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THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
A Transformative Agenda for U.S. Cities
Wingspread ConferenceFebruary 10, 2005
Metropolitan Policy ProgramBruce Katz, Director
The Brookings Institution
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
There are profound demographic, market, and social forces affecting the United States
A New Transformative Agenda for U.S. Cities
I
These forces dramatically improve the competitive prospects of citiesII
Despite these promising trends, cities have yet to realize their true economic potential III
Local, state, and federal policies shaping cities are mixed IV
A Transformative Agenda for U.S. CitiesV
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
There are profound demographic, market, and social forces affecting the United StatesI
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
33 mil.
22 mil. 23 mil. 24 mil.
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000
1970
6% 4% 2% - 2% 4% 6%
<5
85+Male Female
2020
6% 4% 2% - 2% 4% 6%
<5
85+Male Female
Population Growth
Major demographic change is taking place in the U.S.
34.7%
65.3%Net ImmigrationNatural Increase
Components of population change, 1990-2000
Aging
Immigration
Internal Migration
Millions of persons
Share of Population in Age Groups
New Sunbelt
Melting Pot
Heartland
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
1315
18
02468
101214161820
1998 2003 2006
Globalization
At the same time, the country is going through a period ofunprecedented economic transformation
Knowledge industries
Deindustrialization
Rapid innovationFrom R&D to Market (Months)
22% 19%
32%
11%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Manufacturing Services
19702000
U.S. Employment Shares
20
220
420
620
820
1,020
1,220
1,420
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Exports of GoodsExports of ServicesImports of GoodsImports of Services
Bil. Constant 2000 Dollars
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Share of Real Investment
Share of Real GDP
Share of RealInvestmentand GDP in New EconomyIndustries
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
$250
$500
$750
$1,000
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
GDP Growth
In the 1990s, steady growth and prudent fiscal policy kept interest rates low, fueling development
Interest Rates
Budget Surplus
DevelopmentConstruction Put in Place (Bil. Current $)
1.9%
-0.2%
3.3%2.7%
4.0%
2.5%
3.7%
4.5%4.2%
4.5%
3.7%
0.8%
-1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
0%2%4%6%8%
10%12%14%16%
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000
3-Month Treasury Bills
-$400
-$300
-$200
-$100
$0
$100
$200
$300
1990 1994 1998 2002
Budget Surplus or Deficit(Bil. Current $)
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Delayed marriage
Social change drove (and was a response to) demographic and economic change
Declining segregation
Smaller families
Dispersed social networks
202122232425262728
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Men
Women
10% 10%
80%
65%
18% 17%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
No children 1 child 2+ Children
19762002
Median Age at MarriageBirths Ever to Women Age 40-44
• Local ties now make up only 2-5 percent of an average North American’s social network
Wellman (1996)18%
62%45%
23%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
<1% 1-10%
Perc
ent o
f All
U.S
. Tra
cts
19602000
African-American Share of Population in U.S. Census Tracks
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
These forces dramatically improve the competitive prospects of citiesII
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Aerial Image of dense city here
The dense physical layout of cities gives them a competitive and fiscal advantage
Density contributes to innovation by attracting young educated workers
Dense labor markets and high clustering of jobs lead to knowledge spillovers, both within and across industries
Average labor productivity increases with employment density
Compact development is more cost-efficient
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Density has made cities multicultural centers of creativity,commerce, and cultureCenters of Tolerance & Creativity
Centers of CultureCenters of Commerce
• Ports• Airports • Other Transportation Networks• Financial and other business services
• Universities• Museums• Theaters• Restaurants
Metropolitan AreaMilken
Tech-Pole Gay IndexBohemian
IndexSan Francisco 1 1 8Boston 2 8 9Seattle 3 6 1Washington, DC 4 2 6Dallas 5 19 15Los Angeles 6 7 2Chicago 7 15 20Atlanta 8 4 13Phoenix 9 22 24New York 10 14 3
43%
38%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Hispanic Asian
Centers of ImmigrationPercent change in population, 1990-2000100 largest cities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Population Growth
The new positioning of cities has driven an urban resurgencein the United States
Increase in Jobs
Revitalized Downtowns
Declining Poverty
9.8%6.3%
-1.6%-2%
2%
6%
10%
14%
1970s 1980s 1990s
50 largest cities, 1970-2000
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Atlanta Baltimore Cleveland Philadelphia
City
Downtown
Percent change in population, 1990-2000
17%
19%
14%
16%
18%
20%
1990 2002
26.6mil.
31.2mil.
242526272829303132
1992 2001
Mill
ions
of J
obs
Jobs located in 114 large cities, 1992 & 2001
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Innovation
Cities, in particular, have gained a strong footing in the New Economy
Economic BaseEconomic Activity in Old and New Economy Sectors, 114 Cities and their Suburbs, 2000
60%46%
40%54%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
City Economic Base Suburb Economic Base
New Economy Old Economy
25%
23%
20%
22%
24%
26%
New Firms New Jobs
50 Largest Cities, Share of New U.S. Firms & Jobs, 1996-97
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Despite these promising trends, cities have yet to realize their true economic potential III
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Concentrated poverty
The historic legacies of racial and class segregation persist
Parasitic economies
Racial disparities
38% 37%
14%10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Asian White Black Latino
Percent Age 25 and over with Bachelors Degrees (100 Largest Cities), 2000
Failing schoolsResearch shows low income households pay hundreds more each year for:
900k
1 mil.
6 mil.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Central City
Suburbs
NonMetropolitan
Popoulation (in millions)
Population of high-poverty neighborhoods by location, 2000
Educational achievement rates, fourth grade students
33%25%
67%67%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
Reading Math
Perc
ent a
t "Ba
sic"
Lev
ell
High-PovertySuburban
• financial services• insurance• utilities• appliances• food
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Population decentralization
These problems fuel uneven growth everywhere; in some regions, they continue to cripple central cities
Employment decentralization
Weak central cities
-7%
-11%-12%-13%-15%
-16%
-18%
-16%
-14%
-12%
-10%
-8%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
St.
Loui
s
Bal
timor
e
Cin
cinn
ati
Pitt
sbur
gh
Det
roit
Phi
lade
lphi
a
Population change, 1990-2003
4%
19%
9%
44%
16%
6%
37%
18%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Atlanta Chicago Denver Top 100
City
Suburbs
Population change, 1990-2000
35%
22%
65%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Within 3 miles Within 10 miles Beyond 10miles
Share of jobs within 3-, 10-, and greater- than-10-mile radius of center, 1996
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Local, state, and federal policies shaping cities are mixedIV
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Local
At every level, urban policy is beginning to get some things right
Federal
• School reform/governance
• Community policing
• Vacant land
• Government reinvention
• Innovative financing
State
• EITC/CHIP
• Childcare
• HOPE VI
• CRA
• GSE Goals/Homeownership
• Investment in medical research
• ISTEA/TEA-21
• Brownfields
• Fix it first transit
• Workforce/higher education
• Growth management
• Investment in medical research
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
19
34
22
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
New Centers Expanded Centers
Num
ber o
f Citi
es
Planned or inconstruction Built since 2000
Cities often make the wrong bets (e.g. convention centers)
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Atte
ndan
ce (M
illio
ns)
Tradeshow Week200 Events
Source: Heywood Sanders. “Space Available: The Realities of Convention Centers as Economic Development Strategies,” Brookings. January 2005.
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States set rules of the development game that continue to favor suburban development
• Major state spending programs have skewed funding to greenfields
• State tax systems are biased against cities
• In many states, local zoning ordinances do not conform to local or regional plans
• Barriers to brownfield development hinder their productive reuse
• Greater government fragmentation correlates with more sprawl
• Many state constitutions prevent government from using gasoline tax on transit
Picture of greenfield
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Anemic policies
Federal policies are at best anemic; at their worst,they also favor suburban development
Biased policies• Federal work benefits fail to support
eligible working families – more than 20 states have waiting lists for child care programs - several states have stopped accepting applications from eligible families
• In contrast, Britain devoted an extra 1 percent of GDP to reducing child poverty -$100 billion U.S. a year in added spending
• Blair’s program reduced child poverty from 23% in 1997 to 13% in 2001
• The increase is more than our final child poverty budget, $60-76 billion
• Subsidized housing policies reinforce concentrated poverty
• Homeownership tax expenditures favor suburban buyers
• Environmental regulation pushes growth outward
• Despite improvements, transportation funding is still geared toward highway building
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
A Transformative Agenda for U.S. CitiesV
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the 21st century, cities will have an opportunity to redefine their role in metropolitan America
• Strong middle-class families
• Quality neighborhoods of choice
• Common and inclusive civic identity
• A commitment to serving and developing residents with greater needs
• Concentration of regional business activity
• An innovative highly skilled workforce
• Strength in sectors with a competitive advantage
• Dynamic arts and culture sector reflecting urban diversity
• Efficient government services
Physical Economic Social• Walkable and well
defined mixed-use neighborhoods
• Transportation infrastructure tailored to the modern city
• Renowned recreational amenities and institutions
• State-of-the art schools
• Clean and healthy urban ecosystems
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
To recap: Cities have real assets that are highly valued by the New Economy
Underutilized Waterfronts Downtowns
Universities Active Neighborhoods Infrastructure
Human Capital
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
While recent trends are positive, legacies from the past are preventing cities from fully leveraging these assets
Positive Trends Historical Legacies
• Population growth
• Immigration
• Aging population
• Investors looking to tap underserved urban markets
• Certain positive state and federal programs
• Concentrated poverty
• Substandard housing
• Aging and outdated infrastructure
• Fiscal disparities
• Ossified bureaucracies
• Fragmented governance
• Racial and class separation
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Increasingly cities are recognizing and leveraging these assets by carrying out transformative efforts
Transformative Effort
Creating Neighborhoods
of Choice
Growing a Middle class
Modernizingthe CBD
Reclaimingthe Waterfront
Channeling Land Usewith Transit
DevelopingGreen Infrastructure
Landscape
Physical
Economic
Social
ReformingGovernance
SupportingInnovation
ReducingDisparities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the past, cities used zoning and infrastructure placement to cut neighborhoods and residents off from the waterfront
Reclaimingthe WaterfrontPhysical
Underutilizing the asset:
Leveraging the asset:Cities recognize the passive and active recreational value of waterfronts, as well as their attractiveness to developers interested in generating new mixed-use urban environments
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
The Milwaukee Freeway Demolition
• Removal of a little-used spur of the never-completed Park East Freeway began in 2002 to reclaim 11 blocks of downtown land
• Renewal project will add commercial and residential development of mixed types, taking advantage of the unique features downtown(e.g. the river, entertainment venues, etc.)
Reclaimingthe WaterfrontPhysical
Before After
The Milwaukee Freeway Demolition
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the past, cities built transit to service existing residential development
Physical
Underutilizing the asset:
Leveraging the asset:
Cities realize that transit can generate value by promoting denser, more efficient growth patterns
Channeling Land Usewith Transit
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
The Milwaukee Freeway Demolition
Channeling Land Usewith TransitPhysical
Transit oriented development in Arlington County, VA
• In 1972, sector plans were created around each metro station to establish land use and development guidelines and ensure a mix of commercial residential and office uses
• The Rosslyn-Ballston corridor now contains 18,000 housing units and 14 million square feet of office space
• 73,000 jobs are located within a third of a mile of the corridor
The Vision The Outcome
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
The Milwaukee Freeway Demolition
Channeling Land Usewith TransitPhysical
Denver FasTracks will encourage smarter growth patterns
• $4.7 billion project; financing provided by sales tax (4 cents per $10)
• TOD around stations designed to accommodate 900,000 anticipated new residents over next 20 years
• 119 miles of new light rail and commuter rail
• 18 miles of bus rapid transit service
• 21,000 new parking spaces at rail and bus stations
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the past, cities paved over or neglected parks and open space
Physical
Underutilizing the asset:
Leveraging the asset:
Cities are building and designing active programming for parks and other recreational spaces
DevelopingGreen Infrastructure
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
The Milwaukee Freeway Demolition
DevelopingGreen InfrastructurePhysical
• Continuous “green streets” – streets with adequate sidewalks and tree canopies –connecting neighborhood main streets, schools, and recreation centers to parks
• Citywide and regional trail connectors –connecting parks and creating longer walking and cycling routes
• Healthy and accessible waterways –extending and increasing open space along city rivers
Denver’s plan for “A City in A Park”
“Green Street” Ideal
A Plan for the “City in A Park”
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the past, cities planned downtowns for concentrations of office space
Underutilizing the asset:
Leveraging the asset:Cities recognize that work/live downtowns support the mix of retail and commercial activities desired by both businesses and urban residents
Modernizing the CBDEconomic
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
The Milwaukee Freeway Demolition
Modernizing the CBDEconomic
Albuquerque is making long-term investments in its downtown
• Vision – A cooperative partnership led by Arcadia Land Company and the McCune Charitable Foundation. HDIC will make investments that will serve as catalysts for development leading to a vibrant mixed-used downtown
• Design – “Bury the box” is major design focus, large footprint uses, such as a new 14-screen movie theater and a 180,000 sf parking structure, have been hidden by pedestrian-friendly buildings with ground floor retail and office or residential above
• Financing – HDIC’s committed $200 million in “patient equity” matched by $8 million in City backed infrastructure improvements; HDIC will repay city with project revenues
• Mixed-Income – HDIC is working to create a mixed-income downtown. Share of profits will go to Downtown Albuquerque CivicTrust, a local nonprofit affordable housing developer
Historic Downtown Improvement Company Agenda
A Vision
Progress
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Economic
The NJ Performing Arts Center enlivens downtown Newark
• $187 million investment in downtown Newark
• Built on 12 acres fronting the Newark River
• Leverages $60 million in private financing
• Facility includes a 3,000-seat opera house, a 2,500-seat concert hall, a 1,800-seat music theater, and a 600-seat dance and drama theater
• Center has spurred ancillary commercial and retail activity
Modernizing the CBD
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the past, large bureaucracies made cities slow and inefficient
Underutilizing the asset:
Leveraging the asset:
Cities are using technology and economies of scale to make transactions smoother and faster
Economic ReformingGovernance
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Economic
Fort Wayne is training Six-Sigma black belts to increaseefficiency in city government
• Water main replacement costs were reduced from an average of $61.00 per foot to $50.00 per foot
• Number of days to receive an Improvement Location Permit was reduced from an average of 51 days to 12 days
• Cost per change order for transportation engineering projects was reduced by 50%
•Fire code re-inspections were increased by 23% and the average number of days to a re-inspection was reduced from 51 to 34 days
•Missed trash pick-ups were reduced by 50%
•Responses to pothole complaints were reduced from an average of 21 hours to 3 hours
ReformingGovernance
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the past, cities used placeless economic development strategies to attract knowledge economy industries
Underutilizing the asset:
Leveraging the asset:
Cities are leveraging the competitive advantages provided by thebuilt environment to compete in the new economy
Economic SupportingInnovation
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Economic SupportingInnovation
Wireless internet access throughout Philadelphia will maximize the potential of residents, businesses and visitors
• Wireless Philadelphia is a $7-10 million plan to turn the entire city into a wireless internet hotspot by June 2005
• Wireless Philadelphia will introduce high-speed internet to areas currently beyond the reach of broadband. Businesses will be able to take advantage of tiered levels of service
• Philadelphia will work to provide educational opportunities and other city services over the wireless network
“…creating a truly digital city that supports economic development, social development and helps close the digital divide in this knowledge-based world “
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Economic SupportingInnovation
Richmond partnered with Virginia Commonwealth Universityto create the Virginia Bio-Technology Research Park
• 27,000 square feet of state of the art laboratories ideal for biotech start-ups in downtown Richmond
• More than 50 companies have started in the incubator, including 18 originating from VCU research
• 16 have graduated from the incubator – 3 are now publicly traded – creating hundreds of new jobs in the Richmond area
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the past, cities concentrated poor families in high-rise public housing in neighborhoods surrounding their downtowns
Underutilizing the asset:
Leveraging the asset:
Cities are creating mixed-income communities of choice in neighborhoods in close proximity to central business districts
SocialCreating
Neighborhoodsof Choice
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
SocialCreating
Neighborhoodsof Choice
In St. Louis, the Vaughn high rises were transformed intoa new mixed-income neighborhood of choice
• Four nine-story buildings• 656 units• Typical of 1950s-era,
urban renewal public housing towers
Vaughn High Rises in 1995 Murphy Park Homes
• Townhouses, garden apartments and single-family homes
• 413 units• “New Urbanist” design
and “defensible space” technique
Jefferson Elementary
• Leverages $5 million in corporate and philanthropic money
• Technologically advanced educational facilities
• New principal with wider control over teachers and curriculum
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Murphy Park and Jefferson Elementary are enjoying success
Murphy Park Residents Income distribution, 2003
Source: Richard Baron, James W. Rouse Lecture on the American City, 2003
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
1999 2000 2001 2002 2002
Share of Jefferson Elementary students reading at grade level, 1999-2002
• The median household income rose by 18 percent between 1989 and 1999, compared to four percent regionally
• Unemployment fell by 35 percent from 1989 to 1999, compared to a 3.7 percent city wide increase
• Private investment in the form of residential and commercial development has since located in the surrounding area
Income Bracket Percent
Under $10,000 31%
$10,000 to $30,000 44%
$30,000 to $50,000 16%
Above $50,000 10%
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the past, cities tried to attract middle class residents to cities
Underutilizing the asset:
Leveraging the asset:Cities are working hard to leverage federal resources with educational and homeownership opportunities to help low-income families build wealth and enter the middle class
Social Growinga Middle Class
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Social Growinga Middle Class
Chicago is leveraging the value of the Earned Income Creditand helping build a middle class
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Number of Tax Filers Claiming EITC (Millions)
Total Amount of Credit (Billions)
The Value of the EITC Increased Substantially• Outreach partnership between Mayor Daley’s office, employers, business associations, and community groups
• Place information on EITC in bill inserts, paychecks, grocery store bags, McDonald’s tray liners
• Chicago-based Center for Law and Human Services coordinates free tax preparation at 20 sites throughout city
• $16M in EITC claimed at free tax assistance centers in 2001
• South Shore Bank helps EITC claimants without bank accounts to open savings accounts with their refunds
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the past, cities were to quick to accept failing students
Underutilizing the asset:
Leveraging the asset:
Cities are putting together ambitious efforts to ensure that allstudents get a quality education
Social Reducing Disparities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
• $16 million literacy program that calls for all 97,000 Louisville Public School students to be reading at grade level in just 4 years
• Louisville Public Schools will spend $2 million per year to hire reading specialists, $2.3 million per year to add 23 classrooms to its early increase literacy childhood program, and training for teachers
• Greater Louisville Inc. will raise $2 million per year, get more adult volunteers for schools, encourage agencies that work with children to emphasize reading, and lobby state legislators on behalf of the schools
Social Reducing Disparities
Louisville has committed itself to ensuring that all studentsare reading
Louisville Every 1 Reads Initiative
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Systemic in effect
The common characteristic is that transformative efforts are large, informed, calculated bets
Cognizant of lessons from the past
Tailored to local market realities
Sustained & Scrutinized
The primary project focus may be economic, physical or social, but ultimately a project must generate secondary returns on investment across categories
Appropriate level of public participation
Well distributed benefits
Phasing
Intermittent evaluation
Motivated by sound research and reasoning
Insulated from unreasonable pressure by business and political interests
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
How do we make transformative efforts the norm instead of the exception?
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
To move forward, cities must act with market focus and discipline
Generate empirical diagnostics
Re-imagine the city
Develop an integrated/holistic agenda
Engage a new leadership class
Execute vision
Identify transformative efforts
Use information to drive markets and measure success
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
To move forward, cities must be part of majoritarian coalitions to make structural reforms at the state and federal level
OlderSuburb
NewerSuburb
RuralArea
Housing SchoolsRetail
Quality of LifeCongestion
ConservationFarm Preservation
CentralCity
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
State Policies
Make Work PayNew York
Regulating PredatoryInstitutions
North Carolina
Knowledge InvestmentCalifornia
“Fix it First”Pennsylvania
Brownfield Remediation
Ohio
Open Space PreservationNew Jersey
Landscape
Physical
Economic
Social
Workforce ReformWisconsin
Targeted InvestmentMassachusetts
School Reform
New city-suburban coalitions can address the need for systemic reform
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Near-term Strategy:
Protect community development spending
Long-term Strategy:
Find ways to leverage larger federal flows
The city-federal relationship needs to be reinvented over time
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Questions:
1.) Is this argument correct?
2.) Do you buy the notion of transformative efforts?
3.) What will it take to make transformative efforts the normal operating procedure?
4.) How do we ensure more systemic and structural change at the state & federal level?
5.) How do we build the coalitions to get there?
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
www.brookings.edu/metro
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
SourcesSlide 4- Major demographic changeBrookings Metro Program analysis of U.S. Census Bureau Data
Slide 5- Economic transformationGlobalization and Deindustrialization: Bureau of Economic AnalysisKnowledge Industries and Rapid Innovation: Ned Hill. "Innovation and Economic Development." Presentation to the White House Office of Sicence and Technology and the National Governors Association
Slide 6- Steady growthGDP Growth: Bureau of Economic AnalysisAll else: U.S. Census Bureau
Slide 7- Social ChangeMarriage and Families: U.S. Census BureauSegregation: Edward Glaeser and Jacob Vigdor. "Racial Segregation in the 2000 Census." Brookings, April 2001.Social Networks: Barry Wellman. "Are Personal Communities Local?" Social Networks 18, 3, Sept., 1996: 347-354.
Slide 9 - Dense layout
A. Ciccone and Robert E. Hall, 1996, “Productivity and the Density of Economic Activity,” American Economic Review 86: 54-70.G. Carlino and S. Chatterjee, 2001. Aggregate Metropolitan Employment Growth and the Deconcentration of Metropolitan Employment, Journal of Monetary Economics, 48, 549-583.
Slide 10 - Cities as CentersRichard Florida and Gary Gates. "Technology and Tolerance." Brookings, June 2001.
Slide 11 - Urban ResurgenceBrookings Metro Program analysis of data from U.S. Census Bureau and HUD State of the Cities Data System
Slide 12 - Cities in the New EconomyCEOs for Cities and RW Ventures and Shorebank. "Cities and Economic Prosperity." Spring 2001.
Slide 14- WeaknessesConcentrated Poverty: Paul Jargowsky. "Stunning Progress, Hidden Problems: The Dramatic Decline of Concentrated Poverty in the 1990s." Brookings, May 2003.
Brookings Metro Program analysis of data from U.S. Census Bureau Failing SchoolsParasitic Economies: Matthew Fellowes and Bruce Katz. "Roadblock to the Middle Class: The Higher Prices Charged to Philadelphia's Working Families." Brookings, Forthcoming.
Slide 15-Uneven GrowthEmployment decentralization: E. Glaeser. "Job Sprawl." Brookings, May 2001.All else: U.S. Census Bureau
Slide 20-Anemic Policies
Center of Law and Social Policy, http://www.clasp.org/publications/cc_myths.pdfIsabel Sawhill. One Percent for the Kids. The Brookings Institution. 2003.
Slide 27-Milwaukee FreewayCity of Milwaukee
Slide 29-ArlingtonPhilip Langdon. New Urban News. September 2003.
Slide 27-Denver ParksDenver Regional Transportation Districthttp://www.rtd-denver.com/fastracks/
Slide 32-Denver ParksCity of Denver Parks Departmenthttp://www.denvergov.org/dephome.asp?depid=1111
Slide 34-AlbuquerqueHDIChttp://nmdowntown.com/
Slide 35-NJPACNJPAChttp://www.njpac.org/
Slide 37-Fort WayneCity of Fort Waynehttp://www.cityoffortwayne.org/6sigma.htm
Slide 39-Wirless PhiladelphiaWireless Philadelphia Executive Committeehttp://www.phila.gov/wireless/index.html
Slide 40-Virgina Bio-techhttp://www.vabiotech.com/
Slide 43-Murphy ParkM. Turbov and V. Piper. "HOPE VI and Mixed Financed Redevelopment as a Catalyst for Neighborhood Change." Brookings, Forthcoming.
Slide 45-Chicago EITCCity of Chicago
Slide 47-LouisvilleLouisville Business Journal