The KingdomsThere are currently 6 kingdoms

Classification into a kingdom is

based on certain criteria

- Number of cells (unicellular or multi-cellular)

- How it obtains energy (heterotroph or autotroph)

- Type of cell (eukaryote or prokaryote)

Kingdom Animalia

•Multicellular

•Heterotrophic

•Most can move

•Examples: birds,

insects, worms,

mammals, reptiles,

humans, anemones

Photo by Eduardo Amorim

Photo by Tambako the

Jaguar

Kingdom Plantae

•Multicellular

•Autotrophic

•Eukaryotic

•Cannot move

(due to cell walls)

Kingdom Fungae

•Multicellular (most)

•Heterotrophic (mainly decomposers)

•Eukaryotic

Photos by

nutmeg66

Kingdom Protista

•Most are unicellular

•Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic

•Eukaryotes (all have nucleus)

•Examples: Ameba, paramecium, euglena,

algae

•Most live in water

Photo of Ameba by PROYECTO

AGUA **/** WATER PROJECT

Kingdom Eubacteria & Kingdom

Archaebacteria

•Unicellular

•Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

•Prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus)Eubacteria = common bacteria

(E. coli, Salmonella)

Archaebacteria = “ancient

bacteria”, exist in extreme

environments

Three Domain System    

Recently, scientists have added a group above Kingdom.  Three groups, called DOMAINS, contain each of the six kingdoms.

Domain Eukarya - includes organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, protists – 4 kingdoms)

Domain Bacteria - includes all prokaryotic cells, Kingdom Eubacteria

Domain Archaea - includes only "ancient" bacteria, Archaebacteria (1 kingdom)

Bacteria

• Single cell – unicellular

• Prokaryotes – no nucleus, no organelles

• DNA – circular - single loop + has many plasmids

• Cell Wall – not rigid like in plant, more flexible

Bacteria Structure

5.  Nucleoid region contains a

circular loop of DNA

6.  Plasmids are rings of DNA,

used in reproduction

7.  Ribosomes in cytoplasm

synthesize proteins

2. Flagella is used for movement

3.  Pilli (Fimbrae) help bacteria

cling to surfaces

4. Prokaryotes do not have

organelles or a membrane bound

 nucleus!

How do Bacteria Obtain Food

PhotoautotrophsChemoautotrophs

Heterotrophs

Photoautotrophs - cyanobacteria

Chemoautotrophs - sulfur-loving bacteria

• need CO2 as a carbon source

• obtain energy NOT from light

• obtain energy from oxidization of H2S, HN4, or Fe+

Heterotrophs

• Obtain their energy from organic compounds

• These are made by the photo- and chemo-autotrophs

Disease causing Bacteria• Cholera• Anthrax• Tuberculosis – TB• Pneumonia• Tetanus• Streptococcal diseases• Variety of infections – associated with other

diseases (post-operative, cold and flu- associated, etc.)

Useful Bacteria

• Many Bacteria are beneficial to humans, animals, plants, the environment – more and more bacteria are used to do strange things

• Check this out: Weird uses of Bacteria

Probiotics• Bacteria and yeast that are believed to improve

health• Available in certain foods or as supplements• Our digestive system is home to more than 500

different types of bacteria – keep intestines healthy and help with digestion, help immune system

• Probiotics may help treat several digestive disorders – Diarrhea, Colitis, Irritable Bowl syndrome, etc.

Archaea – ArchebacteriaAncient Bacteria

• At first believed to be weird bacteria• Scientific evidence tell us that they are very,

very old organisms – share characteristics with bacteria , BUT also characteristics with eukaryotes

• Life in EXTREME environments – places on Earth where they are the ONLY living thing

Archeae

• Unicellular prokaryotes (like bacteria)• Have a cell wall (like bacteria) BUT cell wall is

very different composition• Cell membrane is so different from bacteria

that antibiotics (which kill bacteria by affecting cell wall and membrane) have NO effect on archaebacteria

Origins

Archaea of Note• Lobus fulgidus is a sulfur-reducer that can sour oil

wells. • Halobacteria are salt-loving microbes that give a

pink tinge to salt water evaporation ponds, the Dead Sea and salted fish.

• Pyrolobus fumarii led scientists to extend the upper temperature limit for life to 113 degrees Celsius (235.4 degrees Fahrenheit).

• Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is used to leach copper and iron from ore.

Where do they live?

Ocean Vent

ice

sulfur Great Slat Lake

Geyser

THERMOACIDOPHILE – the red stuff on the rocks

This is an archaebacteria.

THE FUTURE//PAST BELONGS TO ARCHAE!

How weird can they get?

• Thermophiles like unusually hot temperatures. A few species have been found to survive even above 110 degrees Celsius (water boils at 100 degrees Celsius).

• Psychrophiles like extremely cold temperatures (even down to -10 degrees Celsius).

• Halophiles thrive in unusually salty habitats. Some can thrive in water that’s 9% salt; sea water contains only 0.9% salt.

• Acidophiles prefer acidic conditions; Alkaliphiles prefer very alkaline environs.

What do they Eat

• Hydrogen Gas• Carbon dioxide• Sulfur• sunlight – autotroph – light-harvesting

pigment in cell membrane

What is a virus?• A nonliving particle made of

protein, nucleic acids and sometimes lipids

• Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living cells!

• Viruses are parasites!

Viral Structure• Capsid-the protein coat

surrounding a virus

Viral Structure• Capsid can be different shape

and form• Bacteriophages –Viruses that infect bacteria

Viral Infections• Lytic Infection-

–Virus enters a cell–Makes copies of itself–Causes the cell to burst or lyse

– Can the virus keep doing this?

Viral Infections• Lysogenic Cycle

–Virus enters cell–Prophage- viral DNA

embedded in the host cell’s DNA

–Virus is dormant – lays low

Virus Genetic material

• DNA Viruses and RNA Visruses

• Both types can have ss or ds DNA/RNA

• Some RNA viruses have enzymes that convert their RNA into DNA

Retrovirus

• The genetic information is copied from RNA to DNA instead of from DNA to RNA

• Example: HIV

Some Viral Diseases• Common Cold – many different viruses –

rhinoviruses (RNA), corona viruses, etc.• Flu – Influenza (RNA) virus• AIDS – HIV• Measels – Paramixovirus• Cold sores – Herpes virus• Mumps – Paramixovirus• many, many others

Some exotic ones

• West Nile fever – west nile virus• Hemorrhagic fever – many nasty viruses:

Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Dengue, etc.• Tick-bore encephalitis – TBEV• 4-corners disease – Hanta virus (Hantavirus

Pulmonary syndrome)• More exotic ones appear – they jump hosts –

destruction of Rainforest??????

http://youtube.com/v/4sYSyuuLk5g

Types of Protists

“The Junk Drawer Group”

What is a Protist?

•A eukaryotic organism that lives in or near water

Most Diverse Group

•Autotrophs & Heterotrophs

•Unicellular & Multicellular

1.Plant-Like Protists(known as algae)

Euglena• 1.) Autotrophs when sunny,

heterotrophs when dark • 2.) Eyespot to detect light• 3.) Flagella for movement

B.) Diatoms

•Found in toothpaste, scouring products, and filters

C.) Dinoflagellates (2 Flagella)

•Responsible for Red Tides

•Glow in the dark

D. Seaweed (Algae)•Used in ice cream, chocolate milk, pudding, sushi

2. Animal-Like Protists(also known as Protozoans)

A. Amoeba– Moves with

pseudopods- “false feet”

B. Paramecium•Moves with cilia- hair like extensions

Paramecium Movement

3. Fungi-like Protists

•A. Water Molds

B. Slime Molds

Of athlete's foot, champignons, and beer. . .

Kingdom Fungi

HeterotrophicUnicellular or Multicellular

Mostly terrestrialAsexual or sexual

Non-motile (can’t move)Important decomposers in the

environmentCell Wall (Chitin)

By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems. In addition, most vascular plants could not grow without the symbiotic fungi, or mycorrhizae, that inhabit their roots and supply essential nutrients. Other fungi provide numerous drugs (such as penicillin and other antibiotics), foods like mushrooms, truffles and morels, and the bubbles in bread, champagne, and beer.

Delicious Death

All Mushrooms are edible – but some only once!

Magic Mushrooms

Kingdom Plantae

Overview of the Plant Kingdom

• Botanists divide the plant kingdom into four groups based on three important features:

1. Water conducting tissues2. Seeds3. Flowers

Mosses

Ferns

Cone Bearing Plant

Flowering plant

Bryophytes • Type of early plant with no vascular

tissue that draw water in their cells by osmosis.

Moss

Liverwort

Hornwort

• In just a few million years, plants grew to a whole new scale on the landscape.

Q: What caused this increase in size? A: Vascular Tissue

Vascular tissue • A type of tissue that is specialized to

conduct water and nutrients through the body of the plant

Evolution of Vascular Tissue

• Both forms of vascular tissue—xylem and phloem—can move fluids throughout the plant body, even against the force of gravity.

Xylem

• Carry water upwards from the roots to every part of the plant

Phloem• Transports nutrients and

carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis from the leaves down to the roots

Seedless Vascular Plants

Club Mosses

Horsetails

Ferns

Underground Stem

• Over millions of years, plants with a single trait—the ability to form seeds—became the most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land.

• Seed plants are divided into two groups:

Gymnosperms

• Cone plants• Bear their seeds directly on the

surfaces of conesEx.) conifers, pines, spruces, cycads,

ancient ginkgoes and gnetophytes

Angiosperms• Flowering plants• Bear their seeds within a layer of

tissue that protects the seedEx.) grasses, flowering trees shrubs,

wild flowers

Flowers

• Seed bearing structures of angiosperms

Pollen grain • Contains the male gamete

Pollination

• The transfer of pollen from the male sex part to the female sex part

Seed Coat• Surrounds and protects the embryo

and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out

• Can be specialized for dispersal

Flowers and Fruits• Angiosperms have unique

reproductive organs known as flowers.

Q: Why are flowers evolutionary adaptations?

A: they attract animals that pollinate them

• Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds

• After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal.

Fruit • Ripened ovary, thick wall of tissue

that surrounds the seed• Hard, tart fruit protects developing

seed from herbivores• Ripe, sweet, soft fruit attracts animals to disperse seeds

Which Plants have better adapted to live on land?

Roots• Absorb water

and minerals

Leaves• Collect light for photosynthesis

Veins • Made of xylem and phloem

Stems • Used for

support, connect roots and leaves, carry water between them

Woody and Herbaceous Plants

• Woody plants – Have woody stems

Ex.) trees, shrubs, vines

Herbaceous Plants • Plant stems that are smooth and

nonwoodyEx.) dandelions, petunias, and

sunflowers

Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials