Post on 21-Jan-2016
description
The LHC: Search for Elementary Building Blocks in Nature
Niels Tuning (Nikhef) 13 Nov 2012
Particle Physics
Study Nature at distances < 10-15 m
atom nucleus
Quantum theory describes measurements down to 10-18 m
(Compare: 10+18 m = 100 lightyears)
10-15 m
Powers of ten…
Universe 1026 m
Galaxy1021 m
Solar system 1013 m
Earth107 m
Spider10-2 m
Atom 10-10 m
Nucleus10-15 m
Collisions10-18 m
Particle Physics
Questions that were asked for over 2000 years… What are the elementary building blocks of matter? What are the forces that act on matter ?
Demokritosatom
Newtonforces
Maxwellelectromagnetism
EinsteinAll…
400 400 v.Chr.v.Chr. 16871687 18641864 19051905
Why fundamental research?
Fundamental research
– Can lead to surprises,
• Sometimes even useful…
“Without general relativity, the GPS would be wrong by 10km/day !”
Why fundamental research?
Fundamental research
– Leads to useful spin-off
• Medical
• Internet
• Educating scientists for society
(Philips, ASML, etc, etc)
PET scan www
Our knowledge in 2012
http:// pdg.lbl.gov
up
down
electron
Elementary particles
Proton
up
up
down
Neutrondown
down
up
What can you make out of 3 building blocks?
periodiek systeemvan Mendeleev
Everything!Everything!
Elementary particlesq
uark
s
Not 1 generation, but 3!
lepto
ns
(1956)
u
d
I
e
e
(1895)
t
b
III
(1973)
(2000)
(1978)
(1995)
c
s
II
(1936)
(1963)
(1947)
(1976)
•Fundamentele deeltjes en deeltjesversnellers
Is this everything?
Charge
+2/3 e
-1/3 e
-1 e
0 e
quark
s
Generation:
lepto
ns
Matter
(1956)
u
d
I
e
e
(1895)
t
b
III
(1973)
(2000)
(1978)
(1995)
c
s
II
(1936)
(1963)
(1947)
(1976)
Anti-matter
Revolutions early 1900:– Theory of relativity
– Quantum Mechanics
Paul Dirac (1928): relativistic quantum theory!
For every matter particle there is an anti-matter particle!
Anti-matter particle:• Same mass• Opposite electric
charge
Elementary particles
Charge
+2/3 e
-1/3 e
-1 e
0 e
quark
sle
pto
ns
Matter
(1956)
u
d
I
e
e
(1895)
t
b
III
(1973)
(2000)
(1978)
(1995)
c
s
II
(1936)
(1963)
(1947)
(1976)
Elementary particles
-2/3 e
+1/3 e
+1 e
0 e
u
d
c
s
t
b
e
e
Anti-matter
Lading IIII IILading
+2/3 e
-1/3 e
-1 e
0 e
quark
sle
pto
ns
Materie
(1956)
u
d
I
e
e
(1895)
t
b
III
(1973)
(2000)
(1978)
(1995)
c
s
II
(1936)
(1963)
(1947)
(1976)
How do you make anti-matter??
e+ e-
Albert Einstein: E=mc2
Matter + anti-matter= light !
(and vice versa)
e+ e-
Anti-matter in hospitals:the PET-scan
ee++ee
What are the big questions?
I. What are the big questions? “Anti-matter”
Where did the anti-matter disappear?
No anti-matter found with satellites
No anti-matter galaxies
II. What are the big questions? “Higgs”
Mass of particlesNeutrino’s
Electron
Muon
Tau
up,down, strange
Top quark
bottom
charm
The Higgs boson:provides the ‘formula’ to give particles mass!
Amazing prediction:
We only studied 4% of the universe!
Temperature fluctuationsstructure formation of galaxies
Rotation-curves Gravitational lens
What isdark materie ?
III. What are the big questions? “Dark matter”
What are the big questions?
Anti-matter??(where did it go??)
Dark matter??(what clustered the galaxies??)
Higgs??(what makes particles heavy?)
•Waar is de Anti-materie heen?
AstronomyAstronomy ParticleParticle
PhysicsPhysics
FundamentalFundamental(curiosity driven)(curiosity driven)
researchresearch
The biggest microscope on earththe Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
at CERN in Genève
The LHC accelerator
Geneve
The Large Hadron Collider
Geneve Amsterdam
LHC: 27 km A10: 32 km
The LHC machine
Energy is limited by power of 1232 dipole magnets: B= 8.4 TEnergy is limited by power of 1232 dipole magnets: B= 8.4 T
40 million collisions per second
Beam 1
Beam 2
25 ns = 7.5 m
100.000.000.000 protonen
Classical collisions
Quantum mechanical collissionsproton proton
•Niels Tuning Open Dag 2008
Colliding protons
What do we expect?
Since 30 years there are very precise predictions!
Our language
Standaard Model Lagrangiaan Bladmuziek (J.S. Bach)
SU(2)L U(1)Y SU(3)C
At the LHC at Cern:
1) Transform energy into matter Create new particles!
How do we discover new particles?
At the LHC at Cern:
1) Transform energy into matter 2) New particles change accurate predictions
How do we discover new particles?
ATLAS
LHCb
ALICECMS
ATLAS
LHCb
1) Transform energy into matter
2) New particles change accurate predictions
23 sep 2010 19:49:24Run 79646 Event 143858637
The LHCb DetectorThe LHCb Detector
LHCb: study B decays1) Find differences between matter and anti-matter
2) Find new particles
b
s
s
b
b s
μ
μ
LHCb: study B decays
2) Find new particles
b s
μ
μ
B0s→μμ
B0s→μμ?
LHCb: study B decays
b s
μ
μ
B0s→μμ!
Only 3 out of 109 B particles decay to two muons
Prefect prediction!
Do new particles exist?
ATLAS: What does a collision look like ?
proton
proton
quark
neutrino
elektron
quark quark
quark
Simulation top quark production
human
Biggest camera on earth
energy electrons and photons
energy of “quarks”
position and momentum of charged particles
magnetmuon detector
magnet
80 MegaPixel camera 40.000.000 foto’s per seconde
The Atlas pixel detector
The Atlas Muon Detector
mens
NikhefCERN
Down stairs in the Nikhef hal
Normal
How is a discovery made?
New ?
?
muon
muon
muon
muon
proton proton
How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now
0
If the Higgs does not exist
proton proton
How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now
If the Higgs does exist
mh = 120 GeV: 120.000
mh = 200 GeV: 60.000
Higgs ZZ 4 muonsvery few…Higgs ZZ 4 muonsvery few…
120.000 Higgs bosons
• Only 1 in 1000 Higgs bosons decays to 4 muons
• 50% chance that ATLAS detector detects them
60 Higgs 4 lepton events
higgs
Z
Z
hZZ l+l-l+l-
l+
l-
l-
l-
peak !?
peak!
Higgs Higgs 2 photons 2 photons
higgs
foton
foton
hγγ verval
Presentation CMS en ATLAS experiment: Higgs boson discovery4th July 2012
What is dark matter?
Where did the anti-matter disappear?
What makes particles heavy?
Big questions
Niels.Tuning@nikhef.nl
Search for elementary building blocks of Nature
END