The Axial SkeletonSkull: Cranium and Face

Pages 146-152

Three parts comprise the axial skeleton1. Skull2. Vertebral column3. Bony thorax

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Figure 5.8a The human skeleton.

Skull

(a) Anterior view

Thoraciccage

Vertebralcolumn

(ribs andsternum)

Sacrum

Facial bones

Cranium

Clavicle

ScapulaSternumRibHumerus

VertebraRadiusUlna

FemurPatella

Tibia

Fibula

TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges

Carpals

PhalangesMetacarpalsThe Sea-blue bones make

up the axial skeleton

Figure 5.8b The human skeleton.

(b) Posterior view

Bones ofpectoralgirdle

Upper limb

Bones ofpelvicgirdle

Lowerlimb

Cranium

Clavicle

Scapula

RibHumerus

VertebraRadiusUlna

Carpals

PhalangesMetacarpalsFemur

Tibia

Fibula

The Sea-blue bones make up the axial skeleton

The Skull:◦ Cranium◦ Facial bones

All bones are joined by sutures◦ Immovable, interlocking joints◦ The mandible is the only freely movable joint

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8 cranial bones protect the brain1. Frontal bone2. Occipital bone3. Ethmoid bone4. Sphenoid bone

5–6. Parietal bones (pair)7–8. Temporal bones (pair)

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There are 14 facial bones. All are paired except for the single mandible and vomer.

Maxillae Zygomatics Palatines Nasals Lacrimals Inferior nasal conchae◦ Mandible (1)

Vomer (1)◦

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Foramen or Canal: ◦ Openings for passage of vessels/nerves

Process: ◦ bony prominence for muscle attachment

Fossa: ◦ depression, usually for articulation

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

Squamous sutureOccipital bone

Zygomatic process

External acousticmeatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Mandibular ramus

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic boneMaxilla

Alveolar processes

Mandible (body)

Mental foramen

Sphenoidbone

Temporal bone

Internalacoustic meatus

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

Frontal bone

Ethmoidbone

Cribriform plateCrista galli

Optic canal

Sella turcica (houses pituitary gland)

Foramen ovale

Jugular foramen

Maxilla

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Foramen ovale

Carotid canal

Jugular foramen

Occipital condyle

Foramen magnum

Maxilla(palatine process)

Palatine bone

Hardpalate

Zygomatic bone

Temporal bone(zygomatic process)

Vomer

Mandibular fossa

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Mandible

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Nasal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid boneLacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Frontal bone

Superior orbitalfissure

Temporal boneOptic canal

Middle nasal conchaof ethmoid bone

Vomer

Inferior nasal concha

Alveolar processes

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Found in:◦ Frontal◦ Ethmoid◦ Sphenoid◦ Maxillary

Functions :lighten the skull; amplify speech

Sinus Infections: infections to the mucosae (mucous membranes) of the sinuses = sinusitis

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Frontal sinus

Ethmoid sinus

Sphenoidalsinus

Maxillarysinus

(a) Anterior view

Frontal sinus

Ethmoid sinus

SphenoidalsinusMaxillarysinus

(b) Medial view

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone; “floating”

Functions:1. movable base for the tongue 2. Attachment site for neck muscles3. Aids in swallowing and speech

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Greater horn

Lesser horn

Body

CRANIUM

“PEST of 6”

Six bones:◦ Parietal◦ Ethmoid◦ Sphenoid◦ Temporal◦ Occipital◦ Frontal

ORBIT “Poor Fat

Suzy Likes Eating Many Zingers”

Parietal Frontal Sphenoid Lacrimal Ethmoid Maxilla Zygomatic

FACE “Many

Monkeys Live In Very Nice Public Zoos”

Mandible Maxilla Lacrimals Inferior

Conchae Vomer Nasal Palatine Zygomatic

Fontanels: fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones◦ Allow skull compression during birth◦ Allow brain growth during pregnancy and infancy◦ Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

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Parietal bone

Posteriorfontanel

Anterior fontanelSphenoidalfontanel

Frontalbone

Temporal bone

Occipital bone

Mastoidfontanel