Transcript of The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815) Section One - On the Eve of Revolution.
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- The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815) Section One - On
the Eve of Revolution
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- Setting the Scene Civic Unrest Factory owner cutting wages,
although bread prices are increasing Enraged workers rioted and
vandalized the owners house LONG LIVE THE THIRD ESTATE
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- The Old Regime Ancien regime old order, carried over from the
Middle Ages First Estate = clergy, Second Estate = nobility Third
Estate = the vast majority of the population
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- The Clergy 1789 the French clergy still held a enormous wealth
and privilege Church owned 10% of the land, collected tithes, and
paid no direct taxes to the state Attacked by Enlightenment
thinkers Provided some social services (schools, hospitals and
orphanages)
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- The Nobles In the Middle Ages, noble knights defended the lands
No longer defenders, nobles have top jobs in government, the army,
the courts and the Church. Paid no taxes, though they owned large
plots of land
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- The Third Estate 1789 the Third Estate totaled about 27 million
people (98% of the total pop) Bourgeoisie = the middle class, in
sighted fear into the nobles / hired by the royal bureaucracy to
perform jobs nobles previously did
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- Bourgeoisie 1. Bankers 2. Merchants 3. Manufacturers 4. Lawyers
5. Doctors 6. Journalists 7. Professors 8. Skilled artisians
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- The Third Estate 9 out of 10 members are rural peasant farmers
Poorest members are urban factory workers 1. Apprentices 2.
Journeymen 3. Printing workers 4. clothmakers
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- The Third Estate A large number of urban poor were unemployed
Turned to begging or crime DISCONTENT!!! Cause by resentment
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- Discontent Wealthy bourgeois families had good jobs, but the
best jobs were reserved for nobles Urban workers had miserable
wages Smallest increase in bread threatened starvation
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- Discontent Peasants pad taxes on EVERYTHING Not allowed to
hunt, only nobles were Enlightenment ideas spread to city centers
and people began to question this old order
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- Economic Troubles Deficit spending governments spending more
money than it takes in
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- The Burden of Debt Louis XIV left France deeply in debt 1.
Seven Years War 2. American Revolution To solve financial problems
government raised taxes, but nobles and clergy refused to pay.
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- Poor Harvest Sent food prices soaring Intense hunger to
peasants and urban dwellers People rioted and in the country people
attacked the homes of nobles
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- Failure to Reform Louis XV was more interested in pleasure
seeking than fixing issues, debt increases Louis XVI chose Jacques
Necker as financial adviser. Nobles and Clergy forced him out when
he advised the King to tax them
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- Louis XVI Calls the Estates General 1788 France on the verge of
bankruptcy Louis XVI calls for the Estates General, a move that had
not been made in 175 years
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- The Cahiers = notebooks Notebooks that listed grievances of
each of the estates Cahiers showed the resentment between classes
using terms like blood suckers to describe tax collectors
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- Tennis Court Oath Each estate had a single vote within the
government Third estate always outnumber 2 to 1, they wanted a head
count, to represent voting http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muezt
N2MoGM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muezt N2MoGM
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- Storming the Bastille July 14 1789, Spotlight belongs to Paris
Royal troops rumored to occupy Paris Crowd of over 800 citizens
stormed the Bastille demanding gun powder and weapons.
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- Storming the Bastille http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uI6JFl
_sq4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uI6JFl _sq4
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- The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815) Section Two
Creating a New France
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- Bell Work Turn your book to page 171 Preview this section 1.
Analyze all pictures (read in captions that go along with the
picture; i.e. Paris in Arms, and Women March on Versailles) 2.
Analyze all red or green headings (dont read the sections just the
headings) 3. Write down four changes that took place in France
between 1789 and 1791
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- FOCUS Popular uprisings encouraged the National Assembly to
take swift action.
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- N.A. Swift Actions 1. Ended feudal privileges 2. Issued a
declaration of rights of man and citizen 3. Reorganized the Church
4. Established a limited monarchy
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- Reaction throughout Europe Supporters of the
EnlightenmentSupporters of Feudalism Applauded the reforms
Supported the revolution Denounced the reforms Wanted to suppress
any revolution that might impact their territory By 1792
revolutionary France was at war with much of Europe.
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- Activity Write an eyewitness account f one of the following
events 1. Peasants attacking the home of a nobleman 2. The August 4
th meeting of the National Assembly 3. The women of Paris marching
on Versailles 4. The procession of the royal family from Versailles
to Pairs 5. The writing of the Constitution of 1791 6. The
unsuccessful flight of the royal family 7. An migr describing the
events in France to the Austrian emperor
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- Activity Your accounts should include a vivid description of
the event and the emotions of the people involved Do additional
research to make your account more authentic
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- Activity Write an eyewitness account f one of the following
events 1. Peasants attacking the home of a nobleman 2. The August 4
th meeting of the National Assembly 3. The women of Paris marching
on Versailles 4. The procession of the royal family from Versailles
to Pairs 5. The writing of the Constitution of 1791 6. The
unsuccessful flight of the royal family 7. An migr describing the
events in France to the Austrian emperor
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- Bell Work Open your book to page 172 and read the Global
Connections section Be ready to answer this question How did the
American Revolution influence the French Revolution?
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- Revolts in Paris and the Provinces The Great Fear Paris in Arms
France is in political, economic and agricultural calamity
simultaneously Bread prices soar, those who could afford it paid
80% of their income on bread
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- The Great Fear Rumors Tales of attacks on villages and towns
Government troops were seizing peasant crops In reaction to the
rumors; defiant peasants attacked the homes of nobles, set fire to
old manor records, and stole grain from storehouses.
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- Paris in Arms The Revolutionary center Factions compete to gain
power
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- Paris in Arms National GuardThe Paris Commune Moderate Middle
Class Marquis de Lafayette hero of two worlds Headed the National
Guard Radical Working Class Could mobilize the masses quickly for
protests or violent actions Looked to further the revolution
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- Moderate Reforms An End to Special Privilege Declaration of the
Rights of Man Women March on Versailles National Assembly votes to
end all privileges to the nobility
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- An End to Special Privilege Feudalism is abolished Did nobles
give up anything that they had not lost already? Key enlightenment
goal / the equality of all citizens before the law is
achieved.
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- The Big Picture The National Assembly instituted political and
social reforms in the early stages of the revolution.
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- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen With a partner
turn your books to page 703. With the help of your mobile device
define these three terms 1. Auspices 2. Imprescriptible 3.
Indispensable Read the DOROMAC and answer questions 1,2 and 3 at
the bottom of the page
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- Women March on Versailles Based on this painting, in what ways
do you think the march challenged traditional roles of women?
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- Women March on Versailles Famine grips France October 5, 1789,
thousands of women marched to King Louis the XVIs palace in
Versailles Anger directed at the Queen Marie Antoinette Mob took
the King and Queen to Paris where he could no longer ignore their
suffering
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- The National Assembly Presses Onward National Assembly followed
the King to Paris Worked aggressively to create a constitution, as
well as solve the financial crisis
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- Reorganizing the Church The National Assembly puts the French
Catholic Church under state control Civil Constitution of the
clergy placed bishops and priests became elected, salaried
officials Ended Papal authority Dissolved convents and monasteries
Not accepted by the church or peasants
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- Constitution of 1791 Established a limited monarchy in place of
the absolute monarchy New Legislative Assembly had the power to
make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war, and peace
Lawmakers would be elected by tax paying male citizens
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- Internal Divisions Sans-culottes, working-class men and women
who pushed the revolution into more radical action Wanted a
republic Were supported by the radicals in the Legislative
Assembly
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- The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815) Section Three
Radical Days
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- Setting the Scene Read the Setting the Scene section on
page176
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- Monarchy Abolished War was happening home and abroad Prussian
forces were cutting down raw French recruits
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- Outbreaks of Violence Battle Disasters lead revolutionaries to
believe that the King is on the side of the invaders August 10,
1792 crowd of angry Parisians stormed the Tuileries and slaughtered
the kings guards
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- Outbreaks of Violence September Massacres citizens attacked
prisons that held nobles and priests Blood Thirsty Mobs, or
Patriots or defenders of France Ordinary citizens upset because of
real or imagined grievances
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- The French Republic Radicals take control of the National
Assembly Create a new legislative body called the National
Convention, controlled by the Jacobins Convention extends suffrage
to all male citizens not just property owners
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- The French Republic Voted to abolish the monarchy and creates
the French Republic Create a new legislative body called the
National Convention, deputies drew up a new constitution for France
Convention extends suffrage to all male citizens not just property
owners
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- Bell Work Robespierre stated Louis must die, that the country
can live. What do you think this means? Be prepared to answer this
questions aloud after heavily considering it
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- Death of the King and Queen Louis XVI put on trial as a traitor
to France Convicted guilty and sentenced to death January 1793,
Louis was sent to the guillotine and beheaded in Paris Marie
Antoinette was executed in October
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- Death of the King and Queen ASSIGNMENT 10 mins Read on page
177, Execution of a King Answer Questions 1 through 3 on a separate
sheet of paper We will talk about this as a class
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- Convention Defends the Republic France is at war with much of
Europe 1. Britain 2. The Netherlands 3. Spain 4. Prussia Royalists
and priests led rebellion against the government in the Vendee
Convention is dividing Jacobins vs Girondins
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- Committee of Public Safety Created in order to deal with the
threats to France abroad and within its boarders 12 member
committee with ultimate power Required every person in French
society to aid in war efforts (page 178)
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- Robespierre Leader of the Committee of Public Safety Friends
called him The Incorruptible Enemies called him a Tyrant Believed
in Rousseaus idea of general will as the source of all legitimate
law Promoted religious toleration and wanted to abolish
slavery
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- Robespierre Leader of the Committee of Public Safety Advocate
of execution of those against the revolution Hated the Old Regime
http://www.history.com/shows/modern- marvels/videos/guillotine
http://www.history.com/shows/modern- marvels/videos/guillotine
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- The Reign of Terror Robespierre was the main architect Lasted a
year long (July 1793 July 1794) Hasty trials convicting those
perceived to be against the revolution to death 40,000 people were
killed
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- Reaction and the Directory Third Stage of the Revolution Third
Constitution created since 1789 The Directory is created, five man
directory, with a two house legislature elected by male citizens of
property Lasted from 1795-1799 and was a failure
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- Women in the Revolution Though women gained some right during
the revolution, they also lost others Figures like Olympe de Gouges
were sent to the guillotine for supporting the revolution on the
behalf of women
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- Bell Work It is better to eat than be eaten. Look for evidence
of this philosophy while pre-viewing the section Pages 182-185
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- Building Review Guide 11. Why was there discontent with the old
regime in France? Answer There was discontent with the old regime
in France because, nobles got the best government jobs; urban
workers earned poor wages; peasants taxes were high; nobles did not
pay their fair share. The Third Estate became unaccepting of their
role in society
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- Building Review Guide 12. Why did a crowd storm the Bastille?
Answer A crowd stormed the Bastille because rumors that royal
troops were going to occupy Paris sent a crowd to the Bastille for
weaponry. The commander denied access and fired upon the crowd,
which started a battle in which the peasants broke into the
prison
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- Building Review Guide 13. What was the slogan of the French
Revolution? Answer Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
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- Building Review Guide 14. What was the Reign of Terror? Answer
A ruthless campaign against people suspected of being enemies of
the revolution
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- Building Review Guide 15. List the reforms that Napoleon made
as leader of France Answer Modernized finance Controlled prices
Promoted public schools and public works Instituted new law
code
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- Building Review Guide 16. How did Napoleon build an empire in
Europe? What were two reasons for his downfall? Answer The way
Napoleon built an empire in Europe was he annexed areas to France,
made alliances with nations, put family members on the thrones of
nations, and used forceful diplomacy. Two reasons for his downfall
were his defeat in Russia, and a unified Europe opposed him.
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- The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815) Section Four The
Age of Napoleon Begins
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- The Age of Napoleon Begins After the execution of King Louis
XVI, France entered a state of confusion and chaos without a single
leader. Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte, a brilliant and ambitious
captain in the French army, was rapidly rising in the military
ranks. Soon enough, Napoleon would come to rule almost all of
Europe. One of his earliest victories in Lodi, Italy, convinced him
that he was only just beginning his successful rise to power
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- WORDS OF NAPOLEON From that moment, I foresaw what I might be.
Already I felt the earth flee from beneath me, as if I were being
carried into the sky. Napoleon Bonaparte
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- Class Work Work together in pairs to construct an outline of
this section. Base your outline on the on the Reading Focus
questions on page 182 Pay attention to the bold face headings
throughout the section
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- The Age of Napoleon Begins The Age of Napoleon lasts from 1799-
1815 The final stage of the French Revolution His assent to power
over Europe was caused by military domination
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- Napoleons Rise to Power Born on the island of Corsica in 1769
Familys status was of minor nobles with little wealth Was confused
by the conflicting ideas of the French Revolution Waited to choose
a side till one proved to be victorious
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- Early Successes December 1793, drove British forces out of
France Won victories vs the Austrians and captured most of northern
Italy 1798 lost to British Forces in Egypt, but hid those stories
from the French people
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- Early Successes 1799 went from victorious general, to a
political leader and then overthrew the Directory Created a 3 man
governing board known as the Consulate Named himself 1 st Consul,
and as Consul for life in 1802
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- Self-Made Emperor Self proclaimed Emperor of France Invited the
Pope to his coronation Ripped the crown from the Popes hands, and
placed the crown on his own head Wanted to prove he owned his
throne, not given to him by the Pope
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- Self-Made Emperor Plebiscite = a ballot box that takes a yes/no
vote of the French People The people ALWAYS supported him
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- France Under Napoleon Created a strong central government New
motto = order, security and efficiency Old new motto = liberty,
equality and fraternity
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- Reforms Controlled prices, encouraged new industry and built
roads and canals Created a system of public schools Improved
relations with Catholics, but kept the Church under state control
Made people from every group happy, gave everyone a place to fit in
w/in the new regime
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- Napoleonic Code Embodied Enlightenment principles equality of
all citizens by law; religious toleration; advancement based on
merit Women lost some of what they gained during the revolution;
men were in complete control of their wives and children
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- Building an Empire 1804-1814 furthered his reputation on the
battlefield Did not care if he suffered major casualties as long as
he won the battle 1810 his Grand Empire was at its largest
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- The Grand Empire Redrew the map of Europe in his own image
Annexed the following areas 1. Netherlands 2. Belgium 3. Parts of
Italy 4. Parts of Germany Place friends and family on thrones
throughout Europe
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- France versus Britain Napoleon could not beat Britain Britain
relied on their naval strength to hold off the French and Napoleon
Instituted the Continental System, closing European ports Britain,
in an attempt to destroy them economically
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- France versus Britain Continental System ultimately failed to
destroy Britain Lead to increased hatred toward France by the rest
of Europe
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- Class Work After constructing your outline answer questions 1-5
in the Section Assessment on page 185
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- The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815) Section Five The
End of an Era
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- Bell Work Compare the map of France on page 184 to the map of
France on page 190 List five changes that resulted from Napoleons
fall from power
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- The End of an Era Other nations in Europe benefited from the
reforms of the French Revolution Nationalism was a major reason for
Napoleons downfall Geography played an important role in napoleons
defeat in Russia The French people supported Napoleon The Congress
of Vienna achieved its goals.
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- The End of an Era Read through this section Find evidence that
supports or disputes each of the generalizations posted
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- The End of an Era Other nations in Europe benefited from the
reforms of the French Revolution Nationalism was a major reason for
Napoleons downfall Geography played an important role in Napoleons
defeat in Russia The French people supported Napoleon The Congress
of Vienna achieved its goals.
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- Challenges to Napoleon's Empire French armies spread the ideas
of the French Revolution backed liberal reforms in the lands they
conquered 1. abolished titles of nobility 2. ended church
privileges 3. opened careers to men of talent 4. ended serfdom
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- Impact of Nationalism Nationalism spurred French armies to
successes versus opponents From Madrid to the Netherlands,
nationalism unleashed revolts against France
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- Resistance in Spain French were seen as foreign invaders
Overthrew the King of Spain, and replaced by Napoleon's brother
Joseph Joseph attempted to put an end to the Spanish Catholic
Church Spaniards remained loyal to the King and Church. French
armies responded to resistance violently and Spaniards responded
with guerrilla warfare tactics and support from Britain
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- War with Austria Napoleon won multiple victories in Austria
that entitled him to large land grants with many subjects Napoleon
divorces his wife Josephine and married the Austrian princess Marie
Louise, giving him ties to the Austrian blood line Now there is an
Imperial alliance between France and Austria
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- Defeat in Moscow Russians upset with the Continental System and
break away from it Napoleon responds by sending his Grand Army of
400,000 troops Russians apply scorched Earth policy and avoid
conflict Winter comes and Napoleon wants to retreat - 1000 mile
walk back home harsh winter turns hellish, only 10,000 soldiers
survive Napoleons reputation is destroyed
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- Downfall of Napoleon New alliance forms against France Russia +
Britain + Austria + Prussia = the Quadruple Alliance - defeat of
Napoleon in the Battle of Nations at Leipzig
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- Exile and Return Napoleon banished to the island of Elba never
to return King Louis XVIII recognized as the new King of France
French people want Napoleon back, afraid things will go back to the
"old ways" Napoleon escapes Elba, and returns, the people are
happy, Louis XVIII flees, Napoleon reasserts himself as
emperor
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- Battle of Waterloo, Belgium French army versus Allied army
round two... FIGHT!!!! June 18, 1815- Another allied victory
Napoleon forced to abdicate his throne again, and exiled to the
island of St. Helena never to return
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- Congress of Vienna Chief goal was to create a lasting peace by
establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of
monarchy Redrew the map of Europe so that France was land locked by
strong countries restored the King Louis the XVIII to King of
France