Transcript of The Modern Era of the 1920s Unit 7 Ch.23 1920-1929.
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- The Modern Era of the 1920s Unit 7 Ch.23 1920-1929
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- Business-Government Partnership Republicans believed that the
economy would prosper if business took the lead Warren G. Harding
became president in 1921 with Calvin Coolidge as his vice president
Harding assembled a cabinet of progressives, conservatives, and
friends
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- The Associated State Sec. of Commerce Hoover directed the
creation of two thousand trade associations to work with businesses
Hoover wanted to achieve through voluntary cooperation what the
Progressives had tried to legislate Scandal in the Administration
Charles Forbes (Veterans Bureau) caught selling government and
hospital supplies to private companies Thomas Miller (Office of
Alien Property) took bribes Albert Fall (Sec. of Interior) arranged
to have oil-rich land transferred to his department and then
secretly leased it to his friends in the oil industry- Teapot Dome
Scandal Harding died in 1923 as the news was breaking
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- Election of 1924 Republicans- Calvin Coolidge Taciturn and
moral Democrats- divided between North and South John Davis was the
compromise Candidate Progressive party- Robert La Follette Coolidge
won handily low voter turnout
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- Women in Politics Influential as lobbyists The Womens Joint
Congressional Committee Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act
First federally funded health-care legislation Conservatives
attacked it as a Communist plot and an attempt to socialize
America
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- Corporate Capitalism Business Consolidation Accelerated rapidly
during the 1920s in major industries Chemicals (DuPont), electrical
appliances and machinery (Westinghouse and General Electric), and
automobiles (General Motors) Oligopolies dominated major industries
1920s Economy 1919-inflation, 2 years of recession, 1922-1929
steady growth Abundance of new consumer products Agriculture, coal,
textiles, and railroads were the sick industries
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- Welfare Capitalism Labor relations that stressed managements
responsibility for employees wellbeing. Large corporations offered
health insurance, pension plans, and the opportunity to buy stock
Goals were to create a loyal workforce and deter unionization
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- Economic Expansion Abroad American business spread to Europe,
Asia, and south America Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) Raised
tariffs on foreign-made goods Made it difficult European nations to
pay their war debts Dawes Plan (1924) Reduced German reparations
while providing them with loans Success depended on American loans
to Germany and Allied payments to America
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- Foreign Policy in the 1920s Combination of isolationism and
internationalism Washington Naval Arms Conference Placed strict
limits on naval expansion to deter excessive spending and limit
Japanese naval power in SEA Kellogg-Briand Pact Agreement condemn
war for the solution of international controversies, and to
renounce it as an instrument of national policy.
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- National Culture Consumer Society New electrical conveniences
started to become necessities instead of luxuries Irons,
refrigerators, cooking ranges, and toasters Modern Advertising
Hired psychologists to study how to appeal to peoples desires The
Automobile Paved roads, homes with garages, gas stations, repair
shops, motels, shopping centers, traffic signals People could live
farther from work (urban sprawl) and vacation far from home
Symbolized freedom and success
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- Mass Culture Movies Early stars included Buster Keaton, Charlie
Chaplain, Mary Pickford, and Clara Bow (who became the icon of
flappers) Jazz Began in New Orleans and spread to the major cities
Journalism Mass circulation magazines, tabloid newspapers,
Associated Press spread mass culture Radio Became the primary form
of entertainment for many households
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- Mass Culture Leisure Driving, playing tennis or golf, swimming
Sports Baseball and boxing were the primary professional sports of
the 1920s
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- Rise of Nativism Nativism- prejudice against foreign-born
people Immigration Restriction Emergency Quota Act (1921) and the
National Origins Act (1924) severely restricted immigration from
Europe Immigration from the Western Hemisphere continued The New
Klan 4.5 million members by 1924 Prohibitionists, anti-Catholic,
anti-Semitic, anti-Union, anti-immigration, anti-black Appealed to
most American sentiments at the time
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- Legislating Values Protestant Fundamentalism A movement
grounded in the literal interpretation of the Bible The Scopes
Trial (1925) Tennessee science teacher John Scopes was put on trial
for teaching about evolution ACLU provided Clarence Darrow as
defense attorney William Jennings Bryan served as special
prosecutor and Bible expert Scopes was found guilty, but it was
overturned by the Tenn. Supreme court
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- Legislating Values The Noble Experiment Eighteenth Amendment
took effect in 1920 Some urban ethnic groups made their own beer or
distilled bathtub gin (bootleggers) Organized crime increased
Speakeasies sprang up across the country Twenty-first Amendment in
1933 ended prohibition
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- Intellectual Crosscurrents Lost Generation A group of writers
and artists who lashed out against war and the pursuit of excess
material wealth Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot,
Sinclair Lewis Harlem Renaissance Championed racial pride among
Black Americans Writers, musicians, and other artists went to
Harlem to be part of the experience Claude McKay, Zora Neale
Hurston, Langston Hughes Marcus Garvey and UNIA Universal Negro
Improvement Association Jamaican immigrant who encouraged black
separatism and started a back to Africa movement
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- Election of 1928 Campaign issues: Prohibition, Protestant
Fundamentalism, nativism Democrat- Alfred Smith 4 terms as governor
of New York Tammany Hall political machine Irish Catholic Opponent
of prohibition Republicans- Herbert Hoover Secretary of Commerce
Food Administration (WWI) Wins election (only elected office Hoover
ever wins)
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