The Civil War

Chapter 15

Mobilizing for War

• How did the North prepare militarily (Enrollment Act) and financially (“Greenbacks”) for the war?

• How did the South prepare militarily (Conscription Law, 20 negro law, Impressment Act) and financially for the war?

1860 Census FactsTotal - 1860 CENSUS

Total Population 31,183,582

   

Free Colored Persons 476,748

Total Free Population 27,233,198

Total Number of Slaves 3,950,528

Slave % of Population 13%

Total # of Families 5,155,608

Total # of Slaveholders 393,975

% Owning Slaves 8%

At first, the North used volunteers but then passed the Enrollment Act, forcing white males aged 20 to 45 to register for the draft

Exemptions were allowed for those who could afford to pay for substitutes

Civil War Finances

The Union financed the war through “Greenbacks”, the first money to ever be backed by the government in the US

The National Bank Act was passed allowing federal banks to issue notes to people

The Conscription Act replaced volunteers in the South, but allowed slaveholders with over 20 slaves to be exempt (20 Negro Law)

The Impressment Act allowed the government to take food and slaves to help in the army

The South printed money but suffered from high inflation and depreciation

Lincoln and Jefferson Davis• What political challenges did Jefferson Davis

have as Confederacy leader and how successful was he in facing them?

• What political challenges did Lincoln have as the President and how successful was he in facing them? (Northern Dems, Radical Republicans)

• What actions did Lincoln take to secure the nation and what were the effects? (Writ of Habeas Corpus, Ex Parte Merryman)

Lincoln and Davis

Lincoln had opposition from Peace Democrats on one side and Radical Republicans on the other, but had a strong Republican coalition backing him unlike Davis, who struggled getting any support from Southern leaders

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Second: That the writ of habeas corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prisons, or other place of confinement, by any military authority, or by the sentence of any court-martial or military commission.

Lincoln’s suspension of Habeas Corpus kept the border states in the Union and protected DC

The courts tried to stop Lincoln’s plan through Ex Parte Merryman but Lincoln ignores the ruling

Advantages and Strategies

Advantages Strategies

North

South

The Anaconda Plan

The North had population and industry on their side, and planned to seal off the South through the Anaconda Plan

The plan would hurt Southern economy by splitting them and bombarding their coastal cities

Lee and Jackson

The South had advantages: Better Generals like Lee and Jackson, Home Soil, and a slave labor force to keep up the economy

The plan was to hold out and get France and Britain to recognize their existence

Steps Against Slavery

• What was Lincoln’s original plan regarding slavery during the Civil War? Why did he abandon the idea during the war?

• What steps were taken by the North to slowly encourage slaves to be free? (First Confiscation Act, Second Confiscation Act)

• What was the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation and what did it actually accomplish?

Emancipation Proclamation

At first, Lincoln had no intention of interfering with slavery but was pressured to eventually pass the Emancipation Proclamation

The actual bill freed no slaves because it targeted only slaves in the South (not under Union control) but it did appease Radical Republicans and got support from France and Britain

Aiding the Slaves

• What new societies were created to help slaves in the North? (Freedman’s Bureau)

• How did the South react to the Emancipation Proclamation and new societies?

• What role did free blacks play in the Civil War?

Freedman’s Bureau

Emancipation of slaves led many to escape, and the Freedman’s Aid Societies set up ways to help slaves

Dissent during the Civil War

• Both sides had groups of people who did not agree with the actions their side was taking during the Civil War

• What was the dissention in the North and how did Lincoln deal with it? (Copperheads, Draft Riots, Ex Parte Milligan)

• What was the dissention in the South and how did Davis deal with it? (Rich Man’s War but a poor man’s fight)

Northern Dissent

The Copperheads claimed Lincoln was playing his last card, the one against slavery

New York Draft Riots showed the amount of people who protested the war

Lincoln also ignored Ex Parte Milligan

Social and Political Movements During the War

• What was the hope for women’s rights during the Civil War? What became the reality? (National Women’s Loyal League)

• What were the stances during the election of 1864 and what were the results? (Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Sherman’s March)

Women’s Rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony set up the National Women’s Loyal League, the first ever women’s organization

Despite the attempts at gaining rights, women were disappointed that their status did not change during the war and no gains were made

Election of 1864

Lincoln is pro-war and McClellan runs as the peace Democrat

Advertising the War• In pairs, split into Northern and Southern advertiser and for

your side create an ad that encourages people to support the war by:

1) Explaining how your side is preparing militarily and financially

2) Addressing the advantages and strategies your side has during the war

3) Explaining your ideology and actions towards the slavery and freedman issues

4) Showing forms of dissent against the war and encouraging them not to do that

Civil War Battles

1) Know one cause and one effect

2) Know at least two main people or events

3) Know the significance of the battle, who won and why it was important

McClellan in the EastGeneral George

McClellan led the “Peninsula Campaign” which included

1) Losing at the 1st and 2nd Battle of Bull Run

2) Being defeated before he could defeat the Confederates in Richmond, meaning the war lasts longer

Lee and Jackson in the EastLee and Jackson won several battles for the Confederacy including the 2nd Battle of Bull Run

AntietamMcClellan’s victory for the Union at Antietam (the bloodiest battle) halted Lee’s advance

The victory stopped the Confederates from getting open recognition and aid from a foreign power and allowed Lincoln to issue his plans for the Emancipation Proclamation

Battle of Fredericksburg

• General Burnside charged a fortress of the Confederacy and lost many men, leading to a Confederate victory

• Showed two things:

1) Improved weaponry such as the Gatling Gun made charging positions difficult

2) Lincoln’s attempt at speeding up the war backfired (Burnside acted faster than McClellan)

Battles in the WestThe Western frontier saw many Union victories that allowed them to gain control of the Mississippi River and split the confederacy in two

Fort Henry and Donelson

• Ulysses S. Grant attacks two Mississippi forts and claims them as victory for the North

• These victories helped Grant’s status and opened up the Mississippi River to be attacked by the Union

Battle of Shiloh

• Confederate Albert Johnston surprises Grant at Shiloh but he holds firm after major losses on both sides, North wins

• Further opened up the Western front for attacks by the Union

Battle of New Orleans

• David Farragut captures the port of New Orleans from the Confederacy

• Union control the Mississippi from both directions and hurt the commercial and economic power of the South

Merrimac v. Monitor

Naval war erupted as the Union tightened their blockade, leading to the first clash of ironclads between the Monitor and Merrimac

The naval war was won by the North, who disrupted vital Southern trade routes

Diplomacy – Napoleon III and William Seward

Seward’s meetings with Napoleon kept him from fulfilling his original wishes of a divided US so he could take Mexico

Trent Affair – James Mason and John Slidell (British Diplomats)

The “Trent Affair” created tension between the Union and Britain and the “cotton diplomacy” angle of the South threatened relations further

Ultimately, Britain chose to stay out of the war and then supported the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg – Day 1

Gettysburg – Day 2

Gettysburg - Day 3The turning point of the Eastern frontier was Gettysburg, which halted Lee’s advances

It put the South on the defensive for the rest of the war and destroyed a large part of the Confederate army

VicksburgThe Union turned the tide in the West by Grant capturing Vicksburg, and now controlled the whole Mississippi River

Grant v. LeeUlysses S. Grant, now in charge of all Union armies after McClellan’s resignation, chased Lee and slowly weakened the Confederate army

Battle of Chancellorville

• Grant was put in charge and kept pressure on Lee by attacking him soon after his loss at Gettysburg

• The losses forced Lee to retreat to Richmond but also showed that the war had become a “total war” against civilians and soldiers as Grant destroyed railroads and other lines of supply in the South

Battle of Chattanooga

• Sherman’s first attacks as he defeats armies at Chattanooga for the North

• The attack showed his intentions of total war as he deliberately burned and destroyed areas of the South to break the will of the Confederacy

Sherman’s March

Sherman’s March went from Chattanooga to Atlanta, where he proceeded to burn the city and drive the confederates away

Savannah and the CarolinasSherman continued from Atlanta across Georgia and into the Carolinas, seizing and destroying all confederate property

Appomattox CourthouseGrant closed in on Lee and forced him to surrender at Appomattox, ending the Civil War

Economic Impacts

• What were the economic impacts of the war in the North and the South? (Technology, Morrill Tariff, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Act)

• What were the economic impacts of the war in the South?

Weapons of the War

Colt 1860

Burnside Carbine

Gatling Gun

Impact of WarThe North now had a healthy economy with stimulated industrialization

Morrill Tariff raised rates, Homestead Act offered 160 acres of land free to anyone who would farm for 5 years, Morrill Land Grant Act encouraged states to create agricultural colleges, Pacific Railway Act authorized building railroads to the West

Destruction of the South

The South had their economy destroyed as well as the Old South society (which lost slaves)

Social Impacts of the War

• What were the social impacts of the war in the North? (Rich v. Poor, Soldiers, Medicine, 13th Amendment)

• What were the social impacts of the war in the South? (Loss of “Old South” and creation of “New South”)

Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton

In the medical field, women nurses led the way in treating soldiers

The US Sanitary Commission and later the Red Cross were founded to get medical supplies and food as well as take volunteer nurses

Due to the lack of knowledge about infections and diseases, the death toll for soldiers was very high

Prisons and Health

Prisons were extremely notorious for being unsanitary and many Confederate and Union soldiers died in them

This is a Union Army soldier released from Andersonville prison, one of the most notorious Confederate prisons

Political Impacts of War

• What were the political impacts of the Civil War in the North? (Democrats, Copperhead Democrats, Free Soil Republicans, Radical Republicans, Federal Supremacy)

• What were the political impacts of the Civil War in the South? (Northern Dominance)

Civil War Essay

• What were the most important causes, events, and effects of the civil war?

• Needs a thesis, at least two paragraphs, at least 6 specifics total