The Early Industrial The Early Industrial RevolutionRevolution

A. The Congress of A. The Congress of Vienna, 1815Vienna, 1815

II. The origins of the II. The origins of the industrial worldindustrial world

A. Agricultural revolutionA. Agricultural revolution

B. Population ExplosionB. Population Explosion

1. Colonization1. Colonization

2. Malthus, 2. Malthus, An Essay on the Principles of An Essay on the Principles of PopulationPopulation

C. Changes in the C. Changes in the Traditional EconomyTraditional Economy

1. Putting out system “cottage 1. Putting out system “cottage industry”industry”

2. More kids2. More kids

D. Release of CapitalD. Release of Capital

1. Textiles1. Textiles

III. Industrial Revolution in III. Industrial Revolution in BritainBritain

A. Natural resourcesA. Natural resources

1. Narrow, swift streams1. Narrow, swift streams

2. Coal2. Coal

3. People3. People

enclosureenclosure

agricultureagriculture

B. Efficient Banking B. Efficient Banking SystemSystem

1. 1693 - Bank of England; joint stock 1. 1693 - Bank of England; joint stock companiescompanies

C. TechnologyC. Technology

1. British (Americans later) made heroes 1. British (Americans later) made heroes of scientists, mechanicsof scientists, mechanics

2. Steam engine - 1758 James Watt2. Steam engine - 1758 James Watt

D. King CottonD. King Cotton1. Cotton gin - American, Indian, 1. Cotton gin - American, Indian,

Egyptian sourcesEgyptian sources

Social Relations Social Relations TransformedTransformed

The Rise of the industrial The Rise of the industrial middle class (bourgeoisie) middle class (bourgeoisie) and the industrial working and the industrial working

classclass

Victoria, symbol of an age Victoria, symbol of an age and cultureand culture

1837-19011837-1901

I. Bourgeois societyI. Bourgeois society

A. OriginsA. Origins

1. Old middle class1. Old middle class

2. New middle class2. New middle class

B. Home life and the Cult B. Home life and the Cult of Domesticityof Domesticity

1. “male” v. “female” spheres1. “male” v. “female” spheres

2. Romanticization and separation of 2. Romanticization and separation of male/female culturemale/female culture

““childhood”childhood”

Redefinition of male cultureRedefinition of male culture

C. Bourgeois MoralityC. Bourgeois Morality

1. Distinguish themselves1. Distinguish themselves

2. Men and women spending more time 2. Men and women spending more time apartapart

3. Emphasis on romantic love3. Emphasis on romantic love

Literature - Austen, Bronte sistersLiterature - Austen, Bronte sisters

4. Genteel culture4. Genteel culture

F. Reforming ZealF. Reforming Zeal

1. Fear and pity1. Fear and pity

2. Women, politics and reform 2. Women, politics and reform

II. Working Class CultureII. Working Class Culture

A. Origins of the working A. Origins of the working classclass

1. Old working class1. Old working class

2. New working class2. New working class

B. Institution of Factory B. Institution of Factory DisciplineDiscipline

1. Sadler Commission 1. Sadler Commission

2. England, 1833 - Factory Act2. England, 1833 - Factory Act

3. Public schooling3. Public schooling

C. Family life of the C. Family life of the Industrial Working ClassIndustrial Working Class

1. Less distinction of gendered 1. Less distinction of gendered “spheres”“spheres”

2. Religion: spirituality, focus on 2. Religion: spirituality, focus on afterlifeafterlife

Great Awakening, Lourdes, MarpingenGreat Awakening, Lourdes, Marpingen

E. Working Class MoralityE. Working Class Morality

1. Immediate gratification1. Immediate gratification

2. Sexuality/love2. Sexuality/love

3. Communal ethic 3. Communal ethic

F. Working Class and F. Working Class and ReformReform

1. Focused on “bread and butter” issues1. Focused on “bread and butter” issues

WC support critical in the Revolutions of WC support critical in the Revolutions of 18301830

and 1848and 1848

Reform in the Age of Reform in the Age of “isms”“isms”

Transforming the Industrial Transforming the Industrial World Through Ideology, World Through Ideology,

Politics, and ArtPolitics, and Art

I. Ideologies of ReformI. Ideologies of Reform

LiberalismLiberalism

NationalismNationalism

RomanticismRomanticism

ConservatismConservatism

SocialismSocialism

A. LiberalismA. Liberalism

1. Jeremy Bentham - utilitarianism1. Jeremy Bentham - utilitarianism

““greatest good for the greatest greatest good for the greatest number”number”

(New Deal Liberalism)(New Deal Liberalism)

2. John Stuart Mill, 2. John Stuart Mill, On LibertyOn Liberty (1859) (1859)

3. Liberalism embraced by the 3. Liberalism embraced by the bourgeoisie bourgeoisie

a. right to vote, civil liberties, legal a. right to vote, civil liberties, legal equality,equality,

constitutional government, constitutional government, parliamentary parliamentary systems, free market systems, free market economyeconomy

b. not anti-capitalistb. not anti-capitalist

B. NationalismB. Nationalism

1. Both an expression of and 1. Both an expression of and

alternative to Liberalismalternative to Liberalism

2. Geo-political centralization2. Geo-political centralization

3. Heightened by economic3. Heightened by economic

competitioncompetition

C. RomanticismC. Romanticism

1. Response to Enlightenment, 1. Response to Enlightenment, industrialization and urbanizationindustrialization and urbanization

2. Artistic, literary, musical movement 2. Artistic, literary, musical movement celebrating nature, rural life, mysticismcelebrating nature, rural life, mysticism

LiteratureLiterature

Goethe, Goethe, FaustFaust

Goethe

Mary Shelley, Frankenstein

ArtArt

MusicMusic

Romanticism and national identityRomanticism and national identity

D. ConservatismD. Conservatism1. Edmund Burke1. Edmund Burke

Joseph de MaistreJoseph de Maistre

change should come slowly…change should come slowly…

……directed from the top downdirected from the top down

popular in Germany, Russia, Austriapopular in Germany, Russia, Austria

E. SocialismE. Socialism

1. Challenged capitalist ethic 1. Challenged capitalist ethic

only wealth one was entitled to came only wealth one was entitled to came from own laborfrom own labor

Reform and Revolution in Reform and Revolution in the Industrial Agethe Industrial Age

““To the Barricades”To the Barricades”

A. BureaucraticA. Bureaucratic

1. 1830s - 40s “welfare”1. 1830s - 40s “welfare”

2. Redefinition of poverty2. Redefinition of poverty

3. Britain: Reform Bill of 18323. Britain: Reform Bill of 1832

““rotten boroughs”rotten boroughs”

B. Grassroots democracyB. Grassroots democracy

1. Jacksonian Democracy in America1. Jacksonian Democracy in America

2. Chartist movement in Britain2. Chartist movement in Britain

3. Student movements in Germany and 3. Student movements in Germany and FranceFrance

C. The Revolution of 1830C. The Revolution of 18301. Poland - Resistance to Russian Rule1. Poland - Resistance to Russian Rule

2. Belgium - independence from the 2. Belgium - independence from the NetherlandsNetherlands

3. Greece 3. Greece

3. France3. France

Charles X and absolutismCharles X and absolutism

WC and MC join forcesWC and MC join forces

- republic or constitutional monarchy?- republic or constitutional monarchy?

Rebellion crushed by French, foreign Rebellion crushed by French, foreign troopstroops

Louise-Philippe installed Louise-Philippe installed

D. Revolution of 1848D. Revolution of 1848

1. Food shortages, nationalism1. Food shortages, nationalism

2. Louise-Philippe abandoned by 2. Louise-Philippe abandoned by bourgeoisbourgeois

Second RepublicSecond Republic

3. June Days - working class v. bourgeois3. June Days - working class v. bourgeois

E. Revolution of 1848 in E. Revolution of 1848 in GermanyGermany

1. Liberal, nationalistic, bourgeois1. Liberal, nationalistic, bourgeois

F. Russia, AustriaF. Russia, Austria

1. Initial concessions1. Initial concessions

2. Police, military crackdowns2. Police, military crackdowns

G. Legacies of RevolutionsG. Legacies of Revolutions

1. Britain expands democratic 1. Britain expands democratic institutionsinstitutions

2. France dichotomous political culture2. France dichotomous political culture

3. Growing distance between 3. Growing distance between authoritarian and liberal statesauthoritarian and liberal states