The Early Cold War

Ch 13.2

Tuesday, May 8, 2012

• Daily goal: Understand how Containment was used in: Greece, Turkey and Korea War.

• Understand the significance of NATO, SEATO, Warsaw Pact and Limited War.

DECISION # 1: TURKEY, 1946

The Soviet Union has laid claim to Turkish territory. The Russians are pressuring Turkey for joint Soviet-Turkish administration of the Dardanelles. If the Soviet Union gains their objective they will have unlimited access through the straits. This will allow them to move warships from their Black Sea bases to the strategically important Mediterranean Sea. This Russian access might allow the Soviets to dominate not only Turkey but also Greece and the Middle East. Which of the following Options shall we recommend to the President?

DECISION # 1: TURKEY, 1946

The Soviet Union has laid claim to Turkish territory. The Russians are pressuring Turkey for joint Soviet-Turkish administration of the Dardanelles. If the Soviet Union gains their objective they will have unlimited access through the straits. This will allow them to move warships from their Black Sea bases to the strategically important Mediterranean Sea. This Russian access might allow the Soviets to dominate not only Turkey but also Greece and the Middle East. Which of the following Options shall we recommend to the President?

OPTIONS...A. Do Nothing: Turkey has a long border with Russia and it would be impossible for the United States to

defend her. We should urge U.N. action.

B. We should make a show of American military might by sending an aircraft carrier group to Turkish waters. This will discourage Soviet claims and provide visible support for our Turkish allies.

C. We should encourage our allies in the region, Italy, Greece, and France to deal with the problem. They are much nearer Turkey and can respond question.

Answer is:

B

DECISION # 2: GREECE, 1947In early 1947 Britain informed us (the United States) that they will be pulling their soldiers out of Greece. This would mean a Communist takeover of Greece. At present Communist guerrillas control much of the country. If Greece falls to Communism,Turkey and much of the Middle East will be endangered. Which of the following Options will we recommend to the President?Why did the U.S.S.R. try to take over Greece, Turkey and Iran?

DECISION # 2: GREECE, 1947In early 1947 Britain informed us (the United States) that they will be pulling their soldiers out of Greece. This would mean a Communist takeover of Greece. At present Communist guerrillas control much of the country. If Greece falls to Communism,Turkey and much of the Middle East will be endangered. Which of the following Options will we recommend to the President?Why did the U.S.S.R. try to take over Greece, Turkey and Iran?

DECISION # 2: GREECE, 1947In early 1947 Britain informed us (the United States) that they will be pulling their soldiers out of Greece. This would mean a Communist takeover of Greece. At present Communist guerrillas control much of the country. If Greece falls to Communism,Turkey and much of the Middle East will be endangered. Which of the following Options will we recommend to the President?

OPTIONS...

A. Greece is too near the Soviet Union for the U. S. to defend. We should concentrate our resources on protecting Western Europe. A channel of communication should be opened with the Greek Communists to prevent a complete takeover by the Soviets.

B. If Greece falls, U.S. interests will be severely impacted. We must send U.S. troops to replace the departing British.

C. We should immediately send our Greek allies military and economic aid. This will give them the means to defend themselves. No U.S. combat troops should be sent.

Answer is:

C

Greece and Turkey

• The first successful tests of the Truman Doctrine and Containment

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BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY FACED COMMUNIST REVOLTS IN 1947 AND ASKED THE U.S. FOR AID TO DEFEND THEMSELVES

FROM COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS

FIGHTING AGAINST COMMUNISTS IN GREECE

Discussion Question

• After the Communists backed by the Soviet union had placed pressure on Greece and Turkey, the United States feared other smaller nations would be next.

• How might the United States help protect these smaller nations and use Containment to stop Communist expansion?

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NATO

• The US and its Western European allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a defensive military alliance.

• NATO members promised to protect one another if attacked.

• West Germany later rearmed and joined NATO.

Think About it…

• How do you think the Soviet felt about NATO’s creation and West Germany creating an Army and joining the organization?

• What might the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) do in response to protect itself and its allies?

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WARSAW PACT MEMBERS

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WARSAW PACTFORMED BY THE USSR TO COUNTER NATO IN EUROPE

MAY 1, 1955

“TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP, CO-OPERATION AND MUTUAL ASSISTANCE”

BETWEEN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA, THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA, THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, THE POLISH

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, THE RUMANIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, AND THE CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC.

Warsaw Pact

• The Soviets organized their own military alliance with its Satellite nations called the Warsaw Pact.

NATO Today

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MAO ZEDONG, COMMUNIST LEADER

Chiang Kai-shekNationalist Leader

Chinese Civil War

Both sides worked together to fight the Japanese

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TAIWAN

CHIANG KAI SHEK LEADER OF NATIONALIST CHINA WAS FORCED TO FLEE TO THE ISLAND OF TAIWAN TO ESCAPE THE COMMUNISTS EVENTHOUGH THE U.S. SENT BILLIONS OF

DOLLAR IN SUPPORT

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IN FEBRUARY OF 1950 THE TWO GREAT COMMUNIST POWERS SIGNED THE SINO-SOVIET PACT. THIS CREATED A BILATERAL DEFENSE COMMITMENT AND SETTLED BOUNDARY ISSUES. THE USSR

ALSO AGREED TO PROVIDE LIMITED AID TO CHINA.

Red China

• Communists won the Chinese Civil War in 1949.

• The Nationalist Chinese fled to Taiwan.• The US did not recognize China’s Communist

gov’t and supported Taiwan.

Think About it…

• The failure of Containment as China became Communist made the United States rethink its strategy in Asia.

• How might the United States prevent further Communist expansion in Asia?

SEATO

• South-East Asian Treaty Organization was created to contain communism in Asia.

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ON AUGUST 15TH 1948 THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH KOREA WITH ITS CAPITAL IN SEOUL IS

FOUNDED

ONE MONTH LATER THE COMMUNIST KOREAN PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC IS FOUNDED WITH ITS CAPITOL IN PYONGYANG

NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

38TH PARALLEL

The North Attacks• 1950 – N. Korea

sent troops across the 38th parallel and attack S. Korea

• U.N. Security Council called on nations to send troops to defend S. Korea (90% of troops were from US)

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NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

38TH PARALLEL DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA

MACARTHUR WANTED TO USE ATOMIC BOMB TO DEFEAT N. KOREA AND CHINA

•Truman disagreed with MacArthur

•MacArthur went around Truman, and began talking to newspapers and Congress

•Truman fired MacArthur

Macarthur's farewell speech 37 minutes long

32TV ad for Eisenhower

The Korean War

• Communist North Korea invaded South Korea across the 38th parallel testing the Containment policy.

• The UN led by the American forces responded by invading to protect South Korea.

• MacArthur lands, retook S. Korea, pushes past 38th parallel, then attempts to take all of Korea

• China warned not to get too close to border• China sent 300,000 troops – drove U.S. back to S. Korea

China enters the War

• MacArthur’s Army pushed the North Koreans above the 38th parallel.

• China then joined the War.• MacArthur asked Truman to drop A-Bombs on

China, but Truman remained committed to limited war and fired MacArthur.

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DWIGHT EISENHOWER WAS THE IMMENSELY POPULAR FORMER SUPREME COMMANDER OF ALLIED FORCES IN WWII WON ELECTION AS PRESIDENT IN 1952 ON

THE “KCC” CAMPAIGN PROMISE: KOREA 1ST, THEN COMMUNISM AND CORUPTION

Eisenhower speaking to paratroopers prior to their jump at Normandy in WWII

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THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH WARFARE.

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PRESIDENT ELECT EISENHOWER MAKES GOOD ON HIS PROMISE

AND VISITS KOREA IN DECEMBER OF 1952

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IN MARCH OF 1953, JOSEPH STALIN, THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION, DIED. AFTER HIS DEATH, THE KOREAN PEACE NEGOTIATIONS TOOK A MORE

POSITIVE TURN.

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•July 27th 1953, after 3 years of

fighting an armistice was signed

ending the Korean Conflict at he

38th parallel

•Communism contained – WWIII

avoided

•Over 50,000 US troops killed

and billions spent

Armistice

• Negotiations led to an Armistice (cease-fire), but the “war” never officially ended.