Post on 18-Dec-2015
The Early Middle Ages: The The Early Middle Ages: The Feudal SpiritFeudal Spirit
The Age of CharlemagneThe Age of Charlemagne
Descended from Franks: valued war and Descended from Franks: valued war and destructiondestruction
Blend of two cultures during reign of Blend of two cultures during reign of CharlemagneCharlemagne
Kingdom: Large European kingdom, from Kingdom: Large European kingdom, from the Rhine to Spainthe Rhine to Spain
Renewed interest in learning and artsRenewed interest in learning and arts
The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance
His interest in culture assembled group of His interest in culture assembled group of scholars and artists. Favorite book: scholars and artists. Favorite book: The The City of GodCity of God
Imperial ideal from Rome and ByzantiumImperial ideal from Rome and Byzantium
Monks copied manuscripts and painted, Monks copied manuscripts and painted, learned chants and interpreted the Bible.learned chants and interpreted the Bible.
Alcuin of York, teacher: revival of learning Alcuin of York, teacher: revival of learning and literacy. Attempted universal educationand literacy. Attempted universal education
The Culture of the BookThe Culture of the Book
Books were expensiveBooks were expensive
Illustrated manuscripts: Hellenistic and Illustrated manuscripts: Hellenistic and Byzantine style, incorporating Anglo-Byzantine style, incorporating Anglo-Saxon art.Saxon art.
Utrecht Psalter: collection of PsalmsUtrecht Psalter: collection of Psalms
Sculpture disappeared. Reliquaries. Sculpture disappeared. Reliquaries.
The cult of relicsThe cult of relics
Charlemagne’s CourtCharlemagne’s Court
Pilgrimage to Rome in 800. Crowned Pilgrimage to Rome in 800. Crowned emperor. First monarch since Roman timesemperor. First monarch since Roman times
Aachen, Aix-la-Chapelle. Modeled after Aachen, Aix-la-Chapelle. Modeled after Byzantine churchesByzantine churches
Charlemagne’s kingdom only lasted one Charlemagne’s kingdom only lasted one generation after his deathgeneration after his death
New wave of invasions: Muslims, New wave of invasions: Muslims, Hungarians, Vikings Hungarians, Vikings
Feudal EuropeFeudal Europe
France and England brunt of Viking France and England brunt of Viking invasionsinvasions
Decentralized system: feudal estatesDecentralized system: feudal estates
Feudalism: system based on vows of Feudalism: system based on vows of military service and ownership of land.military service and ownership of land.
Based on grant of lands by lords to Based on grant of lands by lords to vassals in return for servicevassals in return for service
Castle: residence of lords familyCastle: residence of lords family
Refuge for the feudal estate during warRefuge for the feudal estate during war
Crusaders came back and improved themCrusaders came back and improved them
Fortresses to defend against siegeFortresses to defend against siege
Decoration of castles simple tapestries to Decoration of castles simple tapestries to protect from coldprotect from cold
Pagan rituals and celebrations: mummingPagan rituals and celebrations: mumming
Origin of masquerades and masked dancesOrigin of masquerades and masked dances
The Song of RolandThe Song of Roland
Oral literature of military exploits such as Oral literature of military exploits such as epics.epics.
Battle from Charlemagne’s campaigns in Battle from Charlemagne’s campaigns in Spain. Hero: Roland who battles Muslim Spain. Hero: Roland who battles Muslim knightsknights
Celebrated knights’ bravery in battle and Celebrated knights’ bravery in battle and loyalty to his lordloyalty to his lord
No womenNo women
Tale of feudal courage, violence and Tale of feudal courage, violence and treacherytreachery
Blows his horn to summon Charlemagne, Blows his horn to summon Charlemagne, but dies before king appearsbut dies before king appears
Feudal and Christian values are Feudal and Christian values are highlightedhighlighted
ChivalryChivalry
Emerged as a way to enforce loyalty.Emerged as a way to enforce loyalty.
Loyal to lord, not sleep with his wife, or Loyal to lord, not sleep with his wife, or surrender his castle as well as religious surrender his castle as well as religious devotion and service to ladiesdevotion and service to ladies
Tournaments: feasting, pageantry and Tournaments: feasting, pageantry and dancedance
Professional warriors emergedProfessional warriors emerged
The Bayeux TapestryThe Bayeux Tapestry
1066: Battle of Hastings William the 1066: Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror’s victory over the EnglishConqueror’s victory over the English
Tapestry: Embroidered wall hanging Tapestry: Embroidered wall hanging recounting the chain of events. 231 feet recounting the chain of events. 231 feet long linen cloth. Probably embroidered by long linen cloth. Probably embroidered by English women. English women.
Influenced by Trajan’s columnInfluenced by Trajan’s column
Muslim SpainMuslim SpainCultivated society where Muslims, Jews Cultivated society where Muslims, Jews and Christians coexisted.and Christians coexisted.
Influence of architecture, poetry and Influence of architecture, poetry and philosophyphilosophy
711 Muslims from North Africa conquer 711 Muslims from North Africa conquer Spain. Power declined after 1000Spain. Power declined after 1000
Sephardic Jews had centers of learningSephardic Jews had centers of learning
Spaniards pushed back Muslims until Spaniards pushed back Muslims until 1492 they expelled the last from Granada1492 they expelled the last from Granada
Muslims and Jews forced to convertMuslims and Jews forced to convert
MonasticismMonasticism
Rules of chastity, poverty and obedienceRules of chastity, poverty and obedience
Refuge from the barbariansRefuge from the barbarians
Centers of learning and Centers of learning and
Evangelizing monks and cloistered monksEvangelizing monks and cloistered monks
Guardians of arts and artifacts of Western Guardians of arts and artifacts of Western civilizationcivilization
Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland (c. 820)Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland (c. 820)
The Romanesque StyleThe Romanesque Style
Descendants of Otto the Great created Descendants of Otto the Great created Romanesque style of architectureRomanesque style of architecture
Rounded Roman arches and barrel vaultsRounded Roman arches and barrel vaults
Massive vaults and piers and decorationMassive vaults and piers and decoration
Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy, FranceAbbey of Cluny in Burgundy, France
Some elements of the Gothic churchSome elements of the Gothic church
The Pilgrimage ChurchesThe Pilgrimage Churches
Medieval tourist centers; stopping points Medieval tourist centers; stopping points during pilgrimages to Santiago de during pilgrimages to Santiago de CompostelaCompostela
St. Sernin Latin Cross floorplan)St. Sernin Latin Cross floorplan)
chapels off the apsechapels off the apse
transept( housed the relics)transept( housed the relics)
portalsportals
ambulatoriesambulatories
Romanesque SculptureRomanesque Sculpture
Relief sculpture: Bibles in stoneRelief sculpture: Bibles in stone
Portal sculpture on thePortal sculpture on the tympanum tympanum
Autun: Gislibertus’ lintel sculpture Autun: Gislibertus’ lintel sculpture warning of wages of sinwarning of wages of sin
Vezelay: relics of Mary MagdaleneVezelay: relics of Mary Magdalene
Early Medieval Music and Early Medieval Music and DramaDrama
Musical Notation. Initially, chants were Musical Notation. Initially, chants were taught by oral traditiontaught by oral tradition
Guido d’Arezzo: six note scale and Guido d’Arezzo: six note scale and solmization: ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, tisolmization: ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti
Guidonian HandGuidonian Hand
Staff: tone; Clef set the tone F or CStaff: tone; Clef set the tone F or C
Invited to Vatican to teachInvited to Vatican to teach
Sacred music passed downSacred music passed down
Hildegard of BingenHildegard of Bingen
German abbess (1098-1179)German abbess (1098-1179)
Composed mystical poetry and musicComposed mystical poetry and music
Morality play set to musicMorality play set to music
Women should use Mary as role model Women should use Mary as role model and reject Eve the sinnerand reject Eve the sinner
Drama in the Medieval ChurchDrama in the Medieval Church
Medieval theater: representations of Medieval theater: representations of Christ’s birth death and resurrectionChrist’s birth death and resurrection
The Three Wise Men, Herod’s Slaughter of The Three Wise Men, Herod’s Slaughter of the Innocents, and the Raising of Lazarus.the Innocents, and the Raising of Lazarus.
Written in Latin; briefWritten in Latin; brief
Churchgoers followed the scenes Churchgoers followed the scenes throughout the churchthroughout the church
Moved outside the church in the 13th cent.Moved outside the church in the 13th cent.
Medieval PhilosophyMedieval Philosophy
Christian problems: existence of God, Christian problems: existence of God, relationship between faith and reasonrelationship between faith and reason
Cathedral schools fostered learning; Cathedral schools fostered learning; translation of Aristotle’s workstranslation of Aristotle’s works
Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Tragic love of Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Tragic love of Heloise.Heloise.
Sic et Non: Sic et Non: exposed inconsistencies in exposed inconsistencies in Church teachingsChurch teachings