The learner will be able to explain the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Standard

The learner will be able to define anatomy, gross anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology.

The learner will be able to define body planes, directional terms, quadrants, and cavities.

The human body is an efficient, organized machine.

Disease occurs when the machine does not function correctly.

Health care workers must understand normal function of the body before understanding the disease process.

Vocabulary

anatomy -The study of the form and structure of an organism.

gross anatomy - The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that are visible to the naked eye.

physiology - The study of the processes of living organisms, or how and why they work.

pathophysiology - The study of how disease occurs and

response of the body to disease process.

cell -The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.

organelle - A differentiated structure within a cell that performs a specific function.

tissue - A group of similar cells acting together to perform one or more specific functions in the body. There are four basic types of tissue.

Epithelial Tissue

• Covers the surface of the body and main tissue in skin.

• Forms lining of intestinal, respiratory and urinary tract, and other body cavities.

• Forms body glands

Connective TissueSoft Connective Tissue

2 types

Adipose/Fatty Tissue

Stores fat as a reserve source of energy

Insulates/provides padding

Fibrous Tissue

Ligaments/TendonsHelp keep body structure together

Connective Tissue

C artilag eTou g h e las tic m ate ria l fou n d b e tw een b on es

A c ts as a sh ock ab sorb er.

B on eH e lp s fo rm b od y s tru c tu re

H ard C on n ec tive T issu e

Nerve Tissue

• Made of special cells called neurons

• Transmit messages throughout the body

• Make up nerves, brain, and spinal cord

Muscle TissueProduces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers

Three Main Types

• Skeletal: attaches to bone and provides movement.

• Cardiac: causes the heart to beat.

• Visceral (smooth): in walls of many organs such as digestive tract and blood vessels.

organ -Two or more tissues join together for a specific function.

Examples: heart, stomach, lungs

organ system -Organs and other parts join together for a particular function.

Examples: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary or excretory, endocrine, and reproductive

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Summary

Cell: Basic unit if structure and function of all living things

Cells combine to form tissues

4 Tissue types: Epithelial. Connective (soft and hard), Nerve, Muscle (skeletal, cardiac, visceral)

Tissues combine to form organs

Organs combine to form organ systems (integumentary,skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive)

Systems work together to create the miracle of the human body

Body Planes, Directions, and Cavities

anatomical position - The standard anatomical reference point is the body position in which the trunk is erect or straight with the arms and feet slightly apart with palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.

body plane - An imaginary flat surface that divides the body or a part of the body into two parts; the standard perspectives for such sections in anatomical imaging are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse (cross) sections.

The median (mid-sagittal) plane passes vertically through the middle of the body, dividing it equally into left and right halves.

sagittal plane

frontal plane

A flat vertical plane passing through the body from side to side, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.

A plane passing horizontally through the body, dividing it into upper and lower halves or (superior & inferior).

transverse plane

Orientation and Directional Terms

Superior means upper or above.

Inferior means lower or below.

Cranial means towards the skull.

Caudal means toward the “tail.”

Orientation and Directional Terms:

Two other directional terms you need to know are proximal and distal.

Body parts close to a reference point are said to be proximal. (Think of the word approximate, near, close.)

Body parts further from a reference point are said to be distal. (Think of the word distance, far.)

Example: If our point of reference is the shoulder, and we want to describe the relationships of the wrist and elbow, we can say that the wrist is distal and the elbow is proximal.

Shoulder – point of reference

Elbow – proximal (nearer, closer)

Wrist – distal (further)

Contralateral – on the opposite side

Ipsilateral – on the same side

Example: My appendix is ipsilateral to my ascending colon, but it is contralateral to my descending colon.

APPENDIX

Ascending Colon

Descending Colon

Abdominal Quadrants

Epigastric and Umbilical Regions

Body Cavities:  

The body cavities house the organs, which are called visceral organs, or viscera.  

http:www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/media/autopsy/index.html