Post on 22-Nov-2014
description
The fate of Indonesia’s forest moratorium: Will the existing regulatory framework help?
Daniel Murdiyarso (CIFOR) and Sonya Dewi (ICRAF)
Lawmakers: “discontinue Moratorium”
• Depriving local livelihoods
• Job opportunities declined
• OP applicants 300, approved 70-80
• To freeze reforestation budget The Jakarta Globe November 24, 2012 Forest Ministry Pushes to Continue Deforestation Moratorium, House Pushes Back Indonesian lawmakers threatened on Friday to freeze the budget for reforestation projects if President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono continues the nation’s deforestation moratorium until 2014……………………………
Outline • Introduction
– Problems with definitions – Ever decreasing protected areas – Regaining C-rich forests
• Thinking out-of-the-box – From primary to secondary forests – From peatland to wetlands – From area to C-density – From REDD to NAMAs
• Existing regulatory framework help? – Swapping and revoking – Scrutinize conflicting regulations – Engaging lawmakers
• Recommendations
• With some controversies
• Ill-defined: primary vs natural
• Includes some red carpets
• Excludes (natural) secondary
forests
A two-year moratorium
• Most of the forest land
categories are already
protected by law
• The area to be addressed is
much less but highly
problematic in terms of
governance
Indicative Moratorium Map (PIPIB)
Deep to very deep (7.2 Mha = 19 GtC)
Shallow to deep (5.8 Mha = 11 GtC)
Shallow to moderate (8.0 Mha = 3 GtC)
1990 2002
Global 400 Mha (528 Pg)
Tropics 40 Mha (191 Pg)
SE Asia 35-40 Mha 25-30 Mha
Indonesia 21 Mha
(33 Pg)
17 Mha (?)
Peatlands distribution in Indonesia
THINKING beyond the canopy 1991
The MRV challenges
• Measuring GHG fluxes from drained peat swamp
and fire emissions
• Quantifying C-stocks change from forests
conversions
• LUCC (100,000 ha/y in 2000-2005)
If extended: secondary forests Fo
rest
Primary
Natural
Secondary
Plantation
Soil Mineral
Peat/organic
Legally defined and identifiable
Legally NOT defined but identifiable Secondary
forests 47 Mha
• Indonesia has ca. 3 million ha or 23%
world’s mangrove area
• Deforestation rate 50,000-80,000 ha/yr
• There are more mangroves in Indonesia
than any continents
If extended: mangroves to be included
Not recommended for a picnic
Mangroves Area and distribution Papua, Kalimantan, and Sumatera islands harbor 85.8 % of Indonesian mangroves with primary mangrove (91.6 %), secondary mangrove (77.8 %)
Islands Primary Secondary Total
(ha) % (ha) % (ha) %
Papua 1,166,406 45.6 78,682 3.1 1,245,088 48.6
Kalimantan 57,532 2.2 442,119 17.3 499,651 19.5
Sumatera 138,431 5.4 314,826 12.3 453,257 17.7
Maluku 66,759 2.6 90,685 3.5 157,444 6.1
Sulawesi 32,929 1.3 112,166 4.4 145,094 5.7
Jawa 8,865 0.3 23,339 0.9 32,205 1.3
Nusa Tenggara 16,196 0.6 11,753 0.5 27,950 1.1
Indonesia 1,487,118 58.1 1,073,571 41.9 2,560,688 100.0
source: MoF-GoI, 2009
Mangrove
Ecosystem C-pools of ecotypes and islands
Properties unit riverine (18) estuarine (8)
Note X ± sd
Total C Pool Ecosystem (Mg C.ha
-1) 1025.2 ±68.6 b 1172.7 ±66.2 a *
Properties unit Sumatera (6) Kalimantan (7) Papua (13)
Note X ± sd
Total C Pool Ecosystem (Mg C.ha
-1) 1230.0 ±67.1 a 944.7 ±37.6 b 1104.6 ±24.7 c **
Change Change Change
2000 (ha) 2009 (ha) ha.yr-1
2000 (ha) 2009 (ha) ha.yr-1
2000 (ha) 2009 (ha) ha.yr-1
Papua 1,186,161 1,166,406 2,195 72,751 78,682 (659) 1,258,912 1,245,088 1,536
Kalimantan 74,767 57,532 1,915 581,420 442,119 15,478 656,186 499,650 17,393
Sumatera 176,042 138,431 4,179 294,462 314,826 (2,263) 470,505 453,257 1,916
Maluku 66,970 66,759 23 90,495 90,685 (21) 157,464 157,444 2
Sulawesi 40,167 32,929 804 113,243 112,166 120 153,410 145,094 924
Jawa 17,583 8,865 969 15,534 23,339 (867) 33,117 32,205 101
Nusa Tenggara 16,227 16,196 3 11,758 11,753 0 27,985 27,950 4
Indonesia 1,577,917 1,487,118 10,089 1,179,662 1,073,571 11,788 2,757,579 2,560,688 21,877
source: MoF-GoI, 2009
IslandsPrimary mangroves Secondary mangroves All Mangroves
Mangrove Forest Cover Changes
Ecosystem C-pools
Large belowground pools
Eco
syste
m C
sto
rag
e (
Mg
ha
-1)
Soils below 30 cm depth
Soils 0-30 cm depth + roots
Aboveground live + dead
Boreal Temperate Tropical upland
Tropicalpeat swamp
Mangrove0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
(Donato et al., 2011)
If extended: include NAMAs
Controlling water level in Acacia plantation, Riau Province
• Intensifying plantation • On degraded mineral soils • Avoid peatlands • Re-assess land banking • Use moratorium clauses • Revenue from palm oil:
$16 B/yr
If extended: include NAMAs
Brand new initiatives: Accelerating economic development
Indonesia is divided into six corridors Corridor means connectivity (i.e. infrastructure)
Papua Economic Corridor Theme
• Center for food production, fisheries, energy and mining
Economic Center
• Sofifi, Ambon
• Sorong
• Manokwari, Timika
• Jayapura, Merauke
Main Economic Activity
• Food estate, MIFEE
• Oil and gas
• Copper, Nickel
• Fisheries
Moratorium and OP industry
Before (2007-2010) After (2011)
Company involved 169 124
Province involved 12 22
Expansion (ha) 2,490,404 1,371,216
Plant processing capacity (ton FB/hr)
9,115 4,466
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and ANTARA News Agency (22 Nov 2012)
Lawmakers: “discontinue Moratorium”
• Depriving local livelihoods
• Job opportunities declined
• OP applicants 300, approved 70-80
• To freeze reforestation budget The Jakarta Globe November 24, 2012 Forest Ministry Pushes to Continue Deforestation Moratorium, House Pushes Back Indonesian lawmakers threatened on Friday to freeze the budget for reforestation projects if President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono continues the nation’s deforestation moratorium until 2014……………………………
• On “Procedures to change the function of forest lands”
• Potentials for swapping
• Re-align with the Law on spatial panning
• On “Utilization of forest lands”
• Is revoking unimplemented permits or unsustainable implementation possible?
Scrutinizing existing regulations
Recommendations • Although the Moratorium was
not specifically and uniquely meant to reduce emissions it can further serve as enabling conditions
• If it is going to be extended, it should be targeted for C-rich forests, including secondary forests, mangrove ecosystems
• Engaging lawmakers is crucial to synergize the existing regulations towards regaining C-rich forest ecosystems