Post on 10-Apr-2018
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The Beauty and Economic
Significance of Geologic Structures
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Why study geologic structures?
1992 Landers, CA Earthquake (photo by Ramon Arrowsmith)
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Understand and anticipate natural hazards (1995 Kobe Earthquake):(Slide by Ramon Arrowsmith)
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slideset/21/21_slides.shtml
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Mineral resourcesMineral resourcesEnergy &Energy &Mineral resourcesMineral resources
Magmatic segregation: gems in pegmatites:
Hydrothermal solutions: important for concentating
and precipitating ore deposits:Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits or
disseminated deposits (remobilized by faults)
Crystallization in fluid-rich environment
(Quartz
Veins)
(modified from slide by Ramon Arrowsmith)
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Mucho oro! Mucho dinero!!
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Los ncleos de perforadora diamante a la
Zona Azul, Proyecto Len
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Types of oil traps
(Keller, 2002)
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Primary Geologic Structures
Geometric features developed during
formation of a rock body
Microscopic to mountain scale Formed in sedimentary or igneous
environments
P
rovide clues about environmentof rockformation
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Sedimentary Structures
Bedding
Uncomformities
Cross bedding Graded bedding
Ripple marks
Mud cracks
Trace fossils
Etc.
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Bedding(stratificacin)
in the Grand
Canyon (Can
Grande):Sediments originally
deposited in horizontal
orientation
Superposition: oldest
layers on the bottom,youngest on top
Major bedding planes
separate sedimentary
layers with contrasting
properties (strength,
porosity, permeability,resistance to erosion, etc)
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Tilted bedding in Hawk Canyon (Caada Halcn), December, 2008
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Tilted bedding on San Miguel Island, May, 2004
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Tilted bedding on San Miguel Island, May, 2004
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San Miguel Island, May, 2004
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San Miguel Island, May, 2004
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Angular unconformity on San Miguel Island, May, 2004
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Nonconformity in Caada Halcn, February, 2007
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Tilted nonconformity, Caada Halcn, February, 2007
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Proyecto Len, Marzo, 2007
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Proyecto Len, Marzo, 2007 (cross beds deposited originally non-horizontal)
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Algadones Dunes (las dunas Algadones), January, 2007
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Which way is the wind blowing?
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Igneous Structures Flows
Veins
Dikes and Sills
Chilled or baked margins Magmatic flow foliation
Flow tops marked by vesicles
Aa-aa vs. pahoehoe structure Stocks and batholiths
Xenoliths or inclusions
Magmatic segregations
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Originally non-horizontal lava flow at Cerro Los Ojos, Sonora
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Originally non-horizontal lava flow near Sierra Chocloduro, Sonora
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Grand Canyon (photo by Ramon Arrowsmith)
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San Antonio Canyon,
March, 1998
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Sierra la Salada, Marzo, 2007
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Glendora Ridge Road, October, 2006
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Culp Valley, November, 2007
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Proyecto Colibri,
Marzo, 2006
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Zona Nopal,
Deciembre, 2006
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Mucho oro!
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Este oro es mio!
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Mis asistentes
del campo,
Proyecto Len,Septiembre, 2007
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Proyecto Len,
Septiembre, 2007
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Proyecto Len,
Marzo, 2007
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Proyecto Len, Marzo, 2007
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Mas ncleosde perforadora diamante a
la Zona Azul, Proyecto Len
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Folds
Photograph courtesy of Ramon Arrowsmith
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Prince William Sound, Alaska, July, 2006
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Prince William Sound, Alaska, July, 2006
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Palmer Canyon, San Gabriel Mountains, December, 2004
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Palmer Canyon, San Gabriel Mountains December, 2004
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Coastal Maine, July, 2007 (photo by Kayla Kroll)
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Coastal Maine, July,
2007 (photo by Kayla
Kroll)
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Proyecto Colibri, Marzo, 2007
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diagram from M.P. Searle
Faults (mountain scale)
Faults (mountain scale)
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What is it?
Moab normalfault, Utah
(Slide courtesy of
Greg Davis)
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Whipple detachment fault, California (Slide from Greg Davis)
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Younger on older, Low-grade (near surface) on High-grade (12 km)
Ertomiao detachment fault, Lang Shan, ChinaErtomiao detachment fault, Lang Shan, China
(Slide from Greg Davis)
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1 horizontal, 3 vertical reverse faults
1 vertical, 3 horizontal normal faults 1 horizontal, 3 horizontal strike-slip
faults
(Slide designed by
Greg Davis)
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Hypothetically
Reverse faults: should form at ~30 dip
Normal faults: should form at ~60 dip
Strike-slip faults: should form at ~90 dip
Can you think
of any
exceptions??
(Slide designed by Greg Davis)
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Common exceptions Thrust faults mechanically unfavorable
Low-angle normal faults mechanically
veryunfavorable
(Slide designed by Greg Davis)
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Faults and Breccias at Outcrop
Scale
Manker Canyon, San Gabriel Mountains, October, 1994
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Falla normal a
Caada Halcn,
Deciembre, 2008
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Mega Faults
Sonoyta, Sonora,
Jenero, 2006
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Sonoyta, Sonora, Jenero, 2006
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Sonoyta, Sonora, Jenero, 2006
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Proyecto Len, Marzo, 2007
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Proyecto Ramaje Ardiente, Marzo, 2007
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Proyecto RamajeArdiente, Marzo, 2007
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Proyecto RamajeArdiente, Marzo, 2007
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Proyecto Ramaje Ardiente, Marzo, 2007
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Proyecto Colibri, Jenero, 2006
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Proyecto Colibri, Jenero, 2006
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Zona Nopal,
Deciembre, 2006
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Zona Nopal,
Deciembre, 2006
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Zona Nopal, Deciembre, 2006
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Proyecto Elizabeth, Octubre, 2008
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Proyecto Elizabeth,
Octubre, 2008
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DiamondDrill
Core from the
Naranja Zone
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Mylonites and Ductile Shear Zones
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Foliation
Planar fabric formed by ductile flow of
minerals under directed stress
Generally manifested as compositional
layering
Foliation plane generally oriented at high
angle to maximum stress direction
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San Gabriel Mountains, April, 2002
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San Gabriel Mountains, April, 2002
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Arroyo Santa Felicita, Noviembre, 2008
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Arroyo Santa Felicita, Noviembre, 2008
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Arroyo Santa Felicita, Noviembre, 2008
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Arroyo Santa Felicita, Noviembre, 2008
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Lineation
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Arroyo Santa Felicita, Noviembre, 2008
What is the sense of shear?
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What is the sense of shear?
(Slide from Greg Davis)
Just how deformed is this rock?
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Just how deformed is this rock?
(Slide from Ramon Arrowsmith)
Or this one?What % extension has this rock experienced?
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Or this one?What % extension has this rock experienced?