II

Page 19: http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/masonicmuseum/fraternalism/grange.htm

Page 20: http://www.nationalgrange.org/about/history.html

Page 22: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_org_populist.html

Page 22: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Weaver

Page 23: http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/watson.html