The End

• Robert E. Lee

surrendered to

Ulysses S. Grant at

Appomattox Court

House.

• Grant did not allow

celebration because

the southern soldiers

were once again U.S.

citizens.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Gov’t organization that provided food, clothing, healthcare and education to black and white refugees from South

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Wartime– Presidential– Congress

13th Amendment

Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Lincoln’s Wartime Plan

10% Plan

* Pardon to all who took an oath of loyalty & accepted the 13th amendment

* EXCEPT highest ranking Confederate officers. (military & civilian)

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath and est. a gov’t, it would be recognized.

Lincoln’s Assassination

• Shot in the head by

John Wilkes Booth on

April 14, 1865 at

Ford’s Theatre in

Washington D.C.

• The assassination

occurred five days

after Robert E. Lee

surrendered at

Appomattox.

President Andrew Johnson

17th (1865 – 1869)

Pro-Union Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat. (supports small farms)

White Supremacist.

“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

Johnson’s Presidential Plan

10% of state’s voters - oath to the US Constitution

amnesty with simple oath to all EXCEPT:

Confederate officers

those with property over $20,000 (wealthy planters)

(could apply directly to Johnson for pardon – 13,500 pardoned)

new constitutions must ratify the 13th amendment

EFFECTS

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.

2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.

3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

14th Amendment

Ratified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

States cannot deprive anyone of citizenship or voting (13th & 14th)

NO Confederate officer or military leader could hold political office

Military Reconstruction Act - The south would be occupied by federal troops and divided into 5 military districts governed by army generals

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates.

February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes with a 2/3rd majority 1st in U. S. history!!

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Tenure of Office Act

* The President could not remove any officials without the Senate’s consent

Designed to protect members of Lincoln’s cabinet

Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson removed Sec of War Stanton

The Republican dominated House passed articles of impeachment

Lawyers argued that Lincoln, not Johnson, had appointed Stanton, so the Tenure of Office Act did not apply to him

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one vote short of required 2/3s vote).

Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. (literate)

Blacks were politically unprepared.

The 15th amendment guaranteed voting

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black & White Political Participation

Colored Rule in the South?

The Fifteenth Amendment (

Amendment XV ) of the United

States Constitution

provides that no government in the

United States may prevent a citizen

from voting based on that citizen's

race, color, or previous condition of

servitude (i.e. slavery). It was ratified on

February 3, 1870.

Women’s rights groups were furious that

they were not granted the right to vote.

Scandals:

• Credit Mobilier – people took advantage of

the Pacific Railroad

• The Sec of War was taking bribes –

impeached & removed

• No evidence of Grant being involved, but

his choice of associates earn him

widespread criticism

1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election

• Disputed votes

– Florida, Louisiana, & South Carolina

(intimidation of Republican voters)

• Congress unable to determine the

outcome.

• A Committee of Senators, Congressmen

and a Supreme Court Judge decide

The Political Crisis of 1877 Compromise of 1877

Election of 1876

1. Demos. gave presidency to Repub. Hayes

2. in return troops would be removed from the south

3. Reconstruction is OVER!!

Hayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!