Post on 25-Aug-2018
McGUFFEY, DICK, AND JANE:
20TH-
CENTURY FERNDALE LEARNS TO READ Jean Spang
“That‟ll be the day!” (John Wayne) and Arnold Schwarzenegger‟s “I‟ll be back!” are two sentences from movies that have
become iconic statements in America‟s popular culture. Another familiar sentence holds a special place in America history: “See Spot
run.” It is from the 20th
Century Scott-Foresman reading primers commonly used in U.S. elementary schools, late 1920s through the
1970s. Dick and Jane, their family, pets (Spot and Puff), and friends, were characters in an adventure series that reflected kids‟
everyday life—and in the process taught kids how to read. A Dick and Jane special adventure with their dog included “See Spot run,”
the most remembered sentence from the entire series. In retrospect, Dick and Jane primers, and their forerunner, the McGuffey
readers, provide a revealing perspective on how kids were taught to read in the United States—and Ferndale—in the last century, and
explain why drastic changes were made in late 20th
Century reading education.
In Ferndale‟s earliest elementary schools, the Porter School (1870s-1914, Nine Mile/Woodward) and Central School (ca.
1915-1920s, Woodward/Nine Mile), students learned to read through instruction based on
common teaching methods sanctioned by the State of Michigan‟s Department of Public
Instruction. This method, exemplified by the widely-used McGuffey texts (mid-1800s-early
1900s), emphasized phonics, a system which stressed the identification of letters, the
formulation of sounds to pronounce them, word definitions, and sentence meanings—and,
significantly, Calvinist morality. Illustrations were rarely included. By the time students
reached McGuffey‟s Sixth Eclectic Reader level, they were reading Shakespeare, Milton, Sir
Walter Scott, and Lord Byron, and, as well, had learned the basics of elocution: articulation,
inflection, accent and emphasis, reading verse, voice, and proper gestures.
By the mid-1920s, however, Ferndale‟s public schools began to adopt reading
textbooks that were shaped by the nation‟s new “Progressive Era.” “Learn to Do by Doing,”
the famous sentence by the foremost proponent of this new approach, John Dewey, remains
carved in stone over the main entrance of Ferndale‟s Taft School (built 1928, Allen/Fielding
corner) to this day. Dewey‟s “look-say” method stressed word recognition and meanings of
everyday life with which kids could readily identify. In response, Scott-Foresman primers,
introduced in 1927, featured main characters Dick and Jane and their friends and pets,
employed the “look-say” method, and focused on realistic presentations of kids‟ adventures.
These primers, originally illustrated by Robert Childress, a Norman Rockwell friend and
fellow artist, soon became the standard texts in the teaching of reading to some 85 million
students in the U.S. As a result, Dick and Jane became an integral part of mid-20th
Century
American culture.
The eleven stories included Scott-Foresman‟s 1956 edition of The New We Look and
See primer are typical of the series. The stories introduced a 17-word vocabulary in a
“meaningful context” and, as the primer‟s Note to the Teacher stressed, words were “adequately maintained by repeated usage in the
naturally rhythmical speech patterns of children.” Dick and Jane faced many
challenges: rescuing Sally (their little sister) from a puddle caused by Dick‟s
(mis?)use of the garden hose and assorted dealings with other “situations” around the
house and yard, introducing the words look, oh, Jane, see, Dick, and funny. Included
in such adventures were the family cat Puff (originally named Mew) and the dog
Spot, which required use of the words jump, run, come. Even Tim, Sally‟s teddy bear,
gets the kids and pets into trouble and the words go, up, down, and see appear. Each
vignette was presented against a background of implied white suburbia, with no hints
of weather or geography. Authority figures, including parents, were “there” but, like
Charles Schultz‟s presentations of adults in the iconic Peanuts comic strips (1950-
2000), seldom seen or heard.
Fall 2014
NEWSLETTER OF THE FERNDALE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
The Crow’s Nest
McGuffey‟s Eclectic First Reader,
late-19th century. Photo:
McGuffey/Wikipedia.
“Learn To Do By Doing,” John Dewey quote
over Taft School entrance. Photo: Garry Taylor.
Page 2
Kids who attended Ferndale‟s elementary
schools in the 1940s, as recalled by one
Washington School student, were surrounded by
Scott-Foresman‟s Dick and Jane primers in the
classroom. Pictures of Dick and Jane characters
were used as decorations on bulletin boards;
primers were kept on a table in the corner of the
classroom and students were encouraged to look at
them during “down” time. Formal lessons from
the text were enthusiastically taught by a teacher
who was adept at using gestures and sounds to
dramatize the actions—and words—portrayed. For
many students, the first day they felt the electrical
charge between a word on a page and the word‟s
meaning in their mind, was to remain a lifelong
memory, the momentous realization that reading
was fun!
By the late 1950s/early 1960s, Dick and
Jane had begun to recede as honored characters in
the teaching of reading in the U.S. In 1955
prominent writer Rudolf Flesch published Why
John Can‟t Read, a book that criticized the “whole word” method used in the “look-say” regimen of reading education, and claimed
that it did not teach children how to read or appreciate literature. The limited vocabulary and simplistic stories, he said, had to be
replaced with the phonics method popular in the McGuffey era. At the time, American culture was presented with the Cold War,
hippies, Elvis Presley, the Age of Aquarius, Vietnam, civil rights, and Lyndon Johnson‟s Great Society—all of which combined to set
the stage for major changes in American culture. The resulting Elementary and Secondary Education Act of the 1960s required that
school districts present methods and subject matter that would better teach underprivileged and urban school children in addition to
suburban children. Scott-Foresman, in response, introduced minority characters, Mike, his twin sisters Pam and Penny, and their
parents, into Dick and Jane‟s white world.
By 1965, however, Scott-Foresman had retired Dick and Jane primers, and in 1967 introduced its
Open Highways series, primers that included poems and classic children‟s stories, all focused on
multicultural characters and situations—which also was the focus of new learning-to-read textbooks offered
by other publishers. By the late 1960s the use of Dick and Jane texts had mostly ended in the nation‟s
schools due to what critics said were their continued lack of minority characters, use of gender stereotypes,
and questionable relevance to the changed culture. Nevertheless, Dick and Jane basic primers were still
routinely used until the early 1970s in Ferndale‟s public schools.
McGuffey primers and Dick and Jane texts are now recognized as important parts of American
history. Henry Ford, who had learned to read from the McGuffey texts, so recognized the nation‟s debt to
William McGuffey, that in 1934 he had the log cabin where McGuffey was born (in Pennsylvania) moved to
Michigan‟s Greenfield Village as a lasting reminder of one of America‟s premier educators. And by 1996,
buyers for Wal-Mart, and officials from the Penguin Readers Group which had acquired Scott-Foresman,
began joint efforts to put Dick and Jane readers back into print. Current sales indicate that since Fall 2013
alone, some four million titles have been sold to date. And today the nationwide collectors‟ market has a
healthy trade in Dick and Jane texts of yesteryear.
So McGuffey, and Dick and Jane and their gang, live on. A bumper sticker sometimes seen on cars
traversing metro Detroit streets says: “If you can read this message, thank a teacher.” McGuffey and the Dick and Jane primers might
also be thanked. And for Ferndale residents of a certain age especially, one sentence perfectly recalled their learning-to-read
experience in the city‟s schools of a simpler time: SEE SPOT RUN.
Note: John Wayne‟s “That‟ll be the day,” from The Searchers, released 1956; later the title of a hit song by Buddy Holly and the Crickets, 1957. Arnold Schwarzenegger‟s “I‟ll be back,” from The Terminator, 1984. “Memory of Washington School, 1940s,” Jean Spang, Long-time Ferndale resident. Sources: Associated
Press, “Dick and Jane‟ art trove to be in auction,” Detroit Free Press, April 21, 2014:8A. Bilz, Reed K, “Remember Dick and Jane?, attachment to Shermer article
cited below. Cole, Maurice F., Ferndale of Yesteryear (Ferndale Historical Society, 1971), schools passim. Collectible Books [Photo of Dick & Jane Primer (1946)], http://www.brightok.net/~wdmorgan-ss/Books/TransferFolder/, retrieved April 29, 2014. Genovese, Pete, “Look, look Dick and Jane are back,” Newhouse News
Service, http://www.media history.umn.edu/archive/dickandjane.html, retrieved April 29, 2014 [current markets for Dick and Jane texts; Wal-Mart/Penguin Readers
Group collaboration].Gray, Wm. S, Marion Monroe, Sterl Artley, May Hill Arbuthnot, Illustrated by Eleanor Campbell, The New We Look and See, The 1956 Edition (Chicago: Scott, Foresman Co.), passim. McGuffey, William, McGuffey‟s New Sixth Eclectic Reader (Cincinnati: Winthrop B. Smith & Co., 1856 reprint). McGuffey
Readers: From Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGuffey_Readers, retrieved September 13, 2014 [includes history of readers, Henry Ford/Greenfield Village
McGuffey memorial, and photo of McGuffey Eclectic First Reader]. Shermer, Elizabeth Tandy, Readings with and without Dick and Jane: The Politics of Literacy in c.20 America: A Rare Book School Exhibition, at The Rotunda, University of Virginia, 9 June 1-Nov. 2003, [includes description of phonic/look, history of the series],
at http://www.rarebookschool.org/2005/exhibitions/dickand jane.shtml, retrieved April 29, 2014. Sparks, J. History of Dick and Jane, at
http://www.tagnwag.com/dick_and_jane_books.html, retrieved April 29, 2014.
Washington School classroom (1923), with Dick and Jane decorations and
blackboard lessons. Photo: Ferndale Historical Museum archives.
Dick and Jane primer,
1946. Photo:
Collectible Books.
Page 3
MANIC MONDAY:
WASHERWOMEN BLUES, MID-TO-LATE 19TH
CENTURY Garry Taylor*
Today many individuals look upon Monday, and especially Monday morning, with disdain. However, Monday could put a
smile on their face if they took time to think about what a Monday meant for women in the mid-to-late 19th
Century. Doing the
washing dictated their whole Monday routine from food prep to cleaning chores. No time for big meal preparations was possible
because cooking smells would permeate clean wash.
Why Mondays for wash day? A person‟s wardrobe of the day was much simpler than today‟s. Two or three pairs of work
duds (a clean set for everyday work in the fields), and a Sunday best outfit for church and Sunday dinner, were the basics. Monday,
therefore, was the logical day to make sure all such items were fresh—as were children‟s clothing, linens (bedding and underwear),
blankets, and even carpets, all of which were set to soaking in a big tub the night before washday.
Rain or shine, laundry day came every week without fail, and the day began with the building of several fires that would set
vats of water, hauled from a nearby well, boiling. Washboards were propped in some of these
tubs, where soap made of a potash and lye mixture waited. (By the late 1800s Ivory soap had
been introduced and once purchased could be slivered into these tubs.) Then, from washtub to
rinsing tub, where the clothes were stirred over and over to remove soap, but never would all
soap be rinsed away. Next, wringing began. Before the introduction of hand-cranked (and
later motorized) wringers, women wrung all items by hand. Many women had blistered and
calloused hands as a lasting reminder of their many years completing this task.
Hanging out the wash on a bright breezy day was the ideal drying process, allowing
laundry to be hung on strung-out rope lines to dry in the open air. If the weather boded ill the
wash was hung in the house, basement, dirt cellar, barn, or any available indoor place—where
it could take days to dry fabrics.
Finally, flat irons, heated on a wood stove top or in a fireplace, were used to press
out any wrinkles in the garments. And so (thankfully) ended Monday‟s washing ritual.
Clearly, Mondays in the 19th
and early 20th
Centuries were much harder than
Mondays in the 21st Century. Which means that “Monday Blues” today can be alleviated by
just thinking about what Mondays meant to our ancestors. Even the thought promises to
make any Monday terrific!
* Personal recollection of family history of doing the washing, written by Garry Taylor (as told by his
elders), President, Ferndale Historical Society, 2014
„Doin‟ the Wash* [From an anonymous note sent circa 1900, which is on display
at the Whistler Museum and Archives, in Whistler, British Columbia]
1. Build fire in back yard to heat kettle.
2. Set tubs so smoke won‟t blow in eyes if wind is pert.
3. Shove one whole cake of lye soap in boiling water.
4. Sort things. Make 1 pile whites, 1 pile colors, and 1 pile breeches and rags.
5. Stir flour in cold water to smooth. Thin down with boiling water. Starch.
6. Rub dirty spots on washboard, scrub hard then boil. Rub colors but don‟t boil. Just rinse and starch.
7. Take white things out of kettle with broom handle. Then rinse, blue and starch.
8. Spread tea towels on grass and fence.
9. Put rinse water in flower beds.
10. Scrub porches with soapy water.
11. Turn over the tubs to drain.
12. Go put on a clean dress. Smooth hair out. Brew tea. Sit and rest. Rock a spell. Count your blessings.
Source: „Doin‟ the Wash,‟ appeared in Country Living, November 1991, and was reprinted in the Waterford Historical Society News Bill, March-
April-May 2013: 3.
Washing Machine & Laundry
Equipment, ca. 1900, Ferndale
Historical Museum display. Photo:
Garry Taylor.
Page 4
SELECTED MEMOIRS OF FERNDALE PARKING METERS, 1953-1983 Jan Froggatt
Did you ever wonder about the life of your local parking meter who faithfully stands guard at curbside and in
Ferndale parking lots day and night in all kinds of weather waiting to receive your deposits?
Thanks to the generosity of Roger Long, Parking Specialist, the Ferndale Historical Museum now has the
Ferndale Parking Meter Log for 1949 to 1983.
As of March 1950 Ferndale had 520 (1 and 2 hour) parking meters in service. This memoir shows that Ferndale
parking meters have suffered various “maladies” in their assigned line of work.
December 29, 1953 Meter knocked over by unknown car, case destroyed.
May 20, 1959 Removed meter to provide for wider driveway at A & P.
December, 1959 Removed 55 meters from rented lot of Spaulding‟s. The city has no interest in this lot.
March 3, 1960 Meter destroyed by city snow plow.
June 15, 1960 Removed meter on south side of
Post Office to make room for
driveway for Saunder‟s drive-in
cleaners.
September 26. 1960 Two meters removed from W.
Breckenridge to provide driveway
to new First Federal Savings Bank.
September 5, 1961 Meter damaged in an attempt to
pry the coin slot out.
May 7, 1962 Meter in Withington lot gone—
stolen slick as a whistle. No parts
lying around, no damage to post,
and no idea of how it was stolen.
October 2, 1962 Three meters damaged in a car
accident south of Post Office; only
recovered parts of two meters,
never found third meter.
February 5, 1964 Meter hit by Awrey‟s truck, case
destroyed.
November 2, 1964 Meter in lot behind Associates
Loan Co.: post and meter pulled
out of the ground. About a month
later this meter and case were
found and turned in.
March 22, 1965 Meter head popped off of post
from water frozen in pipe.
October 13, 1965 Meter hit by car; by the time
police arrived at the scene the
meter was gone and hasn‟t been
seen since.
March 14, 1966 Meter stolen from corner of W.
Troy and Woodward, recovered in Highland Park.
August 25, 1966 Meter missing, used pipe cutter,
cut off from ground.
November 3, 1967 Meter destroyed by firecrackers.
January 1970 Meter hit by car driven by Mrs. ---------.
December 28, 1983 Meter destroyed by car accident, turned into AAA insurance company
Ferndale Twist Parking Meter, ca. 1980s. Photo: Garry Taylor.
Page 5
LEONARD‟S DRUG STORE, 1920s
SOUTHWEST CORNER, WOODWARD/NINE MILE
Ferndale‟s business center, Woodward at Nine Mile, in the late 1920s was honored by Ripley‟s Believe It or Not as the only American city
to have a drugstore on each of its four corners. Leonard‟s (later Cunningham‟s) was on the southwest corner; McMillan‟s, the northwest; Rexall‟s,
the northeast; and Liggett‟s, the southeast. Thomas J. Leonard was the owner of Leonard‟s Pharmacy. His son Robert C. Leonard recently provided
the Ferndale Historical Museum with a short history of his father‟s life and business in early Ferndale:
He had owned the store called Leonard‟s Pharmacy (or
Drugs) on the southwest corner of Nine Mile and Woodward. In
the Depression he lost his businesses (the pharmacy—and a radio
store on Woodward near Withington) because he was
inexperienced at business and gave too much credit when “times
were good” in the 1920s. He sold the pharmacy business to his
friend, Don McMillan, whose store (northwest Woodward/Nine
Mile corner) later was the site of Federal Department Store.
Dad got a job with Oakland County as the Welfare
Department pharmacist in Royal Oak and Pontiac offices. He did
relief work, moonlighting for McMillan‟s for years. My first job
as a 14-year-old in 1950 was working for “Mac‟s” as a
clerk/soda jerk.
My dad slowly rebuilt his career after the Depression,
ultimately becoming the chief pharmacist for the Oakland County
Medical Care Facility (Infirmary) in Pontiac—eventually
becoming the administrator and a county commissioner.
A MEMORY OF
LEONARD‟S DRUG
STORE AND ITS PHONE From George Washington School [and
Ferndale] Through the Years, [A Project of]
Miss Madson‟s 2/3 graders, Washington
School, February 1990
In the early 1920s and 1930s there
weren‟t many telephones or houses with
electricity. The Leonard Drug Store had a
phone, and if someone called for you Mr.
Leonard would take the message and send a
boy to your house to deliver the message.
Where there was electricity it wasn‟t very
strong. Many people used gas, oil or wood for
cooking and to keep warm.
Leonard‟s Drugstore, during widening of Woodward, 1924. Photo: Four
Corners Collection, Ferndale Historical Museum archives.
Leonard‟s Drugstore, Woodward/Nine Mile, illustration and story by student, James Taylor.
Ferndale Historical Museum archives.
Page 6
THE MISKOFF STUDIO ON NINE MILE,
1950s/1960s?
INFORMATION WELCOME!
John Ivan Miskoff was the owner of a popular art studio on W. Nine
Mile (most likely the number was 279) during the 1950s and/or early 1960s.
He sold paintings and frames and gave art classes for many Ferndale residents.
His shop was always busy. According to Ancestry.com, Mr. Miskoff was born
in Russia in 1899 and arrived in the U.S. on the ship “Noronic” on June 8,
1947. His wife was Lena Maslikova. He passed away in 1981 in New
Richland, Minnesota, and is listed in one source as a farmer/painter. The
Historical Museum welcomes any additional information on Mr. Miskoff, his
unique studio, his customers and students that Crow‟s Nest readers can supply.
JUST MEMORIES:
THE OPENING OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL, 1923 Evelyn Wilson*
It was September 1922. The old Central School (now, the Board of Education Building) was bursting at the seams. We had
been told that the Washington School would soon be ready for occupancy and that it was our task to maintain school here as
effectively as possible. Accordingly we had a double corps of teachers—half of whom would be transferred to Washington School as
soon as it was completed. We were organized on a plan of half-day sessions. One group of children attended school for four hours in
the morning. When they were dismissed at 12:30, another group with a different teacher came immediately into the vacated rooms and
remained until 4:30 in the afternoon.
The Oddfellows Hall, a few blocks south on Woodward Avenue, had been rented to house the Kindergarten. Edith Thayer
and Betty Hauser were the Kindergarten teachers. As fall advanced and winter came on, this big hall proved to be almost impossible
to heat. So, after the five-year-olds had braved the most severe weather, they were sent home frequently to await the next day with the
possibility of more heat. Miss Thayer and Miss Hauser waited each morning with bated breath to determine what the day held for
them. If the hall was too cold, they knew that they would be delegated to substitute that day to some room in the district that might be
without a teacher. This variety of experience was not always to their liking.
The influx of new pupils was almost overwhelming. It seems as though every day brought in new people. Many were coming
from Detroit and Detroit and Highland Park to this fast developing suburban area, known as Ferndale. Ferndale had been
incorporated as a village a few years previously, but the school units were known as Royal Oak, District No. 9. Most of the fathers
were employed by the Ford Motor Company in Highland Park. Parents of new pupils were disappointed to find such crowded
conditions, but they were partially appeased when they learned that the children west of Woodward Avenue would be transferred to
the Washington School as soon as it was completed.
Just as all building projects are slower in developing than is anticipated, the Washington School was not ready for us at the
end of the first semester. However, a few days later, Superintendent William E. Harris informed us that we could plan to move,
fittingly enough, on February 22, 1923, Washington‟s Birthday.
The big day arrived. Six rooms only were finished. Members of the first teaching staff were: Lora Bogert, Betty Bennett,
Florence Roberts, Mae Kriekard, Margaret Burham, Hazel Stace, Anne MacNeven, and Evelyn Wilson. We were provided with only
the most essential equipment and supplies. There were few books, other than textbooks no pictures or visual aids, no record player, no
playground apparatus. We did have one piano and movable seats. The seats were an innovation. Heretofore, we had been accustomed
to the old type of desk and seat screwed to the floor.
Practically all of the teachers lived in Detroit, Highland Park, or Royal Oak. None of us owned automobiles. Accordingly,
each morning we boarded the local interurban, got off at Pearson Avenue, and walked the three-fourths of a mile to our new school.
The streets were unpaved and were often hazardous for driving. Hence none of us felt deprived that we were unable to drive.
Real estate promoters and builders were in their heyday. Houses were being built continuously. They were sold on contract
with small down payments. Many young families were moving into their first homes. The spirit of youth was rampant. Practically all
residents were young; the teachers were young. Everyone was full of anticipation. Accommodations might not be all that were desired
today, but we were growing. Everything would be better tomorrow.
Source: Evelyn Wilson was a teacher and the principal at Washington School, 1922-1945. “Just Memories,” written in 1923, is from her
typewritten manuscript on file in the Ferndale Historical Museum Archives.
Miskoff and his Art Studio (interior), Nine Mile, ca.
1960s. Photo: Dorothy Webb collection, Ferndale Historical
Museum.
Page 7
GEORGE WASHINGTON SCHOOL THROUGH THE YEARS [A project of] Miss Madson’s 2/3 Graders, Washington School, February 1990
A special bond to build George Washington School was purchased in 1918. In 1922, George Washington School was built on
the old Ferndale Park grounds. Back then there were fewer streets, lots of trees, vacant lots, kids, water, and mud. Much of the
Washington School area was underwater and swampy. There were times when people would travel by canoe to get around. The few
roads that existed were made of dirt and ere very dusty. Wild blueberries, blackberries and grapes grew in the woods that made up
much of Ferndale.
NOTE FROM THE DIRECTOR
Hello Fellow FHS Members,
It is my hope that you have all enjoyed your summer vacation—and that all, if any, storm damages you may have
suffered on the infamous August 11th were nil to minimum.
The Ferndale Historical Society is planning its bi-annual Christmas House Tour 2014, so if you live locally and
would like to participate by having your house featured, please contact me at the museum on or before October 20th @
248-545-7606, or call Jeannie Davis @ 248-541-5888 for further information on this fun-filled event.
As October rolls around annual dues for FHS membership become due. Please check that your dues are up-to-date
so you can continue to receive our newsletter and other important membership information.
The Society‟s Board of Directors and the Museum‟s volunteer staff thank all Ferndale Historical Society members
for their continued support of the Museum and its mission. Without you, “preserving the heritage of Ferndale for future
generations” would not be possible. Thank you.
Regards, Garry
Washington School & students, Livernois, 1933. Photo: Ferndale Historical Museum archives.
Page 8
Please Look Inside!
Page 1 McGuffey, Dick, and Jane: 20th-Century Ferndale Learns to Read
Page 2 McGuffey, Dick, and Jane (continued)
Page 3 Manic Monday: Washerwomen Blues, Mid-to-Late 19th Century; „Doin‟ the Wash
Page 4 Selected Memoirs of Ferndale Parking Meters, 1953-1983
Page 5 Leonard‟s Drug Store, SW Corner, Woodward/Nine, 1920s; Leonard‟s Drug Store and Its Phone
Page 6 The Miskoff Studio: Information Welcome; Just Memories: The Opening of Washington School, 1923
Page 7 George Washington School Through the Years; Notes from the Director
Calendar of Events:
Thursday, October 23, 2014 6 pm Board Meeting, Historical Society, held at the Museum, public is welcome
Thursday, December 4, 2014 6 pm Board Meeting, Historical Society, held at the Museum, public is welcome
Thursday, January 22, 2015 6 pm Board Meeting, Historical Society, held at the Museum, public is welcome
Ferndale Historical Society
1651 Livernois FIRST
Ferndale, MI 48220 CLASS
(248) 545-7606 MAIL
ferndalehistoricalsociety.org
“Preserving the Heritage of Ferndale for Future Generations”
The Crow‟s Nest, Fall 2014
Copyrighted and published quarterly by: Editor: Jean Spang
Graphics/Layout/Production: Chris Hammer
Mailing: Various Volunteers
Copying: Maple Press (Madison Hgts.)
www.ferndalehistoricalsociety.org
Ferndale Historical Society
1651 Livernois
Ferndale, MI 48220 USA
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