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PRODUCTION & PROHIBITIONOF INDUSTRIAL HEMP
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an introduction to
United States for 75 years, and for over 50 years it has been restricted by the United Nations.
Yet, in the year 2012, popular initiatives have legalized cannabis on the state-level in
Colorado and Washington. What is happening here?
The dialogue may be changings tones, but we still have a lot of explaining to do.
Everyone has had some degree of exposure to the negative stigmas and the positive perceptions
of the plant, whether it be a hard-handed policy or unfounded, one-sided support. There have
been an array of claims made about cannabis in recent history, and more are coming out that
entirely contradict our previous understandings. If anything is clear about this situation, it is that
we are very confused about cannabis.
Facing uncertainty, we find ourselves in a fortunate position: in order to make sense of all
that has been proclaimed about the plant, we must go back to the basics.
What is cannabis? Where does it come from? How is it used?
Why was cannabis made illegal, and why is it now being legalized?
Cannabis has made quite the name for itself overthe years . . . several , in fact. A countless amount ofnames have been given to the plant, from the scientificto the ridiculous. No doubt, the multitude of titles hascontributed to the common confusion about the plant.
Like the plant itself, the term cannabis is ancient inits origins. Stemming from Scythian roots and the Sanskritcana, the Greeks publicized the term kannabis. Variationsinclude the Egyptian qinnab, the Assyrian qu-nu-bu, thePersian kenab, and the Hebrew kanabos the plant is evenreferred to in the original tongues of the Old Testamentas kaneh-bosm. 1
cannabis is a plant that has been both praised for its powerful properties and repressed
for the effects of its influence. Cannabis has been prohibited as a substance in the
Long considered unholy in some circles and sacramental in others,
1)
What are we talking about when we talk about cannabis?
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sativa (5-25)
indica (2-6)
ruderalis (1-3)
Fig. 12
Cannabis sativa is tall and tree-like with leggy
branches. Leaves grow long and thin, and flowers
are somewhat sparse. Sativa varieties originated
primarily in Asia, the Americas, and Africa.
Cannabis indica is short, stocky, and
more comparable to a bush. Broad leaves
and dense, heavy flowers sprout from a
stout stem and condensed limbs. Indica
varieties originated primarily in India,
Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
Cannabis ruderalis is
very short, but noted for its
vigorous growth. Ruderalis
varieties can be found
growing wild in Eastern
Russia, Central Europe, andfrom Minnesota through
Manitoba and Saskatchewan
(
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anjaFig. 2
3)
G
Ganja is a term ofSanskrit origin that
refers to cannabisflowers. This namehas a long history ofcross-cultural use,most notably in Indiaand Jamaica.
Cannabis flowers are covered in
a sticky resin that contain many
chemical compounds known as
cannabinoids. The most well-known
cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol,
or THC, which has psychoactive
properties when ingested.
Cannabis has been cultivated for its
flowers for many millenia. Typically,female plants are selectively bred for
their flowers because they produce
more resin and grow later than male
flowers.
Fig. 3
Cultivated cannabiscan be identifiedby the intendedend-product.
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empFig. 4H
(4
Respective Stems
Hemp is an englishterm for cannabisthat is grown for
the stalk and seeds.
The stalk of a cannabis plant is
one of natures toughest fibers, and
hemp seeds contain one of natures
most nutritious and versatile oils.
Hemp crops are generally of the
sativa variety as they grow to muchgreater heights than indica plants,
resulting in more of the desired
fibers. Hemp crops are grown very
densely at rates of three to five
hundred plants per square meter,
while ganja crops are planted at one
to two plants per square meter.
Unlike ganja, hemp is naturally
low in psychoactive THC. Legalrestrictions have pacified the plant
even further by forcing farmers to
produce varieties of hemp that
contain practically no THC at all.
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Fig. 55)
Long-standing traditions of hemp farmingexist throughout much ofEurope, thoughagricultural interest in the crop generallydecreased during prohibition. Austria,Hungary, Poland, and Romania have
cultivated cannabis for centuries.
Russia was once the worlds largest exporterof cannabis (konopli) prior to the 1900s.
Egypt has a long history ofqinnabprohibition: duringthe 13th and 14th centurieswith the spread of Sufism,again under the rule ofNapolon Bonaparte, andongoing enforcement today.
Cannabis (dagga) was originallyimported to southern Africa byArabs and northerners traveling
down the continents easterncoast. It has long since becomenaturalized, having grown in theregion for at least four centuries.
Unearthed evidence from ancient excavations,including hemp fabrics and containers offlowers, give insights into the use of Cannabisthroughout Mesopotamia. Cannabis is alsomentioned in several tales of the collectionOne Thousand and One Nights.
Cannabis afghanica,commonly included asan indica, is a varietynative to Afghanistan.
The namesake ofindicavarieties, cannabis hasbeen cultivated in Indiafor thousands of yearsas a major sacrament of
the Hindu religion.
Bengal, deriving from theAryan term for cannabis,bhanga, can be interpretedas bhang land.
In Taiwan,the earliestdiscoveredevidence ofhemp fiberusage datesback at least12,000 year
Tall hemp plants (taima)are depicted in a coastal
Japanese cave painting.The distinguishedhistory of cannabis inJapan was interrupted
by prohibition followingWorld War II.
Cannabis sativa from Thailand,Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodiais known for light, wispy flowersand large, sprawling branches.
Australia has seen significantgrowth in commercial hempfarming since the 1990s.
Archaeological evidence shows thatCannabis, or ma, has been utilized in
China for at least 6,000 years. Today,
China is by far the worlds largestconsumer & producer of hemp.
China was thefirst region in
the world to usecannabis as a resource.
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6
What is the historyof cannabis in theUnited States of America?
* citations found in footnote #6
Moors in the12th-centuryestablished thefirst Europeanpaper mill inXtiva, Spainusing hemp.
Founded on naval superiority, the British empire needed
vast quantities of hemp to keep its vessels seaworthy. Dueto limited space on the island, Britain looked towards themainland and new lands to secure their supply of the crop.
Folklore describes how farmers in Francewould jump over bonfires and dance onrooftops during the Lenten carnival toassure that the chanvre would grow tall.
Rome consumed great quantities of hemp andcontributed to cannabis commerce. Carbonizedhemp seeds were found in the ruins of Pompeii.
Warships with caches of
hemp stalks fromCarthagewere found at the bottom ofthe Mediterranean.
From Herodotus the historianto Dioscorides the physician,kannabis was extensivelydocumented in ancient Greece.
Despite following the example ofthe United States by prohibitingcannabis, Canada has sincereturned to its roots as a majorregional producer of cannabis.
Cannabis in Jamaica,Mexico, and Colombiagrows tall in the tropicalsun likesativas ofSoutheast Asia.
Hemp has been cultivated in Chilefor over 500 years, dating back to theSpanish monarchys requirement ofcolonial farmers to supply the crop.
= Suitable Climate
for growing hemp
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The Land GrowthFull of hemp which
groweth of it selfe,which is as good as
possibly may be seeneand as strong.
7)Fig. 6 hemp in canada
Fig. 7 Acnida cannabina
- Dutch farmer Antoine Le Page du Pratz,
journal entry , 1719.
Native to the easternseaboard of North America,
Acnida cannabina looks likecannabis but is far inferior
to the strength of true hemp.
back to the mainland. imaginations ranwild in britain & beyond with the thought
of cannabis cultivation in the Americas.
Opportunistic explorers
of the New World reported theirdiscoveries of bountiful hemp crops
and Natives bearing hempen linens
I ought not to omit to take notice,that hemp grows naturally on thelands adjoining to the lakes on thewest of the Mississippi. The sticksare as thick as ones finger, andabout six feet long. They are quitelike ours in the wood, the leaf, andthe rind.
- French explorer Jacques Cartier
on his final voyage to canada, 1540.
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(8
fig. 8 The thirteen colonies
New England
Virginia
Cannabis was among the first crops to be
introduced into the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Harsh New England winters are only bearable
with proper attire, and without the proper fibers,
the colony may have frozen to death.
In 1637, the General Court at Hartford,
Connecticut ordered all families to sow one
teaspoon of hempseed. Massachusetts did
likewise in 1639, and the General Assembly
of Connecticut repeated the order in 1640.
Colonists experimented with hemp at Jamestown, in
accordance with their 1607 contract with the Virginia Company.
By 1616, the success of cannabis in Virginia prompted claims
that there was none better in England or Holland.
In 1619, the Virginia General Assembly required colonists to
grow both English and Indian hemp.
From 1765 to 1783, the countryside beyondthe Blue Ridge Mountains was the leadingarea of hemp production in North America.
Demanding economic nourishment, Britain expectedcolonists to export raw goods, particularly fibers, andbuy back finished products at inflated prices. In responsecolonists boycotted English-made products. To meet thedomestic demand of textiles, a group of women known asthe Daughters of Liberty organized large gatheringscalled spinning bees where colonists were taught howto manufacture thread by professional spinners andweavers who had immigrated from Ireland.
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Thomas Jefferson
Benjamin FranklinAlexander Hamilton
George Washington
9)
The fact well established in the system of
agriculture is that the best hemp and the best
tobacco grow in the same type of soil . . . Hemp
employs in its rudest form more labor than
tobacco, but being a material for manufactures
of various sorts, becomes afterwards the means
of support to numbers of people, hence it is to be
preferred in a populous country.
- Thomas Jefferson in his farm journal, 3/16/1791
The first President of the United Stateswas an illustrious hemp farmer. Detailedfarm diaries depict the Presidents duties inthe swamps and meadows where he sowedthe seed. Washington was particularly fondofindica varieties and believed them to bemore valuable thansativa varieties, orcommon hemp.
The First American was an avidadvocate of hemp and used the crop tohelp establish the first paper mills inAmerica.
In his 1791 Report on Manufacture,Alexander Hamilton contends that hempis an article of importance enough towarrant the employment of extraordinary
means in its favor.
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The originaldrafts of the
Declaration ofIndependencewere written
on hemp paper.
Fig. 9 A Draft of the Declaration
Americawas founded
on hemp
(10
In his incendiary pamphlet
Common Sense, Thomas Paine points
to the prosperity of American hemp
as the first marker of our ability to
defend ourselves against the English.
Mandatory cultivation laws
were again passed in preparation for
war. Cannabis clothed the soldiers,
equipped the ships, and provided areliable source of paper for colonial
communications.19
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11)
Hemp HarvestFig. 10
Retting
Pests & Diseases
Weeds
HarvestFertilization
Crop Rotation
Soil
Seeding
Hemp returns a high proportion of the nutrients
it borrows and leaves the soil in good condition
for the crops that follow. It has been traditionally
grown in rotation with corn, small grains such as
wheat, and legumes like soybeans. In Kentucky,
some farmers grew hemp in the same fields for 10
to 15 consecutive years, though this is not advised.
Any land that grows good corn will grow good
hemp. Hemp generally does not do well in light
soils, marginal soils low in organic matter, or
poorly drained soils. Thorough harrowing of soil(breaking up & smoothing out) is recommended
in order to facilitate uniform development.
Hemp is an annual plant that must be seeded
every year. Traditionally sown by throwing seeds
onto the soil, todays preferred methods use
seed-drilling equipment. Lower sowing rates are
recommended if the goal is an industrial fiber
crop; finer, textile-quality hemp requires higherseeding density
Hemp grows well where land is rich in organic
matter. Its nutrient requirements are similar to
those of corn when the two plants are grown
under comparable conditions. Hemp does not fix
nitrogen, but returns approximately half of the
nitrogen it consumes in the leaf litter following
field retting.
The chemical treatment of hemp with an insect
or disease problem has yet to be documented as
economically justifiable. Cannabis is pest-tolerant
and few diseases are considered serious.
The dense growth of hemp smothers weeds, and
the shade it creates suppresses their continuation.
Hemp significantly reduces weed pressure for
crops that may follow.
Hemps tough fibers have made harvesting a
significant challenge for 6,000 years. However,
hundreds of devices have been designed to make
the process easier. Modern methods of harvest
depends upon the crops intended use.
Retting is the process of letting the stalk partially
rot in order to separate the fiber from the core.Historically, retting has been done in water. Water
retting releases a noxious odor and the leftover
water can be a nasty pollutant if not disposed of in
an environmentally-friendly manner. The preferred
method is field dew retting, in which the cut stalks
are left out in the field for several weeks and
undergo natural decomposition. More modern
industrial processes have been able to make use of
the plant without the prerequisite of retting.
The hemp industry witnesseda boom in the 18th and 19th
centuries. The more Americansbegan to grow cannabis, themore we began to understandthe plant and the consequencesof its application.
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(1
Fig. 12 The Billion-Dollar Crop
Fig. 11 Henry Ford andthe Soybean car
As an entrepreneur, Henry Fordenvisioned a more perfect union
between industry and agriculture.Henry Ford experimented withcannabis manufacturing in hishometown of Dearborn, Michigan.
In 1941, Ford announced thedevelopment of a new plastic carthat was lighter and strongerthan steel. The formula includedsoybeans, wheat, hemp, and flax,
among many other ingredients,but no record of the formulaexists today.
American farmers are promised new cash crop with an annual valueof several hundred million dollars . . . It is hemp, a crop that will notcompete with other American products. Instead, it will displace importsof raw material and manufactured products produced by underpaidcoolie and peasant labor and it will provide thousands of jobs for
American workers throughout the land . . . Hemp is the standard fiberof the world. - Popular Mechanics, February 1938.
In the spring of 1937, themagazine Popular Mechanicsbegan preparing an articleentitled New Billion DollarCrop that described newhorizons for the cultivationof industrial hemp in AmericUnbeknownst to the authorsthe case for prohibition wasbeing deliberated in the hallof congress at the very sametime. When the article waspublished in February of1938, cannabis was alreadyillegal in the United States.
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13)
Marihuana / Marijuana
Propaganda
La cucaracha, la cucaracha,
ya no puede caminar
porque le falta, porque no tiene
marihuana pa fumar.
- lyrics to La Cucaracha
Fig. 14
Labeled Cannabis ExtractFig. 13
Early Prohibition
Marihuana, or as its commonly written, marijuana, is a
term of Mexican origin that refers to cannabis flowers.
Laborers who immigrated to the United States during the
Mexican Revolution of the early 20th century were met with
prejudice and exploitation; here they worked long hours for low
pay, yet they were insulted for idleness. Americans began to
associate this prejudice with a common possession and pastime
of the laborers, marihuana. Tabloids and politicians were quick
to propogate the term as the menace of the immigrants.
As word spread, additional prejudice, particularly against
black Americans, was soon affiliated with marihuanafrom
sexual violence to jazz music, any taboo of the time could be
traced to the substance.
Public perceptions of cannabis
underwent major transformationsat the turn of the 20th century.While the industrial applicationof the crop was commonplace, theresin of cannabis flowers receivedgrowing recognition for the effectsof its use as an extract.
Substance control was first legislated in
1906 with the Pure Food and Drug Act, which
called for accurate labeling on all foods and
drugs. Among several specified substances,
Cannabis indica and its extracts were included
as ingredients that required labeling.
Prohibitive actions followed as opium and
cocaine use became international issues. Enacted
in 1914, the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act required
dispensers of narcotics (a term that covered
any illicit drug) to register with the Bureau of
Internal Revenue and pay for a tax stamp. Private
individuals were not allowed to purchase these stamps,
and possession of narcotics was permitted only if
prescribed by a doctor.
The constitutionality of narcoticprohibition was justified by its framingas a revenue measure, though the realintention was to regulate possession.
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(14The Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Fig. 15 Harry Anslinger
Fig. 16 Marihuana Stamp
- Marihuana, as Definedby the Marihuana Tax Act.
Harry J. Anslinger was appointed the first commissionerof the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) when the agency
was established in August of 1930. Devoted to the position,Anslinger held sincere convictions that any and all narcoticsposed a great danger to the United States.
As anti-marihuana sentiment spread throughout the nation,
states sought out legislation against the substance. Making therounds during this time was the Uniform Narcotics Act, a newlaw that built upon the Harrison Act. If passed, the enactingstate gained the power to arrest illegitimate possessors ofoutlawed narcotics. Anslinger and the FBN saw this as an idealopportunity to classify marihuana as a prohibited narcotic.
So began the effective, fear-driven, government-sponsoredcampaign against the cannabis plant, which convinced manystates that adopted the new narcotics law to include marihuana.This, however, was only the beginning. Outright prohibitionwas in the works, the effects of which were yet to come.
The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 imposed a prohibitivetax on the transfer of marihuana in the same vein as the
Harrison Act. If the special tax was not accounted for inevery marihuana transaction, violators risked a $2,000 fineand five years imprisonment.
The act was presented to the Ways and Means Committe
of the House of Representatives in the spring of 1937. Afteyears of preparation, Harry Anslinger used his amassedknowledge of marihuana horror stories to rally againstthe absolute evils of the plant. If the representatives hadntyet heard of the dangers of marihuana, Anslinger madecertain that he would get the point across:
This perspective did not go unchecked. Among others,
testimonies were given by Dr. William C. Woodward of theAmerican Medical Association, Ralph Loziers of theNational Oil Seed Institute, and hemp manufacturer MattRens who later addressed the Senate Committee on FinancIn defense of the integrity of their respective industries,these men all decried the consequences of the imposed tax
However, the sensible testaments of the experts made nolasting impression. An apathetic and ill-informed Congresspassed the bill without any controversy. On August 2nd,1937, the Marihuana Tax Act was signed into law, andcannabis was banned from American soil.
Opium has all the good of Dr. Jekyll and all the evil
of Mr. Hyde. [Marihuana] is entirely the monster Hyde,
the harmful effect of which cannot be measured.
The term "marihuana" means all parts of the plant
Cannabis sativa L., whether growing or not; the seeds
thereof; the resin extracted from any part of such plant;
and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative,
mixture, or preparation of such plant, its seeds, or resin but shall not include the mature stalks of such plant, fiber
produced from such stalks, oil or cake made from the
seeds of such plant, any other compound, manufacture,
salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such mature
stalks (except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, or
cake, or the sterilized seed of such plant which is
incapable of germination.
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HEMP FOR VICT
& THE WAR ON D
Fig. 17 Introduction to the 1942 Film
in the news:
Summary: Explains that the war cut offthe supply of East Indian coarse fibers,and stresses the need for American-grown hemp for military and civilianuses. Portrays farm practices of hempgrowers in Kentucky and Wisconsin.
Hemp for Victory (Motion Picture)U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1942.
14 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm.World War II when the U.S.government carried out anotherpropaganda campaign, this timepromoting cannabis cultivation forindustrial uses.
An unexpected change inpolicy took place during
Only 5 years after the impositionof prohibition, the Department ofAgriculture released a short film
Government sprayspoison in effort tokill wild weed
Airplanes spray Paraquatdomestically & abroad.
Cannabis prohibitedworld-wide in 1961.
Federal Bureau ofNarcotics becomesBureau of Narcotics& Dangerous Drugs,then becomes DrugEnforcement Agency
FBN to BNDD to DEA,more power, resources.
U.N. Enacts Single
Convention onNarcotic Drugs
Mandatory min.prison sentencesestablished fordrug offenses
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17)
TEXTILES
TECHNICALTEXTILES
OTHERINDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS
PAPER
BUILDINGMATERIALS
TECHNICAL
PRODUCTS
FOODS
FOODS
BAST FIBERS PERSONAL
HYGIENEHURDS (SHIVES)
LEAVES
HEMP OIL
SEEDS SEED CAKE
CELL FLUIDHEMP STALK
WITH SEEDS
WHOLE PLANT
AGRICULTURAL
BENEFITS
appareldiapersfabricshandbagsworkinggear
denimsocksshoesfinetextiles
(fromcottonizedfibers)
twineropenetscanvasbags
tarpscarpetsgeotextiles
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
agro-fiber
compositescompression-molded partsbrake/clutchlinings
caulking
printingpaperfine andspecialty
paperstechnicalfilter papernewsprintcardboard
& packaging
fiberboard
insulationmaterialfiberglasssubstitutecement blocks
stucco andmortar
oil paintssolventsvarnisheslubricantsprinting inks
puttycoatingsfuel
animal
beddingmulchmushroomcompost
salad oilmargarine
foodsupplements
soapshampoo
bath gelscosmetics
pest resistanceweed suppressionelimination of pesticideswithout disadvantages
pollen isolationsoil improvement incrop rotation
boiler fuelfeedstock
animal feedprotein-rich
flour
granolabirdseed
abrasive fluids
HEMP PLANT
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..
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(after pressing)
.
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.
Fig. 20
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Textiles
Paper
Fig. 22 - Rope
Fig. 23 - Retail hemp paper
Fig. 21 - Clothing
Fig. 24 - Twine
Hemp fibers are longer, stronger, more
absorbent, and more mildew-resistant than
cotton fibers. Fabrics containing at least 50%
hemp block out UV rays more effectively that
other fabrics. Compared to cotton or synthetics,
hemp fabrics also keep the wearer cooler in the
summer and warmer in the winter.
Hemp textiles can be used for bedspreads,
blankets, backpacks, carpeting, clothing, curtains,luggage, mattresses, ropes, sails, sheets, tents,
towels, and upholstery, to name only a sampling.
One acre of hemp can sustainthe production rate of four acres oftrees. Hemp paper requires minimalbleaching, resists decomposition, andcan be recycled several more timesthan wood.
Hemp can produce high-qualitypapers for Books, newspapers, andmagazines, as well as tissue andpackaging materials.
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19)
Construction Materials
Bioplastics
Fig. 25 - Fiberboard
Fig. 26 - Hempcrete
Fig. 27 - Insulation
Fig. 28 - Disposable/degradable fork
Hemp-based plasticshave been used to make
biodegrabable furniture,automobile interiors and
exteriors,utensils, musical
instruments, snowboards,skateboards, and packing
materials.
A variety of alternatives
to petrochemical plastics
can be fabricated out ofhemp and other plants.
Hemp can be used in the fabrication of
building composites, including paneling,
fiberboard, and support beams. Fiberboardsmade of hemp are twice as strong as wood.
A cement-like material made from hemp
and lime, known as hempcrete, can be used
in foundations, walls, floors, and ceilings, and
for interior or exterior plaster. Hempcrete is
stronger and five times lighter than concrete.
It is also insulating, fire-retardant, and resistant
to insects and mold. 44
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(20Fig. 29 - Shelled Hemp Seeds
Food
Oils
Hempseed has nourished humanityfor time immemorial. It is a completeprotein and one of the richest knownsources of polyunsaturated essentialfatty acids. Hempseed provides everyamino acid a healthy human requires.
Whether it be applied,employed, or ingested, hempseed oil is an invaluable
resource.Hemp seed oil can be
extracted and used like othervegetable oils as a cookingingredient and even a biofuel.Rudolf Diesel designed hisnamesake engine to run onvegetable oils such as soy,hemp, and flax.
The extracted essential oilis also used in massage oils,lip balms, soaps, shampoos,salves, lotions, and perfumes.Still other industries utilizehemp seed oil as a basis for
paints, varnishes, and resins.
The medicinal properties of cannabis have been studiedand documented for eons, to the days ofDe Materia Medicain ancient Greece and beyond. Even in the United States,cannabis accounted for half of all medicine sold and was thenumber one analgesic prior to prohibition and the isolationof aspirin. Recently, American interest in the medicinalaspects of cannabis has increased and several states havevoted to legalize cannabis for medical use. And though itwould seem that little has changed in federal policy, in 2003the United States government filed patent 6,630,507:Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants.
The consequences of medical cannabis areextensive and deserving of more elaborate focus.
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21)
In an attempt to tie together loose ends, andthrough only rudimentary lenses of research,this investigation of the cannabis plant helps toclarify the socially-shattering consequences ofthe relationship between cannabis and humanity.
Clarity is key to our progression towards more sustainable modes of living. We processinfinitely more information than any other generation, yet so many of us are entrenched
in ignorance against otherwise essential knowledge. Misinformation and ungrounded
opposition, whether deliberate or not, prohibit progress. Only through inquiry do we begin
to reveal sources of grounded actualities. With accurate information, we are able to make
intelligent judgements and continue onward.
Over 6,000 years of collective knowledge was all but forgotten in the past century.
Powered by propaganda, the prohibition of cannabis disrupted legitimate industries and
turned people away from a plant that has been with us since the beginning. We were told
it was a menace, a culprit in countless crimes, and the cause of great chaos. We were toldto Just Say No and walk away. We were forced to listen and forget what we already
knew. We forgot what we could do with cannabis and what cannabis could do for us.
We even forgot its name.
But now, everything isbeginning to change.
Unprecedented actions are
underway. Decriminalization,
legalization once forbidden
fantasies that are now realities.
However, the taboo still thrives
across the nation and the world.
Ignorance will fall to education.
Spread awareness all over the
earth. Enlighten people about
the consequences of cannabis. Fig. 30 Cannabis
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S. Benet, Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp, Cannabis and Culture. Ed. V. Rubin
(Chicago: Mouton, 1975), 39-49, accessed 12 Dec. 2012, .; R. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp (Rochester: Park Street
1996), 107, 113.
Classification information provided by the New England Grass Roots Institute and found in
J. Cervantes, Chapter Two: Seeds and Seedlings,Marijuana Horticulture (Sacramento:
Van Patten, 2006), 10-13.
E. L. Abel, Introduction,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years (New York: McGraw-Hill,
1982), Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, accessed 14 Dec. 2012, .
J. W. Roulac,Hemp Horizons: The Comeback of the World's Most Promising Plant(White
River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 1997), 7-8.
Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 7-8.
Information on the global consequence of cannabis:
Europe: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 114-120; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 79-95.
Russia: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 119.
Mesopotamia: Ibid., 107-110.Afghanistan: Cervantes,Marijuana Horticulture, 13.
Egypt: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 111-113, 118.
Southern Africa: B. M. Du Toit, Dagga: The History and Ethnographic Setting of
Cannabis Sativa in Southern Africa, Cannabis and Culture, Ed. V. Rubin (Chicago:
Mouton, 1975), 81-118,Drug Text, Drugtext Foundation, accessed 12 Dec. 2012.
.
China: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 103-107; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 27-28, 82
Japan: Ibid., 28-29, 85.
Taiwan: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 103.
Bengal: Ibid., 107.
India: Ibid.
Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia: Cervantes,Marijuana Horticulture, 11.
Australia: Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 79-80.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
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.
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.
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23)
Canada: Ibid., 80-81.
Jamaica, Mexico, Colombia: Cervantes,Marijuana Horticulture, 10.
Chile: Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 30.
Britain: Ibid.
France: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 116.
Spain: Ibid., 118; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 30.
Rome: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 115.
Carthage: Ibid., 111.
Greece: Ibid., 114-115; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 29-30.
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 127.
Ibid., 125.
Abel, Chapter 4: Cannabis Comes to the New World,Marijuana: The First 12,000Years.
Ibid.; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 126.
Ibid.
Ibid.
G. M. Herndon, Hemp in Colonial Virginia,Agricultural History 37.2 (1963): 86-93,
JSTOR, .
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 128; Abel, Chapter 4: Cannabis Comes to the
New World,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years.
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 129-133.
Ibid.
Ibid., 129.
Abel, Chapter 4: Cannabis Comes to the New World,Marijuana: The First 12,000
Years; J. Herer, Chapter 1: Overview of the History of Cannabis Hemp, The
Emperor Wears No Clothes, Ed. Leslie Cabarga et al., 12th ed. (Van Nuys, CA: Ah
Ha, 2010),JackHerer.com.
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 129; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 32.
Ibid.
Cultivation information found in Roulac, Chapter Six - The Farming of Hemp,Hemp
Horizons, 129-160.
Watts, Steven. Chapter 24 - Educator. The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the
American Century (New York: Vintage, 2006), 483.
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Notes cont.
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(24Notes cont.
Soybean Car,Benson Ford Research Center, The Henry Ford.
Herer, Chapter 3: New Billion-Dollar Crop, The Emperor Wears No Clothes.
Ibid.; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 139.
Abel, Chapter 10: Americas Drug Users,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Pure
Food and Drug Act of 1906, United States Statutes at Large, 59th Cong., Sess. I, Ch.
3915, 768-772,National Center for Biotechnology Information, Ed. Michael North,
2004, accessed 13 Dec 2012, .
Abel, Chapter 10: Americas Drug Users,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years;
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 144-145.
Abel, Chapter 11: Reefer Racism and Chapter 12: The Jazz Era,Marijuana: The
First 12,000 Years; Herer, Chapter 4: The Last Days of Legal Cannabis, The
Emperor Wears No Clothes; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 145-151.Abel, Chapter 11: Reefer Racism and Chapter 12: The Jazz Era,Marijuana: The
First 12,000 Years; Herer, Chapter 4: The Last Days of Legal Cannabis, The
Emperor Wears No Clothes; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp 151-154.
Ibid., 156.
Abel, Chapter 13: Outlawing Marijuana,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Herer,
Chapter 4: The Last Days of Legal Cannabis, The Emperor Wears No Clothes;
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 154-159; Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 48-52.
Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551, 2 Aug. 1937, Schaffer
Library of Drug Policy, .
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 169.
Ibid., 170-172; R. A. Jones, U.S. Revives Plan to Kill Marijuana With Paraquat.Los
Angeles Times, 28 July 1985, accessed 21 Dec 2012,.
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 162.
Leary v. United States, Supreme Court, 19 May 1969,FindLaw, Thomson Reuters,
accessed 22 Dec. 2012, .
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 176-178.
Ibid., 161-162.
C. Conrad,Hemp for Health: The Medicinal and Nutritional Uses of Cannabis Sativa,
(Rochester, VT: Healing Arts, 1997), 157
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25) Notes cont.
Abel, Chapter 13: Outlawing Marijuana,Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years;
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 151-152.
Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 121.
L. H. Dewey and J. L. Merrill, Hemp Hurds as Paper-Making Material, United StatesDepartment of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 404, 14 Oct. 1916,Project Gutenberg, 25
Feb. 2006, accessed 24 Dec. 2012, .
Roulac,Hemp Horizons, 119-120.
Ibid., 117-118.
Ibid., 120.
Ibid., 118-119
Ibid.
Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 114.
Herer, Chapter 6: The Body of Medical Literature on Cannabis Medicine, The
Emperor Wears No Clothes.
A. J. Hampson, Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants, the United States
of America as Represented by the Department of Health and Human Services,
assignee, patent 6630507, 7 Oct. 2003, USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image
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40.
41.
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50.
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Figure 3 E. Small and and D. Marcus, Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North
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(26Media Cont.
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Figure 12 New Billion Dollar Crop,Hemphasis, accessed 15 Dec. 2012, .
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Figure 14 Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 147.
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(28Media Cont.
Figure 21 adidas Originals Men's Gazelle 2 Hemp Fashion Sneaker,Amazon, accessed
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; Himalaya Hemp Button Shirt, Himalaya Hemp, ibid.,
; Hemp Long Wrap Skirt, Old Glory, ibid., .
Figure 22 New 10mm Thick 10m Long Organic Hemp Rope, LVG, ibid., .
Figure 23 Hemp Sketch Paper Pack 8.5" x 11", Green Field Paper Company, ibid.,
.
Figure 24 Natural Polished 20# Hemp Twine 100g Ball, Hemp Basics, ibid., .
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