Post on 19-Mar-2016
description
“The
Bas
ics”
Pe
ace
Ope
ratio
ns
MPAT Workshop
Module Series
(1st Coordinating Draft 7 June 02)
Preface
This MPAT Workshop Module – Peace Operations is focused on support of the Multinational Forces Standard Operation Procedures (MNF SOP) and the Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) Collaborative Planning Workshops.
This is a collaborative effort of the nations participating within the MPAT program. This is NOT just one nation’s doctrinal approach.
This module fully acknowledges that there is no common doctrine for Peace Operations. Further, this module is not intended to portray a single integrated doctrinal approach to Peace Operations.
•Intent of module series is to act as a basic starting point for multinational Peace Operations planning and operations.
Click here forKey References
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Click here forGlossary
Peace OperationsWorkshop Module Series
Module 2 : PEACE OPERATIONS REALITIES AND OPERATIONAL MODEL
Module 4 : CTF COMMAND AND CONTROL OPTIONS AND CTF HQs TEMPLATE FOR PO
Module 3 : PEACE OPERATIONS “WORKING DOCTRINE”
Module 5 : PO – KEY PLANNING DOCUMENTS
Module 6 : PEACE OPERATIONS – CTF PLANNING PROCESS
Module 1 : THE BASICS
RETURN TO PREFACE
Module 1
Peace OperationsBasics
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Proceed withModule 1
Preface – Module 1 This Peace Operations Module is based upon:
•Multinational inputs from Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) nations
•Multinational Force Standing Operating Procedures (MNF SOP) developed by MPAT participating nations
•Numerous doctrinal publications from United Nations documents, national multinational sources, Joint Publications series, and other key Peace Operations articles (see references section of this module)
A review of the MNF SOP (Part A & B) and of other supporting MNF Workshop Modules will assist in gaining an understanding of Peace Operations
To establish your base knowledge of Peace Operations (based upon MNF SOP) please take the Pretest before proceeding.
Review MNF SOP
Take Pretest/Post-Test
Review SOP Workshop Module
Proceed on with Module 1
Key Definitions MNF: Multinational Force – Broad
Overarching Term• Describes the broader force of participating Nations’
governments, agencies, and includes the Strategic Military Planning Headquarters (HQ).
• The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and support based upon shared interests.
Two Types of MNF Operations:
•Coalition: Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based
•Combined: Alliance / Treaty Based (Example: Regional Organization - NATO)
Key Definitions(continued)
CTF: Coalition / Combined Task Force (operational level of planning and operations)
• Coalition TF (CTF): Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based
• Combined TF (CTF): Alliance / Treaty / Regional Organization Based (predetermined guidelines and / or contingency plans present)
These definitions support the MNF SOP focus upon the operational level of planning and operations (task force level).
Peace Operations
“There are no standard Peace Operations”JP 3-07.3
Elements of National & International Power will be used – not just one dimension:•Diplomatic
•Economic
•Information
•Military
•Psycho-Social
Each Peace Operation will have its own unique situational setting
•Unique political factors
•Unique diplomatic characteristics
•Unique geographical, cultural, language, and security characteristics
Peace Operations Challenges
Who Executes Peace Operations?1. United Nations (UN) – 2 Types
• UN Sanctioned/Authorized operations (Regional Organizational Led (Combined) or Multinational Led (Coalition – Lead Nation concept)
• UN Sponsored/Mandated operation (UN Chain of Command – UN led)
Note: There are significant differences in the Command Relationships, Control, and Coordination Processes for
the above PO options – see Module 4
2. Regional Organization (Combined) Led (NATO, OAU, etc.) • Non-UN Alliance / Treaty based
3. Multinational Organization (Coalition) Led• Lead Nation Concept (Non-UN)
• Multinational Crisis Action Planning Ops
• Ad-hoc based on emerging crisis / No regional framework is present to address crisis
Broad Categories of Peace Operations
Peacekeeping Operations (PKO)
Peace Enforcement Operations (PEO)Note –Terminology Differences: Many variations in terminology.1. UN commonly refers to Peace Operations as Peacekeeping and also uses the
term Peace Support Operations (PSO) at times.2. NATO uses the term PSO.3. Other nations use variations of terminology (based upon political and
operational implications / factors). 4. The MNF SOP will use the overarching term of Peace Operations with two
broad categories of operations as outlined above for clarity in mission planning.
Peacekeeping Operations (PKO)
Purpose: Designed to monitor and facilitate implementation of an agreement (cease fire, truce, and other related agreements) and support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement.
Key Factor: Undertaken with consent of all major parties to a dispute.
PKO Example #1Title: Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai (MFO)
Mission: A Multinational (non-UN) operation empowered by Egypt and Israel to supervise
truce provisions in the Sinai Peninsula.
Nations: Ten participating nations including US and Asia-Pacific partners, Fiji and New Zealand.
“The mission of the Sinai MFO is, very simply, to OBSERVE, VERIFY, and REPORT.” --MNF Observer Team
Years: Operation began in 1982. It is an ongoing mission.
Mission Background: The MFO is a Multinational peacekeeping mission, created as a result of the 1978 Camp David Accords and the 1979 Treaty of Peace. Since 1982, various nations have contributed military and civilian personnel to serve in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. The ten participating nations include Australia, Canada, Columbia, Fiji, France, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, Uruguay, and the United States. Headquarters for the Sinai MFO mission is in Rome, Italy.
Yom KippurWar
1973
Camp DavidAgreement
1979
Non-UN Multinational Led Operation
Timeline of the Sinai Peninsula1973 - Present
Egypt & Israel withdraw to armistice lines
US organizes & deploys MFO
UN unableto obtainauthority for PK Force
1982
Ongoing Peacekeeping Mission•Operation of checkpoints•Periodic verification of peace provisions•Additional verifications as requested by parties to Agreement•Freedom of navigation through Straits of Tiran
ONGOING MISSION
WAR!
PKO Example #2Title: United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE)
Mission: UN sanctioned/authorized (UN led) operation, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) is lead. Mandate requires monitoring cessation of hostilities; verifying redeployment of Ethiopian and Eritrean Forces; and monitoring a security
zone.
Nations: More than 40 including US and Bosnia-Herzegovina
Years: 31 July 2000 to Present Date
Mission Background: Fighting broke out between the two African nations in May of 1998 as a result of a border dispute. The UN Secretary General requested mediation and in July of 1999 a framework for redeployment was agreed upon.Tensions remained high and in May of 2000 hostilities resumed. Diplomatic activities intensified, and in May the OAU implemented a cease fire agreement. Two months later the Security Council established UNMEE as an official Peacekeeping mission. On 12 Dec 2000 negotiations concluded with a comprehensive Peace Agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Termination of the mission is linked to the completion of the delimitation and demarcation of the Ethiopian-Eritrean border areas.
In July 2000 100 observers were assigned to the mission and up to 4,200 military personnel were authorized. The mission also introduced the use of SHIRBRIG, Stand-by High Readiness Brigade for Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Tasks. In the meantime, negotiations continued for a final and comprehensive settlement of the dispute.
UNMEE Mission Background
On the mission of UNMEE: “We have a job to do, we shall doIf effectively and efficiently, then we will withdraw.”
UN Secretary General
UNMEEEstablished
July 2000
UN Sponsored (UN Lead) Operation
UNMEE Timeline
ComprehensivePeace Agreement
December 2000
November 2000
SHIRBRIG Deploys
May 2000
FightingResumes
Severe Drought; 8 million effected
March 2000 June 2000
Agreement on cessationof hostilities
OAUFrameworkAgreement
July 1999
Eritrea/EthiopiaBorder dispute
May 1998
UN Sponsored/MandatedPeacekeeping Mission/Ch VI
31 July 2000
Peace Enforcement Operations (PEO)
Purpose: Use of necessary means up to and including military force to compel compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to establish security, peace and order.Key Factor: Application of appropriate means, military force or clear threat of military force to compel compliance of parties involved.
Nations: UNPROFOR began with the force of 10,000 troops. With commitment of IFOR, NATO member countries sent more than 60,000 troops and civilian police to the region.
Years: Feb 1992 – 1995 UNPROFOR; 1995 - Present Date IFOR/SFOR
Mission Background: UN Security Council established UNPROFOR in the wake of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. Conflict broke out in l991 when the Yugoslav Federal Army attempted to reestablish control over Slovenia and Croatia. The UN mandate changed several times as the conflict generated humanitarian relief requirements. The Dayton Accords took effect in December of 1995 and a NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) moved into the region. The introduction of allied armor, attack aviation and ground combat forces backed by the will of participating nations curtailed the actions of the Serbs and other indigenous forces.
PEO Example #1 Title: UNPROFOR--United Nations Protection Force initially to Croatia then to BH IFOR—NATO led, UN Sanction force to BH, Croatia and Serbska
Mission: Initial mandate was to “create conditions of peace and security” in Slovenia and Croatia under Chapter VI. The mission was expanded to include BH and placed under Chapter VII. When that mission failed to achieve its objectives, the US sponsored a peace process that resulted in a UN sponsored NATO led Ch VII
operation to enforce provisions of Dayton Accords.
UN PROTECTION
FORCE (UNPROFOR)
Jul 1995
Sebrenicia•UN Protected Area•Atrocities committed
Dec 1995
UNPROFOR Withdraws•Unable to perform PE operations•Cumbersome decision process•Dayton Peace Accord•Formal ceasefire
Timeline of a Peace OperationBalkan Region—Bosnia/Herzegovina
1992-Present
Tran
sitio
n
UN Sponsored/Mandated Op (UN Lead) UN / NATO Peace Enforcement-
IFOR-1995-96 SFOR-1996-present
NATO MISSION INBOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
(Combined)
UN Sanctioned/Authorized – Regional Organization Led
(Combined)
ONGOINGUN/NATOMISSION
1992-Yugoslavia dissolves-Yugoslav federal army attempted to regain control of Slovenia & Croatia
CIVILWAR
The civil side of the mission in BH was overseen by the Office of the High Representative, a creation of the Dayton Process. The UN was charged with providing the International Police Training Force under the supervision of UNMIBH. SFOR accomplished all of the military objectives of DAYTON. Although, still under
UN/NATO MISSIONS TO THE BALKANS BACKGROUND
Peace Enforcement authority, Peacekeeping activities are now being used in areas where consensus has been achieved.
PEO Example #2Title: UN Missions to East Timor
UNAMET—UN Observer Mission (PKO)
INTERFET - UN Sanctioned/Authorized – Multinational Coalition -- Lead Nation
(PEO)
UNTAET - UN Sponsored/Mandated – UN Led (PEO / PKO / Peace Building)
Mission: Multiple mandates beginning with Peacekeeping and culminating in a Peace Enforcement mission with transition to civil administration.Years: 1999-present
Nations: More than 40
Mission Background: East Timorese independence vote set off a spasm of violence and destruction. UN Peacekeepers were quickly isolated. UN Security Council then sanctioned/authorized an international force to restore security.
UN assistance to E. Timor conducted in three phases:
UN MISSIONS TO EAST TIMOR ADDITIONAL MISSION BACKGROUND
“There could be casualties. And the Australian public should understand that. It is a serious, dangerous operation.” --Australian Prime Minister John Howard, August 1999
Note that UN Peace Operations in this region overlapped in time and included multiple mandates.
2. INTERFET—Peace Enforcement with Australia as lead nation. Ch. VII 15 Sept 1999-23 Feb 2000. UN Sanctioned/Authorized (Multinational Coalition – Lead Nation Concept) (PEO)
3. UNTAET— Peace Enforcement, Peacekeeping, and Peace Building. 25 Oct 1999 to Present Date. UN Sponsored (UN Led)
1. UNAMET— Referendum monitoring UN Observer Mission. 11 June-25 Oct 1999 UN Sponsored/Mandated – UN led (PKO)
UNMISET
May 20, 2002**23 Feb 00
UNTAET assume responsibility **
Security Restored; INTERFET handsover to UNTAETObserver
Mission/VoteReferendum
11 June 99
Autonomy Ratified
30 Aug 99
May 02
NationhoodDeclared
UNTAETauthorized to build internal capacity once order is restored
25 Oct 99UNTAET UN Resolution
Timeline of a Peace OperationPacific Region—East Timor
1999-Present
UN Mission to E. Timor(UNAMET)
Peacekeeping Mission (UN Mandated/Sponsored-UN Led Operation)
UN Transitional Administrationin E. Timor (UNTAET)
Peace Enforcement Mission
(UN Sanctioned/Authorized – Multinational Coalition–
Lead Nation)
UN authorizesINTERFET;Australia is LN (PE Chap VII)
**15 Sept 99INTERFET UN Resolution**
Tran
sitio
n Peace Enforcement / Keeping Peace Building Mission
(UN Sponsored/ Mandated – UN Led Operation)
Tran
sitio
nRiotingBegins
Peace Operations Activities
Peace Operations- Peace Keeping
• Operations designed to monitor and facilitate implementation of an agreement
- Peace Enforcement• Operations designed to compel compliance
with resolutions or sanctions designed to establish security, peace and order
Military Operations can support Diplomatic Efforts (three areas)- Preventive Diplomacy
• Diplomatic actions taken in advance to avert a crisis
- Peacemaking• Process of diplomacy, mediation,
negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement
- Peace Building • Post-conflict actions, predominately
diplomatic, economic, and security related that strengthen and rebuild governmental infrastructure and institutions
Peace Operations are normally interwoven with one another…PKO being executed with Preventive Diplomacy and Peacemaking ongoing; or PKO and PEO could be ongoing in same CTF AO (but in different regions of country).
MutuallySupportive
Legal Basis for Peace Operations
UN Charter – Resolutions/Mandates based on the UN Charter as a whole primarily Chapters VI, II, and VIII
International Treaties/Multinational Agreements/Conventions
National Constitutions/Declarations/ Resolutions/Statutory Authorizations
• VI – Pacific Settlement of Disputes – Addresses peaceful means
• VII – Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of Peace, and Acts of Aggression –Addresses enforcement actions
• VIII – Regional Arrangements – Regional arrangements to maintain peace & security
Doctrinal Principles of POThe following are the principles of Peace Operations:
•Freedom of Movement•Credibility•Flexibility•Use of Force•Transparency•Mutual Respect•Civil Military Cooperation
•Objectives•Security•Unity of Effort •Legitimacy•Impartiality•Consent•Perseverance•Restraint
Distinction Between PKO and PEO
Of the previously mentioned principles the three main principles are:
•Consent
•Use of Force
•Impartiality
Distinction between PKO and PEOPrincipalFactors
PKO PEO
Consent All parties consent (support PKO goals)
Partial or no consent by parties (little or no support for PEO goals)
Use of Force(restraint)
Self defense only Compel or coerce compliance with established rules of engagement
Impartiality does not denote neutrality, it is, however, a constant and may be applied as follows:
Principal Factors PKO PEO
Impartiality
Treat all sides equally and fairlyApply mandate without prejudice
When necessary, enforce the mandate on violatorsPrincipled Impartiality**
**May be considered as principled impartiality
Complex Emergencies (Contingencies)
Since 1990, Peace Operations have moved from interstate conflicts to intrastate. Complex Emergencies are now the norm• Failed states - total breakdown of government
institution & infrastructures Term used to describe Humanitarian
Operations (concurrent with PO) that have the following dimensions:• A complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict
resulting in a humanitarian disaster which might constitute multi-dimensional risks or threats to regional and international security.
• Peace Operations now must be executed along with the challenges of rebuilding societies, re-establishing institutions, promoting good governance.
- Restoring infrastructure, economy, security, and reducing human suffering.
CTF Planning Challenges for POUncertainty, ambiguity, and lack of clarity will dominate Peace Operations – transition plans will be the norm as missions shift
Inclusive and detailed civil-military planning is paramount to PO success. Military is in support of the larger political / civil mission
Peace Operations are not static…will be dynamic and ever-changing (grey areas will be present)
Example: Cease-fire present, but breaks down over time. Critical factors of consent, impartiality, and use of force are realigned. The above factors may vary within various sectors of CTF AO.
Contingency planning is an on-going process that requires full CTF Commander emphasisStresses need for continual situational assessment and planning by the Future Plans cell within the CTF Planning Process
PKO PEO
PKOPurpose: Monitor/facilitate implementation of an agreement
•Support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement
Key Factor: Consent of parties to dispute enables PKO Force
Goal: Support implementation of mandate agreement
PEO Purpose: Use of military force to compel compliance with resolution / sanctions
Key Factor: Consent of parties to dispute is limited or nonexistent for PEO force
Goal: Restore security, peace and order
Grey Area
Factors shaping the grey area include:• Consent• Impartiality• Use of Force• Diplomatic/political variables• Humanitarian considerations• Dynamic Situation• Uncertainty
Contingency Planning is Essential to Address Grey Areas
Peace Operations Summary
Complex Emergencies (Contingencies): PKO or PEO combined with Humanitarian operations (the norm for Peace Operations after 1990)
Executed by:•UN – 2 Types (UN sponsored/mandated or UN sanctioned/authorized)
1.UN Sanctioned/Authorized
a)Regional Organization Led (Combined)
b)Multinational Led (Coalition - Lead Nation Concept)
2.UN Sponsored/Mandated (UN Led)
•Regional Organization Led (Combined – Non UN Led)
•Multinational Organization Led (Coalition – Non UN Led – Lead Nation)Legal basis – UN Charter / International Treaties, Multinational Agreements, Conventions/ National Constitutions, Declarations, Resolutions, Statutory Authorizations
Special emphasis must be placed upon Mission Analysis, Commander’s Estimate and Contingency Planning
Peace Operations•PKO
•PEO
Proceed to Module 2Take Post-TestReturn to Main Menu
Peace Operations Pretest/Post-Test
It is recommended that the Pretest/Post-Test below be taken now.
A score of 70% or less indicates that you should review this module again.
Take the Pretest/Post-Test
Proceed to Module 2
Return to Module 1 Preface
Pretest/Post-Test – Module 1GRADING NOTE: Please record you answers on a separate piece of paper, you will
grade yourself. The below questions are not “set up” to be computer graded at this time (working action).
1. What are the two types of Peace Operations? A. Peacekeeping and Peacemaking
B. Peacemaking and Peace Building
C. Peace Enforcement and Peacemaking
D. Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement
2. Only the UN can execute Peace Operations. A. True
B. False
3. A complex emergency (or sometimes called complex contingency) is: A. Only applies to Peace Operations under UN-led operations
B. Peace Operations conducted simultaneously with Humanitarian Operations
C. A combination of Peace Enforcement and Peacekeeping Operation
D. A time-sensitive crisis involving only Peace Building
Pretest/Post-Test – Module 14. CTF Stands for what?
A. Combined Task Force only
B. Coalition Task Force only
C. Can be Combined or Coalition Task Force
D. None of the above
5. Planning for Peace Operations requires special emphasis in the areas of: A. Mission Analysis, Commander’s Estimate and Contingency Planning
B. Personnel assignment and staff functions
C. Special plans for media support
D. None of the above
6. If three factions with a country agree to a ceasefire and also agree to the deployment of a multinational force to enforce the ceasefire agreement, this is a: A. Peacemaking Mission
B. Peace Enforcement Mission
C. Peace Building Mission
D. Peacekeeping Mission
Pretest/Post-Test – Module 17) What are the two types of UN Peace Operations (from a command relationship
perspective)? A. UN sponsored and UN mandated
B. UN mandated and UN directed
C. UN sponsored/mandated and UN sanctioned/authorized
D. UN declared and UN directed
8) What UN Charter chapters involve Peace Operations? A. VI and VII
B. VI, VII and VIII
C. IV and V
D. Chapter VII only
9) The three main principal factors for Peace Operations are: A. Consent, impartiality, communications
B. Consent, impartiality, use of force
C. Political Objectives, use of force, legality
D. Consent, UN mandate, use of force
Pretest/Post-Test – Module 1
10) If a Country has serious instability issues with three factions fighting within a country and a UN mandate is passed to deploy a multinational force to the Country to take whatever means are necessary to stop the fighting and restore stability (Note: one faction agrees with the mandate), this is a: A. Peacemaking Mission
B. Peace Enforcement Mission
C. Peacekeeping Mission
D. Peace Building Mission
===============================================================
Now move to the next slide to check your answers you have recorded and compute your score
Test Results The correct answers are:
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. B
You scored ______ correct answers for a ______% score.
If your score is less than 70% or less it is recommended that Module 1, The Basics be reviewed.
Review Module 1Slides Only
Review Module 1w/ Narrative
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MNF SOP
Under Construction
MNF SOPUnder Construction
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MNF SOP
Under Construction
SOPWorkshop Module
Under Construction
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MNF SOP
Under Construction
Review Module 1Slides Only
Under Construction
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Under Construction
Review Module 1w/ Narrative
Under Construction
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MNF SOP
Under Construction
Print FunctionUnder Construction
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Module 2
Peace Operations Realities
& Operational Model
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Proceed withModule 2
Peace Operations Realities
Support vs. Victory: CTF Commanders and Staff are required to understand the following realities of Peace Operations• The military is always in support of the larger political / civil
mission (military is a component of a larger effort).• In Peace Ops, there is neither an enemy nor a military victory.
The military task is to set the conditions to enable other agencies to achieve the overall political end state outlined in the mandate.
• Military can:- Temporize- Maintain situation- Reduce levels of violence- Induce compliance
Peace Operations Realities(Continued)
Basic Mission: The ambit of appropriate ROE. The military mission will revolve around establishing or maintaining a safe, secure, and stable environment
Civil-Military Planning / Coordination: Identification of the civil-military tasks required by the mandate and identification of the main causes for the crisis is a critical action during the initial CTF Mission Analysis and Commander’s Estimate
CTFOnly a Component !!
CTF COALITION FORCES
POPULATION
NON-GOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONS
(NGO)
INTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS (IO)
CIVILIANAUTHORITIES
NATIONAL LEVEL MILITARIES
PARAMILITARY GROUPS
POLITICALMILITARY-MILITARY
NATIONALCIVIL-MILITARY
CIVIL-MILITARY
Ref: COE
PEACE OPERATIONS SUCCESS IS NOT A MILITARY SOLUTION
21st Century Peace Operations
Operates within Complex Emergencies instead of classical Peacekeeping
Since 1990 the norm has been intrastate conflicts. Complex Emergencies are now the norm (e.g. failed states)
Peace Operations operate within a continuum of civil-military operations
Evolution of UN Peacekeeping
Ref: PKI
Second Generation - Expanded Peacekeeping that included Peace Enforcement Operations (1990-1995)
Third Generation - Expanded Peacekeeping within the limits of the UN’s ability. More complex, smaller in size and focused on Peace Building. Generally this does not include Peace Enforcement (Chapter VII) Operations (1995-1999)
Fourth Generation - Expanded Peacekeeping, but the United Nations is taking on more nation building activities. Lead Nations and Regional Organizations conducting Peace Enforcement Operations (1999-present)
First Generation - Traditional Peacekeeping (1948-1990)
Features of Traditional Peacekeeping
Ref: COE
Interstate Conflict Governments Functioning and in Control Government Infrastructure intact Military and Police Structures operating Judicial Systems in place International Rules operable Minimum Contact with Population Minimum Involvement with Civilian
Agencies Ref: COE
Features of Current Peacekeeping May Include:
Intra-state Conflict Governments ineffective or not in
control Factional Political Groupings &
Leadership State Infrastructure broken down Judicial & Police Breakdown Military factions & Warlords Weapons proliferation International and Traditional Rules not
operable Intermingled with Populations Full Range of Civilian Agencies / NGOs
Ref: COE
OPERATIONS IN SUPPORT OFDIPLOMATIC EFFORTS
PEACE ENFORCEMENT
PEACE MAKING PEACE BUILDING
PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY
Coexist Work Together
SituationDependant
Complex Emergencies The NormRef: PKI
PEACE KEEPING
Preventive Diplomacy
Peace Operations (Coexist – Work Together)
Ref: PKI
Peace Enforcement
Peace Making
Peacekeeping
Peace Building
Peace Operations
Peace Operations – Complex Emergencies
Ref: PKI
Peace Enforcement
Preventive Diplomacy
Peace Making
Peacekeeping
Peace Building
Peace Operations
Peace Operations – Recent History (Complex – Not Static – Dynamic in Nature)
Ref: PKI
Peace Enforcement
Preventive Diplomacy
Peace Making
Peacekeeping
Peace Building
Peace Operations
2. INTERFET
1. UNAMIR
3. KFOR
5. UNTAET
7. UPHOLDDEMOCRACY
4. UNMIH
6. UNPREDEP2,3
1
7,8
4
6
5
8. SFOR
Peace Conflict Post-Conflict Post-Conflict Peace Instability
Preventive Diplomacy
Humanitarian Assistance
Ref: PKI
Peace Making
Peace Enforcement
Peacekeeping
Peace Building
Observation, Monitoring
Enforcement of Sanctions
Demobilization
Support to Civil Military
SUPPORT OPERATIONS
MILITARYOPERATIONSM
ILIT
AR
MIL
ITA
RYY
CIV
IC
IVI
LL
CRISISCRISIS STABILIZATIONSTABILIZATION
ECONOMIC& SOCIAL
LIFESUPPORT
OPERATIONAL MODEL
LIFESAVING
DIPLOMATIC
CTFDeploy-Mandate-Transition-Re-deploy
Military Mission
UN / IOs / NGOs Overall Mandate Missions Ref: COE
Peace Operations SummaryA Continuum
PO are larger than military• The military task is to set the conditions to enable the other
agencies to achieve the overall political state outlined in the mandate.
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PO are a Continuum of Operations that include:• PKO, PEO, and support to diplomatic actions of Peace Building, Peace Making, and Support to Preventive Diplomacy working together to achieve the mandate for the operation
The initial Mission Analysis and Commander’s Estimate is a critical phase for identification of the Civil-Military tasks required by the mandate
Module 3
PEACE OPERATIONSWorking Doctrine
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ReviewModule 2
Proceed withModule 3
Doctrinal Challenge
There is no fully agreed upon Multinational Peace Operations doctrine to support CTF planning and operational requirements
No United Nations Peace Operations doctrine
NATO Doctrine comes closest to addressing the issues (ATP-3.4.1)
A Review – Basic Planning FrameworkPrincipalFactors
PKO PEO
Consent All parties consent (support PKO goals)
Partial or no consent by parties (little or no support for PEO goals)
Use of Force(restraint)
Self defense only Compel or coerce compliance with established rules of engagement
Impartiality does not denote neutrality, it is, however, a constant and may be applied as follows:
Principal Factors PKO PEO
Impartiality
Treat all sides equally and fairlyApply mandate without prejudice
When necessary, enforce the mandate on violatorsPrincipled Impartiality**
**May be considered as principled impartiality
Convergence of DoctrineNATO Fundamentals (Note: NATO uses Peace Support Operations – PSO as defining term). MNF SOP uses PO terms.
•Civil Military Cooperation•Objectives•Security•Unity of Effort •Legitimacy•Impartiality•Consent•Perseverance•Freedom of Movement•Credibility•Flexibility•Use of Force•Transparency•Mutual Respect•Restraint
Ref: PKI
Peace OperationsFundamental Planning Factors
Civil Military Operations Key to long term
stability and mission end state
Military should support and enable
Establish coordination mechanisms
Ref: PKI
Objectives Military objectives
directly associated with Political objectives
Political objectives are not static
Military must participate in diplomatic process
Ref: PKI
Military Objectives must be appropriate and attainable
Security Multidimensional and
Dynamic• Capability• Perceptions• Physical• Contingency Planning
Extends to non-military
Active Risk Management Program
Ref: PKI
Unity of Effort
No unity of command but cooperative effort• Common end-state• Compromise• Understanding• Consensus• Communications
Ref: PKI
Legitimacy External legitimacy
Internal legitimacy
Factors• Legality• Impartiality• Perceptions• International and
National Will• Vision
Ref: PKI
Impartiality Perception by
• Belligerents• External Audience
Affects Consent and Legitimacy
Not Neutrality• Force must be used
if neededRef: PKI
Consent Shapes the Operation
Not Static
Must be promoted and sustained
Affected by• Legitimacy• Credibility• Impartiality
Ref: PKI
Levels of Consent Who Gives Consent?
May not be present at all levels !! International Bodies
• UN Security Council• UN General Assembly
Troop Contributing Countries
Third Parties
Parties to the Conflict Military Organizations Military Factions Local Commanders Warlords
ProvidesLegitimacy
Strategic LevelEnvironment
Operational & Tactical Level Environment
Ref: COE
Perseverance Prepare for extended
engagement
Sustain will
Support by personnel and logistics
Maintain MoraleRef: PKI
Freedom of Movement
Relates to Initiative
Affects• Credibility• Consent
Ref: PKI
Credibility Depends on
• Force Capability• International and
National Will• Authority• Resources• Decisive Action• Impartiality
Perception is critical
Ref: PKI
Flexibility Adjust to
accommodate new situations• Receptive• Responsive• Contingency
Planning
Situational Awareness essential
Ref: PKI
Use of Force Tool to set conditions for
enabling peace process
Authority established
Necessary Force
ROE• National Differences
understood and deconflicted PRIOR to deployment
Ref: PKI
Transparency Reinforce Legitimacy,
Impartiality, and Civil Military Operations
Balance between OPSEC, Media and
Transparency
Information technology
Ref: PKI
Mutual Respect Professional Conduct
of the Multinational Force
Status of Forces Agreements
Treatment of all parties to the conflict
Common Principles among all members of the Multinational ForceRef: PKI
Restraint Use of Force
• Precise• Timely• Appropriate• Proportional• Sufficient
Manage the consequences
Ref: PKIReturn to
Main MenuProceed with
Module 4
Module 4
CTF Command and Control Options
and CTF HQs Template for
POReturn to
Main MenuReview
Module 3Proceed with
Module 4
Preface – Module 4 This Workshop Module is focused on the CTF Command Relationship options available for Peace Operations.
This Module also addresses a possible CTF Headquarters template to address the multinational and multifaceted challenges of Peace Operations.
This Module builds upon the MNF SOP Chapter B-3 Command / Control / Coordination Multinational Relationships and Chapter B-7 Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW). Peace Operations Command Relationships are addressed within this Chapter in Annex A (Peace Operations). It is highly recommended that these Chapters be read prior to reviewing the Module
Review MNF SOP Proceed on with Module 4
Command and Control Command and Control of Multinational
Peace Operations are dependent upon unity of effort. This is based primarily on agreed relationships within the CTF command and CTF Headquarters.
CTF Commanders and planners need to ensure that Command Relationships and CTF HQ organization are maximized to meet the demands of the Peace Operations missions and provide for thorough civil-military planning and coordination.
Part A:
Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination
Key Concepts and Terms
Key Concept #1
Within the CTF there are two chains of command:
1. Respective NATIONAL Chain of Command
2. CTF MULTINATIONAL Chain of Command
Operational Control (OPCON): Command authority to organize and employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give authoritive direction necessary to accomplish the mission
Command and Control Relationship Concepts
Support: Command authority for support relationships to assist in the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, coordination, and control / direction (types will be covered later in brief)
Tactical Control (TACON): More restrictive command authority that is limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a given operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks.
General Support
That support which is given to the supported force as a whole rather than to particular subdivision thereof.
Mutual Support
That support which units render each other against an enemy because of their assigned tasks, their position relative to each other and to the enemy, and their
inherent capabilities
Direct Support
A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing to answer directly the supported force’s request for assistance
Close Support
That action of the supporting force against targets or objectives that are sufficiently near the supported force as to require detailed integration or
coordination of the supporting actions with the fire, movement or other actions of the supported force.
Categories of Support (A Form of Command Relationship)
Key Concept #2:MNF Command Solutions
MNF Options:
Adjust the Parameters:• Adjust the operating definitions and authorities of OPCON, TACON,
and SUPPORT.
Create New Operative Terms:• Create new terms agreeable to MNF participants to reflect the
authorities required for the situation and to address National concerns.
Modified Lead Nation Organization: (see Part B
following for example)• Modify to maintain the benefits of the lead nation organization
concept while balancing the concerns of respective Nations within the MNF effort.
Part B:
Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination
(Strategic and Operational Levels)
Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination
(Strategic and Operational Levels)
Options:1. Multinational Lead Nation (Non–UN Operation)2. Multinational Lead Nation – Modified (Non-UN
Operation)3. Regional Organization Led (Non-UN)4. UN Sanctioned/Authorized – Lead Nation Led or
Regional Organization Led5. UN Sponsored/Mandated – UN Led or Regional
Organization Led
Lead Nation NCA(Nation #1)
(AS National Authority)
Supported Strategic Commander
(CDF)
Participating Nation #2
(US National Authority)
Participating Nation #3
(ROK National Authority)
Supporting Strategic Commander
(Combatant Commander)
Supporting Strategic Commander(ROK JCS)
Commander Coalition Task Force
(CCTF)
Participating US Forces
ParticipatingAS Forces
ParticipatingROK Forces
Legend:Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd SupportNational Command National Command Theater
Support Guidance:AS Forces have Priority of effort as the supported cmdr withUS and ROK supporting.
Consultation /Coordination
Collaboration/ Support
CCC
CCC
CCC = Coalition Coordination Center
NationalCommand
Element (NCE)
NationalCommand
Element (NCE)
Option 1: Multinational Lead Nation (Non–UN Operation)
CCTF
Participating Nation #2
ParticipatingNation #3
ParticipatingNation #1
Commander
Participating Nation #1
Coalition Coordination Center
Lead Nation
Supported Strategic Commander
Nation #1
Supporting Strategic Commander
Legend:Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd Support
National Command National Command, Theater or COCOM
Coordination
Consultation / Coordination
Collaboration/ Coordination
Option 2: Multinational Lead Nation – Modified (Non–UN Operation)
Note: NationalCommand ofrespective forces is the same as Option1 for nationsunder OPCONof CCTF – thruNCEs at CTF Hq(Not Shown)
Note: Usedwhen foreigncommandof a Nation’sForces isa major concern.
Option 3: Regional Organization Led (Non-UN)
Commander Coalition Task Force
(CCTF)
Participating US Forces
ParticipatingAS Forces
ParticipatingROK Forces
Legend:
Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd Support
National Command
NationalCommand
Element (NCE)
NationalCommand
Element (NCE)
NationalCommandHQ for US
NationalCommand
HQ for ROK
Regional OrganizationCommand and Control Arrangements
Based upon Alliances and Treaties
Lead Nation Authorities
SRSG
Human Rights Component
Humanitarian Component
Election Component
Police Component
Administrative component
Observer Force
UN SG
CTF Military Force
Component
Component
Component
Component
Option 4: UN Sanctioned/Authorized - Lead Nation Led (or Regional Organization Led)
Supporting NationsAuthorities
Legend: Lead Nation Strategic Direction
and Guidance
Strategic Coord
Same Structure as Option 1
(Or RegionalCmd)
SRSG
Human Rights Component
CTF - Military Force Humanitarian Component
Election Component
Police Component
Administrative Component
Observer Force
National AuthoritiesFor Each Country
UN Security Council
Option 5: UN Sponsored/ Mandated – UN Led
Legend: National Command Strategic Guidance
Direction & Coordination Strategic Guidance/Legitimacy
SG
Strategic and Operational Levels C2Special Note for Planners
Military Chain of Command: Note that all options outlined except for Option 5 have a clear strategic and operational military chain of command. Option 5 has no strategic military Command and Control Headquarters above the CTF level.
UN Led PO: This has significant implications for when UN Sponsored/Mandated – UN Led PO should be undertaken (see Brahimi Report on following slide)
Peace Enforcement: requires a viable and robust military organization with a strategic, operational, and tactical level of command in place for planning and execution of PEO operations (Option 1, 2, 3, or 4)
Strategic and Operational Levels C2Special Note for Planners (continued)
Brahimi Report on Peace Operations – presented to the UN SC on 21 Aug 2000 stated:• UN Peace Operations should entail three
principal activities:1. Conflict Prevention and Peacemaking2. Peacekeeping3. Peace Building
• Peace Enforcement should only be attempted by the coalition of the willing.
Part C:
Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination
(CTF Component Operational Levels)
Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination
(CTF Component Levels)
Options:1. Service Components / Task Forces2. Functional Components / Task Forces3. Combination of Components and
Task forces4. Other special groupings of nations
and forces that best meets operational requirements of mandate
Lead NationNational Authority
Supported Strategic Commander
Supporting Strategic Commander(s)
Commander Coalition / Combined
Task Force(CCTF)
CAFFORAir
Forces
CARFORArmy
Forces
CNAVFORNavy
Forces
CCC
CSOTF
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
CCMOTF(Civil Military)
CPOTF(Psychological)
Supporting Nation (s)National Authorities
Legend:Strategic GuidanceAnd Support
OPCON or TACON
Tentative, This componentmay or may not be activated due to nature ofthe crisis.
Coordination, Supportand Consultation
Coalition Coordination Center (used in coalitions)
CMARFORMARINEForces
CCC
Option 1: Service Components / Task Forces
Lead NationNational Authority
Supported Strategic Commander
Supporting Strategic Commander(s)
Commander Coalition / Combined
Task Force(CCTF)
CFACCAir
Component
CFLCCGround
Component
CFMCCMaritime
ComponentCSOTF
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
CCMOTFCPOTF
Legend:Strategic GuidanceAnd Support
OPCON or TACON
Tentative, This componentmay or may not be activated due to nature ofthe crisis.
Coordination, Supportand Consultation
Supporting Nation(s)National Authorities
Coalition Coordination Center (used within coalitions)
CCC
CCC
Option 2: Functional Components / Task Forces
Lead NationNational Authority
Supported Strategic Commander
Supporting Strategic Commander(s)
Commander Coalition / Combined
Task Force(CCTF)
CFACCAir
Component
TASK FORCEWEST
TASK FORCEEAST
CCC
CSOTF
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
CCMOTFCPOTF
Legend:Strategic GuidanceAnd Support
OPCON or TACON
Tentative, This componentmay or may not be activated due to nature ofthe crisis.
Coordination, Supportand Consultation
Supporting Nation(s)National Authorities
Coalition Coordination Center (used within coalitions)
CCC
Option 3: Combination Components / Task Forces
Nations Grouped into TF East and West / OneAir Component for integration of air under one Cmnd
Part D:
Peace Operations CTF Headquarters Template
(Starting Point for Headquarters Organization)
Preface – Module 4 Part D
This part of the Module is focused upon the proposed starting point for the CTF HQ template within the MNF SOP.
This Module builds upon the MNF SOP Chapter B-5 CTF Headquarters Concept of Operation and Organizational Concepts.
It is highly recommended that this MNF SOP Chapter be read prior to reviewing this Module
Review MNF SOP Proceed on with this Module
CTF HQ Organizational Considerations
Peace Operations are not traditional war fighting operations • Support, not victory• Complex, ambiguous, dynamic environment• Non-traditional players
CTF HQ operational tasks for Peace Operations must be identified and planned for early in the CTF activation process
CTF Headquarters Template ---- Essential Battlestaff
Personal Staff
Coalition / Combined Logistics Coordination Center(CLCC) Secret – MNF REL
“Yellow Shaded Area “ Shared Top Level Classification Info Area
Special Access
Ops(SOF)
Commander Coalition / Combined
Task Force(CCTF)
DCCTF
COS
C1Personnel
C2Intel
C3Operations
C4Logistics
C5Plans
C6Comms
C7Civil/Mil
CoalitionCoordination
Center(CCC)
Civil-MilitaryOperations
Center(CMOC)
CTF Planning Process(PLANS, FOPS, COPS)
(MNF Top Level Classification)
Classification:Secret – MNF REL
Classification:Case by Case
MNF REL = MULTINATIONAL RELEASABLE LIAISON & COORD =
Effective Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs (Coalition / Combined Media Pools) Proceed to Module 5
Return toMain Menu
Module 5
Peace Operations Key Planning Documents
Return toMain Menu
ReviewModule 4
Proceed withModule 5
Key CTF Planning Documents
Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) Peace Agreement Mandate Status of Forces/Mission Agreement
(SOFA/SOMA) Terms of Reference Rules of Engagement (ROE) Memoranda of Understandings (MOUs) Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP)
Ref: PKI
Note: These are living documents than need continuous management
Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) United Nations Security
Council (UN SC) passes Resolutions that establishes the basis for the Peace Operation.
Peace Operations Resolutions normally contain two sections: First part contains political statements from the UN SC and the second part outlines the Mandate for the Peace Operation.
Peace Agreement CTF Planners need to
refer to any and all Peace Agreements agreed to among the parties to the conflict (past and working agreements).
Mandates for Peace Operations will normally refer to these Agreements and form a foundation for consent within the operation.
Mandate
The Mandate is the central document for outlining the scope of the operation.
The Mandate is either contained in a UN SC Resolution, an Initiating Directive from a Regional Organization or Multinational Organization, or can be included in Warning Orders and OPORDs for the operation.
Mandate Requirements It is critical that a clear end state be contained in the
Mandate
CTF Key Planning Point: The Mandate is the strategic guidance for the CTF Commander. It forms the foundation for the initial Mission Analysis and follow on Commander’s Estimate. The Mandate must be complete in its guidance and clear in its mission parameters (if not, planners must seek out additional guidance and clearly establish the mission parameters).
Also establishes the following:• ROE guidance• Legitimacy for the operation• Nature of the operation• Strategic Objectives and Political / Military end states• Strategic Mission and Tasks• Freedoms, constraints, and restraints• Expected Duration • Logistics and key supporting aspects• Civil-Military coordinating mechanisms
Status of Forces/Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA)
Negotiated agreements that establish the detailed legal status of PO forces – critical document.
Negotiated by the UN, Regional Organization, or Multinational Organization for the CTF at National levels (not a CTF action, but CTF planners may participate in development with higher headquarters).
Negotiated with the Host Nation and / or Affected Nation and are considered an International Agreement
Terms of Reference(TOR)
Developed to govern implementation of the PO
Based upon the situation and Mandate; may be subject to approval by the parties to the dispute (addresses details of PO)
Describes the mission, command relationships, organization, logistics, accounting procedures, coordination and liaison, and responsibilities or personnel assigned or detailed to the PO force (flexible document).
Normally written at the national level (UN, Regional or Multinational Strategic HQ) however, the potential CTF Commanders and staff may assist in initial development and need to be involved as amendments are developed
Directives that delineate the circumstances and limitations under which CTF forces respond to, initiate or continue engagement with other forces or elements
Define when and how force may be used
Initially ROE will be established by the National Strategic / UN level of planning. However, the CTF Commanders must provide continual assessments of the threat and recommendations for adjustments as required.
ROE can make the difference between success and failure • Requires ongoing
contingency planning and assessment
Rules of Engagement (ROE)
Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs)
Are used to establish agreements within the CTF forces as required
Flexible tool to establish formal
agreements as required (can supplement and / or replace TORs).
Can be used between nations or for the CTF force as a whole to establish procedures or processes.
Existing MOUs need to be identified during the CTF’s activation to determine applicability for current Mandate (can greatly assist in interoperability challenges)
CAP: Combined Appeals Process
Legal Basis• General Assembly Resolution 46/182• 1994 Inter-Agency Standing Committee approved CAP
Guidelines
Produces CHAP: Common Humanitarian Action Plan• Presentation of possible scenarios• Sectors to be addressed• Criteria for Prioritization• Relationship with other assistance programs• Statement of humanitarian principles• Long term goals
Proceed to Module 6Main Menu
Module 6
Peace Operations CTF Planning Process
Return toMain Menu
ReviewModule 5
Proceed withModule 6
CTF Planning Process
As outlined in the MNF SOP, there are two critical areas that require clear standardization within the CTF:
• CTF Crisis Action Planning (CAP) system • CTF HQ Planning Process
This Module addresses these areas in the context of Peace Operations and stresses key planning factors
Planning Environment
Multinational operations – Crisis Oriented Interagency OperationsDiplomatic process is laborious and not timelyPolitical influence felt down to tactical levelTactical decisions could have strategic impact CMO is the focus NGO and IO will be part of the fabric of the environment. High level of media focus Risk management is a central theme Resource delivery will be slow and inadequate
Lead Nation National Authority
Regional OrganizationUnited Nations
1. Strategic Assessment
2. Collective NCA/UN Decision for Multinational Military effort
3. Resolution / Mandate Developed Debated UN SC
4. Resolution Issued or5. Multinational or Regional Organization Consultation Decision
SITUATIONSITUATION
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
CRISISCRISIS
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
COACOA
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
COACOA
SELECTIONSELECTION
EXECUTIONEXECUTION
PLANNINGPLANNING
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6
EXECUTION
CTF ACTIVATED – CTF PLANNING SYSTEM ESTABLISHED
(C5 Future Plans / FOPS / COPS)
MPAT CADRE DEPLOYSCTF CRISIS ACTION PLANNING (CAP)
CTF COMMANDOPERATIONAL
CTF COMPONENTS ORGANIZED
WARNING ORDER
WARNING ORDER
CTF
TH
EATE
R
NA
TIO
NA
L
OPE
RA
TIO
NA
L
S
TRA
TEG
IC
ST
RA
TEG
IC
PLANNING & ALERT ORDER
CDR’S ESTIMATE
CDR’S ESTIMATE
Note: Planning OrderIs optional; Alert Order required.
Deployment Order (s) Issued As Required
SSC OPORD
CTF DRAFT OPORD
Approved ORDER
ONGOING LEAD NATION NATIONAL / UN CONSULTATION
EXECUTE ORDER
EXECUTE ORDER
Review
CTF Crisis Action Planning (CAP) Process -- Broad Overview
Critical CTF Planning Points(CTF Crisis Action Planning)
PO planning is no different than for any other military ops
However, two critical areas of planning must be focused early on in PO planning:
1. Strategic Level: Clear Situational Analysis and Strategic Assessments at the National / UN Strategic Levels – Clear Mandate
See following slides for above two areas of focus
2. Operational Level: Thorough CTF Mission Analysis, Course of Action Development, and Commanders Estimate
Lead Nation National Authority
Regional Organization United Nations
1. Strategic Assessment
2. Collective National Authority/UN Decision for Multinational Military effort
3. Resolution / Mandate Developed Debated UN SC
4. Resolution Issued or5. Multinational or Regional Organization Consultation Decision
Focus 1: Strategic Level Clear Guidance & End State Clear Mandate
Focus 1
Focus 2
WARNING ORDER
WARNING ORDER
CDR’S ESTIMATE
Focus 2: CTF Mission Analysis, COA Development, & Commander’s Estimate
MissionAnalysis
COADevelopment
COAAnalysis
COAComparison
Plan/OrderDevelopment
MissionAnalysis
Brief
CDRPlanningGuidance
COA DecisionBrief to Cdr
COASelection
Commander’s Est.To Lead Nation
National Authority(or UN)
Critical CTF PO Planning Process
Warning Order
CDR’S ESTIMATE
12
Provides for an integrated and managed process of the movementof plans from the planning stage, to the refinement stage, and thento the execution stage
CTF HQ Planning ProcessKey to Maintaining Planning Flexibility
& Contingency Plan Development
Focus
168 Hrs (1 wk)** and
beyond
“What’s Next”
Mid – TermTo
Long Range
C5 Future Plans (PLANS)
**Timeframes are conditioned based and can be adapted to meet the Commander’s requirements
Focus
96-168 Hrs**
“What‘s the Situation&
What RefinementsAre
Required”
Near Term
Future Operations(FOPS)
“Hand-Off”of Plan
CTF: 0-24 Hrs
CTF: 24-96 HrsC3 Future Operations (FOPS)
Focus
0 – 96 hrs**
“Issue & MonitorWhat Adjustments
Are
Required”
Current
Current Operations(COPS)
“Hand-Off”of Plan
Mission Analysis Essential and must not
be truncated to meet political exigencies
Consider political and military guidance
• May not be timely and adequate
Based on comprehensive AO understanding
Ref: PKI
•Demographic analysis•Use of all sources: NGO/ IO •Coordinated in-country surveys
Mission Analysis Continued Focus on Consent and Legitimacy
• Will determine the nature of the operation.
• Have political, legal, social, informational and economic implications.
Ref: PKI
Consent Shapes the Operation
Not Static
Must be promoted and sustained
Affected by• Legitimacy• Credibility• Impartiality
Ref: PKI
Key Questions What are the military and civil conditions that must be attained to achieve the strategic and operational objectives?
Ref: PKI
What sequence of action on both the military and civilian side will produce these conditions?
How should the military resources be applied in concert with civil resources to accomplish that sequence of action?
Key Questions (Continued)
How best can these actions be designed to transition from military to civil authorities?
Ref: PKI
Are the associated risks acceptable?
Objectives, End States and Success
Based on mandate, agreements, and directives
Broad including military and civil goals
Military objectives and end state are supportive• Measured by benchmarks• Clearly defined set of criteria• Linked to overall political/ economic and social
end state
Ref: PKI
End-State Reality End-state vision is initially vague, short-term, &
incomplete• Positive: Allows flexibility, provides for unforeseen
circumstances and developing political and economic realities
• Negative: Complicates military operations • Challenges for CTF to identify conditions that
support a developing end-state • Affects Transition planning
Ref: PKI
Pre-engagement vision of the end-state will be modified during the peace operation. The longer the operation the greater the potential for modification.
Military hand off to civil agencies will be drawn out depending on the stability of the end state.
Toward Resolution
MILITARY
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
MILITARY
POLITICAL
ECONOMICRef: PKI
End StatesWill bePrimarilyPolitical&Economic
Key Sectors for MOEs (see next slide)
Example End State MatrixSectors Pre-
ConflictConflict Agreement
MandateEnd State
Security # of systems # system destroyed
# system remaining
# systems prevent aggression
Humanitarian Assistance
Status of Displaced Persons
# and location of DP
# and location of DP & status
Long term care established
Human Rights Social Reconciliation
Status of Land ownership
DP and results of hostilities
Status of land Final resolution of land ownership ( no collectives)
Governance Status of Govt.[Dictatorship]
Results of Hostilities
Status of emerging Govt.
Vision of future Govt.
Civil Law and Order
Status of Legal System
Results of Hostilities
Assessment/ Police, Judges
Description of objective system
Infrastructure Description Results of Hostilities
Assessment of capabilities
Description of objective capabilities
Public Diplomacy
Description Themes Assessment of attitudes
Description of behavior
Ref: PKI
Objectives Military objectives
directly associated with Diplomatic objectives
Diplomatic objectives are not static
Military must participate in diplomatic process
Ref: PKI
Military Objectives must be appropriate and attainable
Peace Operations – Campaign Phases(OPORD Phases)
Phase 1: Preparation and Deployment Phase 2: Lodgement Phase 3: Execute Mandate Phase 4: Post-Crisis Transition Phase 5: Redeployment
Ref: PKI
CTF Planning Technique:Phases can have sub-phases to assist in Complex Operations.
For example: Phase 1 A – Assessment Team Deployment / Initial Pre- Deployment Actions Phase 1 B – Advance Party Deployment / Pre-Training Actions
Criteria for Success Preconditions
• Factors the Commander considers necessary
• Relate directly to inherent risk
• Influences National Participation
Standards• Measures of effectiveness to
gauge progress• Basis for transition to civil
effort Ref: PKI
Measures of Effectiveness (MOE)
Developed through inter-agency and multinational process
Appropriate for each agency Related to objectives and End State Consistently measurable Attainable by resources Timely implementation
Ref: PKI
CTF Planning Technique:Outline Starting MOEs for each Phase of Campaign
And Ending MOEs for each Phase of Campaign
Measures of EffectivenessExamples
MILITARY• Separation of factions/belligerents• Cantonment of Weapons• Cessation of Belligerent Military Operations
Ref: PKI
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE• Near Term Goals
- % of children in school- Average caloric intake per refugee/IDP- % of refugees/IDP in temporary shelter
• Long Term Goals- Literacy rate going up or down- Crop yields vs. food imports- Returnees/Repatriation/Resettlement
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References
MPAT Workshop Module ReferencesThis Module series relies on emerging concepts on Peace Operations based upon recent PO international experience. The key sources for these concepts are:
Challenges of Peace Operations: Into the 21 Century Concluding Report (ISBN:91-89683-00-5) Presented to UNSG 25 April 2002. (http://www.peacechallenges.net)
NATO Pub, AJP 3.4.1, Peace Support Operations
UN Documents and DPKO web sites
•Brahimi Report – Presented to UNSG 21 August 2000 (http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/home_bottom.htm)
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance (COE) (http://coe-dmha.org)
U.S. Army Peacekeeping Institute (http://carlisle-www.army.mil./USACS1/divisions/pki/default.htm)
Center for Civil-Military Relations “EPIC Program” (http://www.ccmr.org/public/home.cfm
U.S. Joint Pub 3-07.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques,and Procedures for PO
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GlossaryIDP (Internally Displaced Person)
IFOR –
Interstate –
Intrastate –
INTERFET – International Force in East Timor
KFOR – Allied Forces in Kosovo
Peace Support Operations –
Preventive Diplomacy –
Regional Organization –
SHIRBRIG – Stand-by High Readiness Brigade for Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Tasks
SFOR – NATO Stabilization Force in Bosnia Herzegovina
UN Charter VII –
UNAMIR – United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
UNMIBH –
UNMIH – United Nations Mission in Haiti
UNMISET – United Nations Mission in Support of East Timor (UN sponsored)
UNPREDEP – United Nations Preventative Deployment Force (Macedonia)
UNTAET – United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
UPHOLD DEMOCRACY – US Led Multinational Force in Haiti Pursuant to Security Council Resolution
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