Post on 02-Mar-2020
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The Civil Rights Movement, 1954‐1968
Chapter 16
NB Pages 109 and 110
Rosa Parks
• Refused to give up her seat on the bus for a white man
• Sparked a new ear of the Civil Rights movement
Origins of the Movement
• NAACP– Supporting court cases against segregation since 1909
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)g q y ( )– Successfully integrated many restaurants using sit‐ins
• African American attorney Thurgood Marshall– Challenged segregation in schools
– Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas found segregation in public school unconstitutional
Brown v. Board of Education (1956)
• 101 Southern Congress members denounced the decision as a “clear abuse of judicial power”
• Signed the Southern Manifesto• Signed the Southern Manifesto
– A resolution condemning the decision and encouraged defiance of the Supreme Court ruling.
• It’s not until 1969 that all school were required to desegregate and remain as such
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• African Americans were encouraged to boycott the buses in Montgomery when Rosa Parks appeared in court
• This movement was led by Martin Luther King• This movement was led by Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr.• Believed the only moral way to end segregation and racism was through nonviolent passive resistance
• “the weapon of love”
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Church Support
• The movement could not have succeeded without the support of African‐American churches
• Established the Southern Christian Leadership C f (SCLC)Conference (SCLC)
– Challenged segregation in
• Voting
• Transportation
• Housing
How does the President feel about this?
• Eisenhower disagreed with segregation
• Believed it would end gradually not through protests and court rulings
The Little Rock Nine
• Nine African American students were ordered to be admitted to an all‐white high school in Arkansas
• Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to block the students entry to the school
• Eisenhower had to send 1,000 troops to encircle the school and protect the African American students– They stayed the rest of the school year
The Little Rock Nine
Civil Rights Act of 1957
• Protected African American rights to vote
• Created a civil rights division in the Justice Department
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How did the sit‐in movement begin?
• Four students sat at a lunch counter in a Woolworths’s store after buying school supplies.
• They were refused service but sat until the store closed
What did Robert Moses do to end segregation?
• He urged volunteers to work in the rural South registering poor African Americans to vote.
closed.
• They returned and sat at the corner until they were served.
Who were the Freedom Riders?
• African American and white volunteers who traveled on buses to the South to bring attention to segregation on the bus systems.
What future Supreme Court justice did Kennedy appoint to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals?
• Thurgood Marshall
When did Martin Luther King Jr., write “Letter from Birmingham Jail?
• In 1963, after he was arrested for leading non‐violent demonstrations in Birmingham, knowing they would provoke violence.
What two incidents gave Kennedy an incentive to work towards civil rights legislation?
• 1) George Wallace, a committed segregationist, was inaugurated as governor of Alabama
• 2) Medgar Evers, a civil rights activist wasrights activist, was murdered
Why was the march on Washington, D.C., a momentous event?
• Dr. King delivered his I Have a Dream Speech before 200,000 demonstrators of all races at the march.
When was the Civil Rights Act signed into law?
• On July 2, 1964 by President Johnson
What was “Bloody Sunday”?
• A brutal attack on civil right activists marching from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery.
How did President Johnson respond to this violence?
• Asked Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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Race Riots
• 1964‐1968
• Watts Riots in LA over police brutality
– 34 people were killed and 900 wounded
• Worst riot = Detroit riots
– 43 dead more than 1,000 wounded
– Fires destroyed thousands of buildings before army regained control
Kerner Commission
• Established by Johnson to determine the source of the riots
• Blamed racism as the cause for most inner‐city problemsproblems
• Recommended the creation of millions of inner‐city jobs and public housing units
• Johnson never endorses the ideas but his War on Poverty addressed some of the issues
Chicago Movement
• Started by Martin Luther Kind Jr. in the mid‐1960s
• He was focusing more on economic problems of African Americans living in poor urbanof African Americans living in poor urban neighborhoods.
Black Power
• Emphasized racial distinctiveness
• Did this by adopting African hairstyles and clothing
Black Muslims
• Preached Islam
• Malcolm X gained attention for his vocal criticisms of white society and the civil rights movement
• He eventually left the group
• Was assassinated in
Black Panthers
• Used Malcolm X’s ideas to promote revolution
• Organized by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale
• Called for an end of racial oppression and control of the major institutions in
February 1965 African American communities
Assassination of Dr. King
• Was to lead a national Poor People’s Campaign
– Designed to lobby govn’t for money to end poverty and unemployment in U Spoverty and unemployment in U.S.
• Traveled to Memphis to support a workers’ strike and was shot and killed at his hotel
• Sparked mourning and rioting across the nation
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
• Passed after Dr. King’s death
• Outlawed discrimination in house sales and rentals