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7/30/2019 Text Book~Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Constr
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 1 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Productivityand
Work Study Techniquesin Construction
Prepared by
Ajay Kumar SinghalMobile # 98101 53530
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7/30/2019 Text Book~Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Constr
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 2 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
What Clients Want ?
Timely Delivery,
Better Quality,
Minimum Cost,
Safe Operation.
What Shareholders Want ?
Value Addition,
Real Growth.
What Business Wants ?
Efficiency,
Economy.
What is Productivity ?
A simple way of looking at productivity in a business organization is to think of it in terms
of the productivity model below.
Essentially, productivity is a ratio to measure how well an organization (or individual,
industry, country) converts input resources (man, materials, machines etc.) into goods
and services.
Productivity means the ability to produce.
It is ratio between output and input.
Output
InputProductivity =
Productivity is a measure of the output produced by a unit of input.
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 3 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
The Productivity Conceptual Model below, takes the form of a 'productivity tree'. The
Fertilizers and Minerals denote the Inputs to the system, the Trunk the ConversionProcess and the Leaves and Fruits the systems Outputs.
The successful management of this process, is ultimately the key to survival of any
organization. It should be the concern of and a development goal for all organizational
members, irrespective of their position.
Inputs
Outputs
Fertilizers & Minerals
Roots & Trunk
Leaves & Fruits
ConversionProcess
Productivity Conceptual Model
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 4 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Basic INPUTS are :
Materials : Quality and quantity of input materials.
Tools : To undertake the work efficiently.
Equipments : To ensure faster & qualitative production.
Processes : processes adopted, the technology employed and the systems
used.
Manpower : Correct skill levels, age.
Basic OUTPUTS are :
Goods
Services
Process Approach
There are three terms often confused : Procedure, Process, and Work
Instruction. These are defined for you with examples.
Process : Any activity, or set of activities, that uses resources to transform inputs
to outputs can be considered as a process.
Processes must have defined (but not necessarily measurable) objectives(s),
input(s), output(s), activities, and resources. You should be able to ask these
when defining a process :
o Activities
What are the basic jobs carried out in your department ?
Can you explain to me your operations here ?
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 5 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
o Inputs / Resources
What information do you need to start your work ?
Where does it come from ?
o Outputs
Who receives the result of your work ?
How do you know if youve done your job correctly ? (meet
objectives)
Procedure : A procedure outlines how to perform a process, such as
Purchasing.
o Who performs what action.
o What sequence they perform the steps in the task.
o The criteria (standard) they must meet.
It may be documented or not. Procedures will describe how you operate and
control your business and meet the ISO 9001 requirements.
Work Instructions : A work instruction describes how to perform a task, which is
a more detailed portion of the procedure such as Completing a Purchase Order
or Ordering supplies..
Many businesses include work instructions to aid in training, to reduce
mistakes, a point of reference for jobs, etc.
ISO 9001 has a process approach.
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 6 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Process Approach : The systematic identification and management of the
processes / activities employed and the interactions between such processes /
activities.
Process Approach
A process approach emphasizes the importance of :
1) Understanding and meeting requirements.
2) Determining if the processes add value.
3) Obtaining results of process performance and effectiveness.
4) Using objective measurement for continual improvement of the processes.
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AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 7 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Example : Purchasing Process
o Over a period of time, one can say that productivity has increased.
o How?
o Due to combination ofimproved technology, better planning, greater skills etc.
o Note that, increased production does not mean increased productivity.
Higher productivity means that more is produced with the same input.
Alternatively, same amount is produced by deploying less input.
Hence for better Productivity, it is essential that we look for ways and means to :
reduce input,
cut down wastage,
elevate quality and
safety standards.
Let us examine the primary inputs :
Manpower : Animate object with intelligence, emotions, aspirations..
Materials : Inanimate objects handled and re-handled by man...
Equipments / Tools : Apparatus created and used by man...
Processes : Made and adopted by man.
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 8 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Let us examine what is output :
Output is the product of a process or conversion of Inputs through a Process.
Quality of Output depends on :
Quality of Inputs,
Quality of Process,
Quality ofMan handing both input & process.
Hence
quality,
efficiency,
productivity.
all them boil down to motivation and handling MAN.
Since MAN is involved in all the aspects
Through Monitoring System and through Training, he gets . AWARENESS
Awareness gives him . MOTIVATION
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 9 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Motivation increases his . EFFICIENCY
and Efficiency increases his . PRODUCTION
So .
For more OUTPUT i.e. for
Increased Volume of Goods
Improved Services
Following INPUTS are also required
Knowledge : People with experience and expertise in the appropriate areas of
the business.
Skill : Trained and developed for the purpose.
Attitudes : Ability to adapt, cooperate, change, resourcefulness and
motivation.
Systems : Procedures to ensure organization can undertake conversionprocess efficiently.
Management : Skill, ability, leadership, right caliber and competence to efficiently
operate and maintain the system.
Hence
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 10 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Productivity Conceptual Model
Inputs
Outputs
Materials
Tools
Equipments
Systems
Management
Processes
Manpower
Knowledge
Skill
Attitudes
Increased Volume Improved Services
ConversionProcess
Quality & quantity ofinput materials
Procedures to ensureorganization canundertake conversionprocess efficiently
To undertake the workefficiently
Skill, ability,leadership, rightcaliber andcompetence toefficiently operate andmaintain the system
To ensure faster &qualitative production
Processes adopted,the technologyemployed and thesystems used
Correct skill levels, age
People withexperience andexpertise in theappropriate areas ofthe business
Trained and developedfor the purpose
Ability to adapt,cooperate, change,resourcefulness andmotivation
Able to reach wider
market
Better delivery, better
quality & better benefitsto Customer
Reduced Costs
Lower unit cost, moreprofit or more sales
7/30/2019 Text Book~Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Constr
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 11 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Productivity In Construction
Workers productivity =Work quantity executed
Workers engaged
Machines productivity =Work quantity executed
Machines engaged
Materials productivity =Work quantity executed
Materials consumed
Total productivity =Goods or Services Produced
All inputs used to produce them
Workers Productivity
EXAMPLE
A task involving 160 Sqm of fixing timber formwork for the roof slab of a singlestorey
building completed in 4 days, by a workers team, consisting of 8 skilled and 16
unskilled workers, then calculate the workers productivity :
Productivity of team = Formwork quantity / Completion period
= 160 Sqm / 4 days
= 40 Sqm per day by 8 SKL + 16 USL
or = 5 Sqm per day by 1 SKL + 2 USL
7/30/2019 Text Book~Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Constr
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 12 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Staff Productivity
EXAMPLE
7/30/2019 Text Book~Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Constr
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 13 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Equipments Productivity
EXAMPLE
Equipment actual hourly output = Actual load per cycle cycles per hour.
If a front-end loader on a given job moves a load of 1.5 M of loose soil in one cycle,
consisting of loadingliftingtravelingunloadingreturn tripready for loading, and each
cycle time is 1.2 minutes, then :
Actual output per working hour
= Load per cycle cycles per hour
= 1.5 M 60 minutes/1.2 minutes
= 75 M per hour.
7/30/2019 Text Book~Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Constr
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 14 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
The Factors Affecting Productivity
The computation of production efficiency factors depends upon numerous variables,
which affect productivity under actual job conditions at the project site. These variables
vary from project to project and with place and time. Some of the typical factors
affecting the production efficiency are given below.
Of Machines and Manpower :
1) Work complexity :
A simple, familiar work is easier to execute than unfamiliar, complex work.
2) Repetition of work :
While the first time execution of an unfamiliar work needs extra effort and results in
low output, the skill acquired in the process, when utilized over a period of time to
execute similar works, improves the productivity rate, especially when the crew of
workers is the same.
3) Quality control :
Sensitive projects, like the construction of a nuclear reactor calls for stringent quality
control demands frequent inspections which involve elaborate documentation and
are time consuming. They increase the nonproductive time of workers.
4) Equipmentintensive tasks :
The construction tasks that can be performed wholly or partly with equipment includeexcavating, handling, transporting, filling, compaction, grading, hoisting, fabricating,
pre-casting, erecting, plastering, finishing, paving, trenching, cable laying, pipe
laying, and so on.
The construction equipment executes works speedily. The equipmentintensive
tasks are less susceptible to productivity changes than the labourintensive ones.
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 15 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
5) Supervision :
A supervisor manages his assigned technical work as well as the workers under
him. The accomplishment of tasks economically and on schedule mostly depends
upon the competence of the supervisor, which in turn, affects the workers'
productivity. An efficient and effective supervisor can get a higher productivity from
workers.
6) Climatic and weather conditions :
Generally, under average weather conditions, with temperature varying from 40 ~ 70
degrees Fahrenheit and relative humidity of 60%, workers continue working at the
same productivity level. But, extreme weather situations and seasonal changes, like
extreme hot or cold climate, high humidity and strong winds and rains affect both
productivity as well as the work performance.
7) Labour availability :
Labour productivity also depends upon the employment opportunities available in
the market. If jobs are in plenty and labour is scarce, labour productivity tends to
become less. During a slump in the construction market, labour is easily available
while there is a dearth of jobs. In such situations, employers can afford to beselective, as hiring and firing of workers become easy. In a scarce job situation, the
overall productivity improves, since the employers can then select suitable labour.
There is also a tendency among labour to move to highvalue, largesized projects,
since they offer them longer service, better job opportunities and more stability.
8) Role of management :Project management has a key role to play in planning and controlling productivity. It
is responsible for specifying the weekly target of work to be accomplished by the
workers as well as how the work is to be executed and using which resource.
Productivity is bound to suffer if the management fails to fulfill its role and obligations
effectively and fails to conduct prework preparation.
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 16 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
9) Working methods :
Working methods of operation causing wasted movements, time and efforts.
10) Careless workmanship :
Careless workmanship causing scrap or rework.
11) Safety standards :
Insufficient safety measures and failing to observe safety standards.
Of Machines :
Common Correction factor
(1) Soil Factor, Multiply
Easy Dig Medium Dig Hard Dig
(loam, sand, gravel) (common earth) (Stiff, slay, soft rock)
1.00 0.85 0.67
(2) Swell Factor for in-place volume conversion, divide
Common earth Sand and gravel Clay (dry)
1.2 1.1 1.3
(3) Working Efficiency, Multiply
60 Min. 55 Min. 50 Min 45 Min. 40 Min
1.00 0.92 0.83 0.75 0.67
(4) Swing Factor (for Excavator)
Angle of swing (Degrees) 45 60 75 90 120 150 180
Factor 1.25 1.15 1.05 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70
(5) Load Factor (for Excavator)
Side Casting 1.0 Loading in Vehicles 0.8
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 18 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
How to Improve the Productivity ?
Productivity Importance
Changes in the industrial and business environment.
- Economically
- Practically
The only way a business or enterprise can grow and increase its profitability is by
increasing its productivity.
Productivity improvement refers to the increase in output per work-hour or time
expended.
Effective utilization and maximum productivity is an important source of
cost reduction.
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 19 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
How To Do It ?
Understand the work,
Understand the environment,
Plan your work to the minutest details,
Identify the Risk and plan accordingly,
Find the pitfalls and pain areas,
Make contingency plans,
Arrange the resources,
Care for them,
Get trained and train your people,
Transfer of Technology : up-grade yourself according to time,
Be vigilant and Keep records,
Ensure safe operation and qualitative production.
Review, analyze and Recast plans,
Always look for improvement,
Some more techniques :
- By replacing unskilled labour by machines, wherever feasible, in jobs like
loading, unloading, shifting, barcutting, etc.
- By using appropriate and efficient tools as equipment.
- By continuously improving the methods of production.
- Through improved working conditions and incentives.
- By implementing the job-oriented financial incentive schemes.
- By training workers to overcome the initial learning period.
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG-NR/PRO/Rev-2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 21 of 22Dated 08-Dec-2010
Fundamental of METHOD STUDY :
Designing
Creating
Selecting
Manufacturing methods
Processes
Tools
Equipments
Skills
Manufacture a productthat have been
developed by theProduct engineering
section
the best to
2) WORK MEASUREMENT
Various techniques may be used separately or in combination depending on the
nature of the work. The Work Study Engineer must assess which technique or
combination of techniques should be used in a given situation.
Time Study Definition
The application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to
carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance.
Direct Measurement (Time and Motion Study)
Time Study is a technique for recording the times and rates of working for the
elements of a specified job carried out under specified conditions, and for analyzing
the data so as to obtain the time necessary for carrying out the job at a defined level
of performance.
A Time and Motion Study would be used to reduce the number of motions in
performing a task in order to increase the productivity. Each operation is studied
minutely and analyzed in order to eliminate unnecessary motions and thus reduce
production time and raise output.
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______________________________________________________________________By : Ajay Kumar Singhal
AKS/TRG NR/PRO/Rev 2 Productivity and Work Study Techniques in Construction Page 22 of 22
Flow Process Chart
A flowchart is a common type of diagram that
represents a process showing the steps as boxes of
various kinds, and their order by connecting these with
arrows.
Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing,
documenting or managing a process or program in
various fields.
String Diagram
The placement of equipment in work areas is often
done randomly and sequentially, rather than with
any sense of what positioning will make the work
easier.
The result is that subsequent work requires much
more moving about than is necessary.
The String Diagram is a simple tool for analyzing and designing work spaces
such that movement can be minimized. The basic diagram simply consists of a
map of the work area, with the actual movements drawn on top.
Multiple Activity Chart
A chart on which the activities of more than
subject (item, worker, machine or equipment)
are each recorded on a common time scale to
show their interrelationship.
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