Post on 02-Jun-2018
8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala
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8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala
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8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala
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Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
Rdj tjipmj-jltry fcatfta`l `g tdj 61>?s flb ;?s al Hjrfmf dfs njk`ij f mflbifrh altdj dast`ry `g s`kafm rjg`ri flb lfta`lfmast i`vjijlts g`r tdj ulaqujljss `g tdj jvjlt flb ats ifssfppjfm. At as rjcfrbjb fs f sukkjssgum jxpjraijlt `g tdj Cflbdafl k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij. _`pumfrdast`ry dfs bjpaktjb tdj jpas`bj fs f rjv`muta`lfry stjp t`wfrbs rjmaca`us flb s`kafm rjg`ri flb fs
fl altjcrfm pfrt `g tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt salkj tdj assuj wfs jlb`rsjb ny tdj K`lcrjss flb tdjfcatfta`l wfs mjb ulbjr ats fuspakjs. Nut tdas abjfmast aiprjssa`l `g tdj i`vjijlt dfs njjl kdfmmjlcjbgr`i vfra`us qufrtjrs. At as p`altjb `ut tdft tdjrj dfvj njjl vjry mattmj fttjipts ft malhalc tdj jvjltwatd tdj fbvflkalc kavak racdts i`vjijlt mjb ny tdj m`wjr kfstj pj`pmj g`r rjmaca`us flb s`kafmjqufmaty wdakd wfs cfalalc i`ijltui ny tdj >?s flb ;?s `l fkk`ult `g tdj rfbakfm turl `g tdjfcatfta`l8 tdj prjssurj jxjrtjb ny tdj ult`ukdfnmjs t` fkdajvj kavak grjjb`i jvjl ft tdj k`st `grjl`ulkalc Dalbuasi dfb nr`ucdt tdj satufta`l t` f eulkturj wdakd l` uppjr kfstj k`umb acl`rj.I`rj fpprjdjlsavj as tdj fnsjlkj `g fkfbjiak fttjipts t` malh tdj i`vjijlt watd tdj rfiagakfta`ls `g
tdj ^jnjmma`l `g 61>68 al gfkt tdj rjnjmma`l dfb tdrjftjljb tdj altjcraty flb tdj vjry jxastjlkj `g tdjK`lcrjss `rcflazfta`l al Hjrfmf8 tdas gfkt`r br`vj tdji t` rjtrjft gr`i tdjar jfrmajr sjkumfrstflbp`alt t` fb`pt f rjmaca`us aba`i tdft w`umb sjrvj tdjar aiijbaftj p`matakfm purp`sjs. Rdj tjipmjjltry i`vjijlt, tdjrjg`rj, dfs t` nj stubajb al tdj macdt `g tdj frnatjrs r`mj pmfyjb ny tdj K`lcrjsst` k`ltfal p`pumfr flb rfbakfm fcatfta`ls flb al tdj k`ltjxt `g ats cr`walc tjlbjlky t` alkmalj
t`wfrbs Dalbu syin`ms al p`mataks fs f ijfls t` jskfpj fbbrjssalc vatfm flb nurlalc s`kafm assujs.
Hjyw`rbs5 Rjipmj-jltry, k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij, Wfahfi [ftyfcrfdf, 61>6 ^jnjmma`l, k`lvjrsa`l,
K`lcrjss.
@lj `g tdj krukafm pr`nmjis tdft tdj Albafl lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt dfb t`
k`lgr`lt wfs d`w t` rjs`mvj tdj vfra`us halbs `g altjrlfm k`lgmakts, sukd fs njtwjjl
mflbm`rbs flb pjfsflts, kfpatfmasts flb mfn`urjrs, uppjr kfstjs flb m`wjr kfstjs, flb
ijl flb w`ijl, flb altjcrftj tdji watd tdj cjljrfm k`ursj `g tdj flta-k`m`lafm
struccmj. Dast`rafls dfvj k`ltrfstalc pjrkjpta`ls `l tdas assuj watd tdj Ifrxast skd``m
tfhalc tdj i`st rfbakfm p`sata`l fkk`rbalc t` wdakd tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt ulbjr
tdj K`lcrjss fmwfys nypfssjb kfstj flb kmfss assujs kmfaialc tdft tdj mfrcjr altjrjsts
`g tdj lfta`l flb tdj aiijbaftj c`fm `g lfta`lfm manjrfta`l rjbukjb tdji fs assujs `g
sjk`lbfry aip`rtflkj.6Napfl Kdflbrf flb das manjrfm Ifrxast fss`kaftjs, `l tdj
`tdjr dflb, dfvj frcujb tdft tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt dfb jlcfcjb tdjsj sjk`lbfry
k`ltrfbakta`ls sjra`usmy,t` tdj jxtjlt p`ssanmj flb watdal tdj mfrcjr grfijw`rh `g tdj
praifry flb fmm-kmfss kdfrfktjr `g tdj lfta`lfmast struccmj, nut kjrtfalmy watd
kfuta`l flb k`ipr`iasj.>
Al das tdjsas `g tdj lfta`lfmast rjs`muta`l, _frtdf
Kdfttjrejj dfs frcujb tdft tdj i`bjrfta`l `l tdj pfrt `g tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt al
8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
s`kafm rjg`ri wfs f k`lska`us fkt wdakd k`lg`rijb t` tdj lfta`lfmast pr`ejkt8 ats
abj`m`cakfm g`ulbfta`l wfs f sjmjktavj fppr`prafta`l `g wjstjrl i`bjrlaty fkk`rbalc
t` wdakd tdj sparatufm flb kumturfm magj `g tdj pj`pmj wfs abjltagajb fs lfta`lfmast
b`ifal al wdakd tdj altjrvjlta`l `g tdj k`m`lafm stftj flb tdj altrusa`l `g k`m`lafm
kumturj wfs va`mjltmy rjsastjb flb put al rjstrfalt.;
@g tdj altjrlfm assujs tdft tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt dfb t` bjfm watd, aljqufmaty
`g kfstjs, flb tdj s`kafm syin`ms tdr`ucd wdakd kfstj bastalkta`ls wjrj frtakumftjb,
p`sjb tdj i`st sjra`us kdfmmjlcj. At tdrjftjljb tdj ulaty `g tdj lfta`l, mahj tdj Dalbu-
Iusmai k`lgmakt, njkfusj tdj `rcflazfta`lfm strukturj flb tdj abj`m`cy flb s`kafm
k`ip`sata`l `g tdj mjfbjrsdap `g tdj K`lcrjss njtrfyjb ats jmatast kdfrfktjr. Rdj rfbakfm
fwfhjlalc fi`lc tdj ult`ukdfnmjs flb tdj alkrjfsalc tjlbjlky fi`lc tdji t` fmmy
watd tdj k`m`lafm stftj fs f ijfls `g s`kafm jiflkapfta`l ej`pfrbazjb tdj b`ialflt
pjrspjktavjs `g tdj lfta`l stftj. Kjrtfal jggjktavj ijfsurjs g`r malhalc flta-k`m`lafm
struccmj watd tdj lfta`l-nuambalc pr`kjss njkfij iflbft`ry. Rdj k`lstruktavj
pr`crfiij wfs bjvasjb t` sjrvj tdas purp`sj.
Rdj Cflbdafl k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij dfs ats `wl fbdjrjlts fs wjmm fs str`lc
krataks. G`r alstflkj, Napfl Kdflbrf dfs trajb t` g`riumftj tdj`rajs fr`ulb tdj
pr`crfiij flb pjrkjavjb at fs fl altjcrfm pfrt `g tdj Cflbdafl p`matakfm abj`m`cy
flta-k`m`lafm strftjcy `g struccmj-k`ipr`iasjljkjssatftjb fktavj pdfsjs aljvatfnmy
g`mm`wjb ny pfssavj `ljs buralc wdakd p`matakfm jltdusafsi wfs ifaltfaljb ny s`kafm
flb duiflatfrafl w`rh alkmubalc jgg`rts t` jrfbakftj ult`ukdfnamaty. Rdus i`vjijlts
wdakd fppjfrjb t` nj l`l-p`matakfm wjrj al gfkt ijfsurjs faijb ft p`matakfm
i`namazfta`l al f baggjrjlt iflljr5 p`matakfm k`lstrukta`l `g tdj lfta`l dfb t` nj
suppmjijltjb ny s`kafm flb kumturfm fkta`l t` kmjflsj at `g nm`ts wdakd st``b fcfalst
8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
truj flb abjfm lfta`ld``b. Rdj lfturj `g tdj pr`crfiijs vfrajb gr`i rjca`l t` rjca`l
`r fppjfrjb al vfra`us rjca`ls al fkk`rbflkj watd m`kfm k`lbata`ls flb s`kafm
prjssurjs. Al tdas sjlsj tdjy wjrj altjcrfm t` tdj fmm-kmfss kdfrfktjr, flb djlkj fl
alsjpfrfnmj pfrt, `g tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt.2Rdjrj frj, d`wjvjr, str`lc bassjltalc
v`akjs. [uiat [frhfr dfs frcujb tdft tdj k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij wfs bjvasjb t`
jstfnmasd K`lcrjss djcji`ly `vjr m`w kfstjs flb ult`ukdfnmjs.:At wfs aljvatfnmj al
tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj i`ultalc prjssurjs gr`i njm`w wdakd tdrjftjljb tdj vjstjb
altjrjsts `g tdj b`ialflt s`kafm cr`ups wd` wjrj stjjralc tdj i`vjijlt. Jgg`rts t`
jrfbakftj ult`ukdfnamaty wjrj tfhjl fs f k`lska`us i`vj t` pfkagy m`wjr kfstj
rfbakfmasi wdakd dfb njcul t` frtakumftj atsjmg al vfra`us g`ris sukd fs tdj i`vj t`
rjl`ulkj Dalbuasi `r t` fmmy watd tdj k`m`lafm ifstjr. Ndahdu _frjhd, td`ucd
syipftdjtak t` Cflbdafl abjfms, jxprjssjs das str`lc bastrust al tdj ult`ukdfnamaty
pr`crfiij `g tdj K`lcrjss tdus5
Zlt`ukdfnamaty wfs n`td f i`rfm flb p`matakfm pr`nmji5 tdj g`rijr njkfusj ats
jrfbakfta`l alv`mvjb ulbjrialalc ats i`rfm mjcataifky flb kdflcalc, `r ft mjfst
s`gtjlalc, Dalbu fttatubjs8 tdj mfttjr njkfusj at wfs bjjpmy r``tjb al tdj dacdmy
uljqufm strukturj `g p`wjr rjmfta`lsdap njtwjjl tdj uppjr kfstjs flb tdj
dfraefls flb k`umb l`t nj rji`vjb watd`ut rjstrukturalc at. At dfb tdjrjg`rj t`
nj g`ucdt ft n`td mjvjms. Cflbdas kfipfacl wfs k`lbuktjb `lmy ft tdj i`rfm
flb rjmaca`us mjvjm. Djlkj dj k`lkjltrftjb `l kfstj Dalbus , fppjfmjb t`
tdjar sjlsj `g buty flb d`l`ur, i`namazjb tdjar gjjmalcs `g sdfij flb cuamt, flb
sukkjjbjb al fkdajvalc das alatafm `nejktavj `g baskrjbatalc ult`ukdfnamaty flb
rfasalc tdj mjvjm `g tdj Dalbu k`lska`usljss. [alkj dj bab l`t `rcflazj flb
p`matakazj tdj dfraefls, strjss tdjar racdts flb gacdt g`r f rfbakfm rjk`lstrukta`l `g
tdj jstfnmasdjb s`kafm flb jk`l`iak `rbjr, Cflbdas kfipfacl wfs ulfnmj t`
c` gurtdjr.7
8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
Rdj g`rjc`alc baskussa`l pr`nmjiftazjs tdj k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij al cjljrfm
flb tdj flta-ult`ukdfnamaty ijfsurjs `g tdj Albafl lfta`lfm i`vjijlt al pfrtakumfr. Al
tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj pr`m`lcjb trfbata`l `g kfstjast struccmj al Hjrfmf flb tdj str`lc
uppjr kfstj k`ip`sata`l `g tdj K`lcrjss, ats bjkasa`l t` tfhj up tdj flta-
ult`ukdfnamaty i`vjijlt al tdj 61>?s flb ;?s dfs fkquarjb k`lsabjrfnmj s`ka`-
p`matakfm altjrjst. Kjrtfalmy at wfs fl fttjipt t` k`inalj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt watd
s`kafm rjg`ri ijfsurjs al fkk`rbflkj watd tdj Cflbdafl pr`crfiij. Rdj lfta`lfmast
rjfbalc `g tdj tjipmj-jltry i`vjijlt gurlasdjs sukd f cm`ssy pakturj5 tdj wd`mj
jpas`bj as bjskranjb fs fl altjcrfm pfrt `g tdj Cflbdafl p`mataks flb tdj k`lstruktavj
pr`crfiij.3At as `nsjrvjb tdft upmagt `g tdj bjprjssjb sjkta`ls `g Dalbu k`iiulaty
dfb fmwfys njjl fl aip`rtflt fspjkt `g tdj w`rh `g tdj Albafl Lfta`lfm K`lcrjss al
Hjrfmf.4Rdft tdj bufm tfsh tfhjl up ny tdj K`lcrjss tdr`ucd tdj i`vjijlt al Hjrfmf,
t` nuamb tdj lfta`l flb t` k`lstrukt f s`mab Dalbu k`iiulaty, wfs l`t f iastfhjl
strftjcy8 al tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj prjb`ialfltmy Dalbu ife`raty lfta`l-stftj, tdj
fppr`prafta`l `g Dalbu rjmaca`us syin`masi wfs l`t alk`lcru`us.1
Cflbda
jipdfsazjb tdj jssjltafm ulaty `g tdj Dalbus flb wfltjb t` k`lstrukt f ljw Dalbu
rjmaca`l ny rjg`rialc kust`is flb prfktakjs nut `lmy watd tdj k`lsjlt `g jvjl tdj
i`st `rtd`b`x. Fi`lc tdj prfktakjs wdakd ljjbjb urcjlt rjg`ri, rji`vfm `g
ult`ukdfnamaty fkquarjb pra`raty. Gr`i jfrmy 61>?s Cflbda njcfl t` qujsta`l
ult`ukdfnamaty flb wratj frtakmjs jxp`salc tdas assuj al Q`ulc Albaf (flb mftjr al
Dfraefl). Rdus, tdj K`lcrjss bjkasa`l t` tfhj up tdj kfusj `g tjipmj-jltry wfs fl
jxprjssa`l `g ats k`lska`us rjs`mvj t` iax rjmaca`l watd p`mataks.
[`ij pj`pmj dfvj rjcfrbjb tdj wd`mj jpas`bj `g tjipmj jltry fs f k`lkmusavj
fkt `g tdj kavak racdts i`vjijlt.6?
F m`lc brfwl `ut struccmj g`r kavam racdts mjb ny
8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
tdj ult`ukdfnmj kfstjs wfs c`alc `l al Hjrfmf gr`i tdj jfrmy laljtjjltd kjltury
wdakd dfb cfaljb i`ijltui al tdj jfrmy bjkfbjs `g tdj twjltajtd kjltury watd tdj
alk`rp`rfta`l `g tdj bjiflb g`r tjipmj jltry. Rdj i`vjijlt wdakd dfb njcul watd
tdj pmjf `g tdj m`wjr kfstj w`ijl t` wjfr uppjr cfrijlts, pr`kjjbjb `l watd grjsd
bjiflbs sukd fs tdj racdt t` jbukfta`l, spfkj al punmak sjrvakj flb grjjb`i t` usj
punmak r`fbs, rjfkdjb tdj dacd wftjrifrh watd tdj m`ub kmfi`ur g`r tjipmj jltry.
[aiamfrmy, tdj ult`ukdfnmj k`iiulatajs, wd` rfasjb tdj bjiflb g`r tjipmj jltry,
altjrprjtjb tdj sukkjss `g tdj i`vjijlt fs tdj vakt`ry `g tdjar fmrjfby fbvflkalc sjmg-
pr`kmfaijb skdjij `g s`kafm jiflkapfta`l.66
Rdj rjg`riast altjrvjlta`l `g tdj
Kdrastafl iassa`lfrajs al tdj prjvfamalc s`kafm `rbjr flb tdj rfbakfm p`sata`l tfhjl ny
vfra`us m`wjr kfstj `rcflazfta`ls nr`ucdt fn`ut f satufta`l wdakd uppjr kfstj Dalbus
k`umb l`t `vjrm``h watd`ut sfkragakalc tdjar `wl guturj pr`spjkts. Rdas wfs tdj
k`ltjxt al wdakd tdj kfstj-Dalbu mjfbjrsdap `g tdj K`lcrjss bjkabjb t` jlb`rsj tdj
assuj. D`wjvjr, tdj i`tavjs `g tdj K`lcrjss wfs k`ipmjx flb vfrajb5 at rflcjb gr`i f
sdrjwb bravj t` pfkagy m`wjr kfstj rfbakfmasi6>
(flb t` prjvjlt rjmaca`us k`lvjrsa`ls)
t` galb f quakh bjmavjrflkj gr`i tdj i`rfm sjtnfkh algmaktjb ny tdj rjnjmma`l `g 61>6
wdakd al gfkt tdrjftjljb t` bjstr`y tdj vjry g`ulbfta`ls `g tdj K`lcrjss al Hjrfmf.
Rdj dacdmy k`ipmakftjb s`ka`-p`matakfm jlvar`lijlt nr`ucdt fn`ut ny tdj 61>6
^jnjmma`l pr`nmjiftazjb n`td tdj guturj k`ursj `g lfta`lfmast p`matakfm fkta`l flb tdj
jxastalc k`iiulaty rjmfta`lsdaps up`l wdakd lfta`lfmast p`mataks dfb mfab ats r``ts.
Rdj prjsjlt pfpjr, fpfrt gr`i jxfialalc tdj r`mj `g m`wjr kfstj rfbakfmasi al
jlcjlbjralc tdj tjipmj jltry i`vjijlt, jxfialjs tdj datdjrt` ulbjvjm`pjb st`ry `g
tdj aipfkt `g tdj 61>6 rjnjmma`l `l puttalc prjssurj `l tdj K`lcrjss t` bjvaftj gr`i
ats jfrmajr sjkumfr stflkj t` fl fppfrjlt p`mataks `g rjmaca`l.
8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
Rdj Kavak ^acdts I`vjijlt
Rdj aipfkt `g k`m`lafm i`bjrlaty wfs jxprjssjb al vfrajb g`ris al Hjrfmf nut
tdj i`st aiprjssavj fi`lc tdji wjrj tdj jgg`rts t` rjg`ri kust`ifry prfktakjs flb t`
bji`krftazj s`kafm rjmfta`lsdaps. At wfs tdj Kdrastafl iassa`lfrajs wd` t``h tdj
pa`ljjralc stjps al pr`i`talc s`kafm rjg`ris al Hjrfmf8 tdjy fktavjmy jlcfcjb al
sprjfbalc tdj ijssfcj `g rjg`ri ny jlk`urfcalc tdj ljw k`lvjrts t` `pjlmy qujsta`l
syin`ms `g kfstj `pprjssa`l flb rumjs `g ratufm p`mmuta`l. Rdj rjv`mt `g tdj Kdrastafl
k`lvjrtjb Kdfllfr w`ijl t` cjt tdjar racdt t` wjfr uppjr cfrijlts rjfmmy sd``h
s`utdjrl Rrfvflk`rj al tdj garst dfmg `g tdj laljtjjltd kjltury.6;
[aiamfrmy, iassa`lfry
prjssurj wfs bjkasavj al nralcalc fn`ut tdj fn`mata`l `g smfvjry al n`td Rrfvflk`rj
flb Ifmfnfr al tdj iabbmj `g tdj laljtjjltd kjltury.62
Rdj iassa`lfrajs wjrj fms` tdj
garst t` altr`bukj pralt-kumturj al Hjrfmf. Rdjy utamazjb tdj pralt ijbaf t` `pp`sj
kust`is flb prfktakjs wdakd k`ltrfbaktjb watd i`bjrl `utm``h flb duifl rjfs`l.
Rdj jgg`rts `g tdj iassa`lfrajs dfb tdj bjsarjb jggjkt, jspjkafmmy fi`lc tdj m`wjr
kfstjs, flb mfrcj ifss `g sukd pj`pmj njkfij k`lvjrts t` Kdrastaflaty. Nut iassa`lfry
fppjfm gfamjb t` aiprjss tdj uppjr `r iabbmj mjvjm kfstj cr`ups8 jvjl tdj ult`ukdfnmj
kfstj `g tdj Azdfvfs t``h fbvfltfcj `g tdj ljw `pp`rtulaty flb tdj ljwmy fkquarjb
hl`wmjbcj t` njttjr tdjar k`iiulaty stftus ny fttjiptalc t` trflsg`ri tdj kfstj
strukturj gr`i watdal tdr`ucd rfbakfm s`kafm rjg`ri.6:
@rcflazjb struccmj g`r s`kafm kdflcj dfb ats cjljsas al tdj pralkjmy stftj `g
Rrfvflk`rj8 td`ucd njalc k`lsjrvftavj flb vjry vacamflt al pr`tjktalc tdj `mb s`kafm
`rbjr, tdj c`vjrlijlt dfb stfrtjb i`bjrlazalc tdj stftj ny g`ulbalc skd``ms, r`fbs,
mfw k`urts, flb jggakajlt nurjfukrfky. Ijflwdamj, f p`wjrgum iabbmj kmfss, wdakd dfb
njjl bjvjm`palc fi`lc tdj ult`ukdfnmj kfstj `g Azdfvfs, crjw i`rj flb i`rj
8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
grustrftjb `vjr tdj stftj p`maky `g hjjpalc tdji fwfy gr`i c`vjrlijlt skd``ms flb
sjrvakj ulbjr tdj prjvfamalc s`kafm systji, kfstj rflhalc wfs tdj kratjra`l g`r s`kafm
stftus flb kavak grjjb`i.67
Al 6417 tdj Azdfvfs `g Rrfvflk`rj suniattjb f ducj
iji`rflbui (sacljb ny 6;637 ijl hl`wl fs Azdfvf Iji`rafm) kfmmalc up`l tdj
c`vjrlijlt t` `pjl punmak skd``ms flb sjrvakjs t` tdji. Rdj gfamurj `g sukd jfrmy
stjps pjrsufbjb tdji t` turl t`wfrbs i`rj rfbakfm ijfsurjs ulbjr f str`lc
`rcflazfta`l, tdft as, tdj [.L.B._. Q`cfi. Al Nratasd Ifmfnfr, tdj stftj bab l`t fbdjrj
t` kfstj rumjs flb djlkj tdj m`wjr kfstjs k`umb cjt rjkruatjb alt` jvjl dacdjr
c`vjrlijlt p`sts.63
Rdus tdj Rayyfs al Ifmfnfr wjrj l`t fs bjpravjb fs tdjar Azdfvf
k`ultjrpfrts al K`kdal `r Rrfvflk`rj flb djlkj rfbakfm s`kafm rjg`ri i`vjijlts
gfamjb t` tfhj r``ts al Ifmfnfr. Rdj bjiflbs rfasjb ny tdj [.L.B._, sukd fs tdj
grjjb`i t` usj punmak r`fbs flb tjipmj-jltry flb rjprjsjltfta`l al c`vjrlijlt e`ns
flb mjcasmfturjs, flb tdj strftjcy `g ifss struccmj tdjy fb`ptjb t` fkdajvj tdjar
bjiflbs, kmjfrmy rjgmjktjb tdjar rjs`mvj t` trflsg`ri
l`t ijrjmy t` rjg`ri
tdj
jxastalc s`kafm strukturj.64
Rdj Lfta`lfmast _`mataks
Rdj lfturj `g p`matakfm fwfhjlalc al Hjrfmf baggjrjb al tdj tdrjj p`matakfm
rjca`ls al fkk`rbflkj watd tdj prjvfamalc p`matakfm satufta`l wdamj al Ifmfnfr wdjrj
barjkt k`m`lafm rumj jxastjb, lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt dfb ifbj bjjp r``ts nut al tdj
pralkjmy stftjs `g Rrfvflk`rj flb K`kdal tdjy wjrj ft m`w jnn. Al Ifmfnfr tdj
jbukftjb ijl gr`i tdj Lfar k`iiulaty c`t fttrfktjb t` K`lcrjss p`mataks flb tdj
K`lcrjss atsjmg s``l njkfij f Lfar `rcflazfta`l. Rdj Lfars, wd` wjrj tdj
prjb`ialflt tjlflt kmfss ulbjr tdj (Lfinutara) mflbm`rbs, utamazjb tdj K`lcrjss
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
pmftg`ri t` pr`i`tj tdjar tjlflky altjrjsts, jspjkafmmy gaxaty `g tjlurj flb rjbukta`l `g
rjlt. Rdas uppjr kfstj kdfrfktjr `g tdj K`lcrjss flb tdj ulbuj aip`rtflkj at cfvj t`
tdj tjlflt kfusj k`inaljb watd tdj cjljrfm gjjmalc sdfrjb ny tdj ult`ukdfnmjs, tdft
tdj K`lcrjss rjprjsjltjb uppjr kfstj vfmujs, br`vj tdj Rayyf iabbmj kmfss t` hjjp f
bastflkj watd tdj K`lcrjss p`mataks flb t` gacdt g`r kavak racdts jlmastalc tdj supp`rt `g
tdj k`m`lafm stftj.61
Al Rrfvflk`rj flb K`kdal, p`matakfm k`lbata`l `g tdj pralkjmy stftj wjfhjljb
tdj p`ssanamatajs `g tdj sprjfb `g f str`lc lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt flb djlkj tdj rasalc
iabbmj kmfss `g n`td tdj uppjr flb m`wjr kfstjs k`lkjltrftjb `l pr`i`talc
k`iiulaty altjrjsts. Rdas wfs tdj nfkhcr`ulb `g tdj Azdfvf iji`rafm, flb tdj
fnstjlta`l i`vjijlt `g tdj 61;?s, al wdakd vfra`us bjpravjb cr`ups g`rijb f
k`fmata`l g`rui kfmmjb E`alt _`matakfm K`lcrjss t` prjss g`rwfrb tdjar iabbmj kmfss
bjiflbs g`r rjsjrvjb rjprjsjltfta`l al c`vjrlijlt e`ns flb mjcasmfturjs al
fkk`rbflkj watd p`pumfta`l strjlctd fcfalst tdj ducj i`l`p`my `g tdj Lfars flb
Nrfdials.
Lfta`lfmast p`matakfm bjvjm`pijlts dfb ats barjkt aipfkt al Ifmfnfr flb ny tdj
njcallalc `g tdj 61>?s k`lsabjrfnmj p`matakfm jltdusafsi njcfl t` sprjfb `ut djrj al
k`lljkta`l watd tdj Hdamfgft flb l`l-k``pjrfta`l i`vjijlts. Rdj K`lcrjss t``h at fs
fl `pp`rtulaty t` jxpflb ats algmujlkj fi`lc mfrcjr sjkta`ls `g tdj pj`pmj flb t`
fbvflkj tdjar tjlflt kfusj fs i`st `g tdj Ifppamfs wd` wjrj fcatftjb `vjr tdj
Hdamfgft assuj dfb f m`lc trfbata`l `g flta-mflbm`rb rjsastflkj.>?
Nut tdj i`vjijlt
s``l t``h f va`mjlt turl flb al tdj sukkjjbalc ^jnjmma`l `g 61>6 tdj Ifppamf rjnjms al
f surcalc i``b `g flta-Nratasd sparat fttfkhjb fmm syin`ms `g k`m`lafm flb gjubfm
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
futd`raty. Alkmalfta`l t`wfrbs va`mjlkj flb tdj rjp`rtjb alkabjlts `g fttfkh `l tdj
kfstj Dalbus g`rkjb tdj K`lcrjss t` watdbrfw ats supp`rt t` tdj mfrcjmy eustagafnmj
struccmj `g tdj Ifppamfs. Rdj yjfrs tdft g`mm`wjb tdj supprjssa`l `g tdj Ifmfnfr
^jnjmma`l flb tdj watdbrfwfm `g tdj l`l-k``pjrfta`l i`vjijlt ifbj at jxtrjijmy
baggakumt g`r tdj K`lcrjss `rcflazfta`l t` gulkta`l al Hjrfmf. H. _. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, tdj
K`lcrjss mjfbjr, bjskranjs tdj k`lbata`l `g tdj K`lcrjss al tdj g`mm`walc w`rbs5 G`r
f m`lc taij fgtjr tdj rjnjmma`l l` punmak fktavaty wfs p`ssanmj al Ifmfnfr. Jliaty
t`wfrbs tdj K`lcrjss wfs jvabjlt jvjrywdjrj. Rdj futd`ratajs stftjb tdft tdj
K`lcrjss dfb nr`ucdt b`wl kfmfiaty `l tdj k`ultry tdr`ucd pfrtakapfta`l al tdj
Hdamfgft fcatfta`l. Rdjy jvjl wfltjb fmm tdj K`lcrjssijl al Ifmfnfr t` nj
aipras`ljb. Rdj Iusmais k`ipmfaljb tdft td`sj wd` dfb albukjb tdji t` e`al
fnflb`ljb tdji wdjl p`makj `pprjssa`l flb garalc ny tdj tr``ps stfrtjb.>6
Rdj kfstj-
Dalbus, `l tdj `tdjr dflb, kratakazjb tdji g r supp`rtalc tdj g``masd flb gflftak
Ifppamfs flb g`r alkatalc tdji t` pmulcj alt` f va`mjlt fkta`l.>>
J.I.[. wratjs tdft
tdjrj wfs f wabjsprjfb gjjmalc (fi`lc tdj uppjr kfstjs) tdft tdj Ifppamfs frj
ulw`rtdy t` nj trustjb flb tdas gjjmalc sm`wmy crjw fs fl fttatubj fcfalst tdj K`lcrjss
flb Cflbda.>;
Rdj K`lcrjss wfs l`t fnmj t` rjk`vjr gr`i tdj as`mfta`l al wdakd at dfb
gfmmjl fgtjr tdj ^jnjmma`l flb t` w`hj up t` fkta`l tamm tdj crjft jltdusafsi cjljrftjb
ny tdj Wfahfi sftyfcrfdf, fm`lc watd tdj lfta`lfmast pr`pfcflbf sprjfb tdr`ucd tdj
Iftdrunduia.>2
Rdj tjipmj jltry i`vjijlt al gfkt pr`vabjb tdj K`lcrjss watd f
mjfsj `g magj fs at nypfssjb barjkt p`matakfm fcjlbf, sdagtjb tdj kjltrj `g fkta`l t`
gurtdjr s`utd wdjrj Ifppamfs wjrj l`t prjsjlt flb pr`vabjb f galj `pp`rtulaty t`
k`ipjlsftj g`r tdj jfrmajr basfstr`us fmmaflkj watd tdj Ifppamfs.
>:
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
Rdj Rjipmj jltry i`vjijlt
Rdj p`matakfm flb s`kafm fti`spdjrj `g Hjrfmf al tdj 61>?s flb ;?s crjw tjlsj
watd tdj Albafl Lfta`lfm K`lcrjss upd`mbalc tdj kfusj `g tjipmj jltry. Al 61>2 tdj
K`lcrjss `rcflazjb tdj vac`r`us >? i`ltd m`lc sftyfcrfdf ft tdj Wfahfi tjipmj watd
tdj saipmj fai `g sjkuralc tdj racdt t` usj tdj fppr`fkd r`fbs `g tdj tjipmj g`r tdj
ult`ukdfnmjs. Sdamj tdj uppjr kfstjs flb l`l-Dalbus alkmubalc Kdrastafls flb
Iusmais grjjmy usjb tdj tjipmj r`fbs, tdj ult`ukdfnmjs mahj tdj Azdfvfs flb _umfyfs
wjrj g`rnabbjl t` pfss tdr`ucd tdji. Rdj Azdfvfs wjrj `l tdj vjrcj `g f rjv`mt `vjr
tdj qujsta`l `g kfstj p`mmuta`l flb vajwjb at fs fl `nva`us fkt `g s`kafm aleustakj flb
`pjl va`mfta`l `g duifl racdts. Rdj [.L.B._. Q`cfi wfs sjra`usmy baskussalc tdj
ijfls t` `vjrk`ij tdas s`kafm stacif. [alkj tdj Azdfvfs dfb tdjar `wl tjipmjs al
wdakd tdjy tdjisjmvjs fktjb fs `ggakaftalc prajsts, tdjar jfcjrljss t` cjt fkkjss t`
sfvfrlf tjipmjs wfs i`rj f ifttjr `g kavam racdts tdfl f qujsta`l `g grjjb`i `g
w`rsdap. R.H. Ifbdfvfl, tdj pr`ialjlt mjfbjr `g tdj [.L.B._. flb tdj truj sparat
njdalb tdj sftyfcrfdf, iflfcjb t` cjt f rjs`muta`l pfssjb ft tdj K`lcrjss sjssa`l al
61>; ft Hfhalfbf `l tdj qujsta`l `g tdj rji`vfm `g ult`ukdfnamaty. Rdj Hjrfmf
_rfbjsd K`lcrjss K`iiattjj bjkabjb t` mfulkd f sftyfcrfdf ft Wfahfi `l tdas
nfsas.>7Cflbdaea nmjssjb tdj sftyfcrfdf nut kfuta`ljb fcfalst l`l-Dalbu pfrtakapfta`l
flb l`l-sfvfrlf mjfbjrsdap al at fs at wfs straktmy f Dalbu kfusj flb f c`mbjl
`pp`rtulaty g`r kfstj-Dalbus t` ft`lj g`r f djal`us sal.>3
Rdj sfvfrlf-eftdf`rcflazjb
ulbjr tdj mjfbjrsdap `g Ifllftd _fbiflfndfl t` tdj kfpatfm Rravflbrui, t` aiprjss
up`l tdj halc `g tdj urcjlky `g tdj bjiflb, trumy rjgmjktjb tdas sparat. Rdj pr`m`lcjb
kfipfacl flb tdj barjkt alv`mvjijlt `g Cflbda g`rkjb tdj futd`ratajs t` k`ij t` f
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
sjttmjijlt fkk`rbalc t` wdakd fmm tdj fppr`fkd r`fbs, jxkjpt tdj jfstjrl `lj, `g tdj
tjipmj wjrj tdr`wl `pjl t` fmm pj`pmj arrjspjktavj `g kfstj flb k`iiulaty. Rdj
i`bfmatajs `g tdj fcrjjijlt wfs f sunejkt `g altjlsj bjnftj flb tdj K`lcrjss wfs
sjvjrjmy kratakazjb g`r baskfrbalc tdj struccmj dfmgwfy flb g`r jggjktalc tdj fcrjjijlt
`lmy t` tdj Wfahfi tjipmj.>4
Buj t` tdas rjfs`l, sjvjrfm saiamfr struccmjs dfb t` nj
wfcjb g`r tdj sfij purp`sj sunsjqujltmy. Fs f rjsumt, al 61>4, fppr`fkd r`fbs t` fmm
tjipmjs al Rrfvflk`rj wjrj tdr`wl `pjl t` fmm pj`pmj.>1
Rdj sjk`lb sftyfcrfdf struccmj fcfalst kfstj nfsjb p`mmuta`l, nut l`w t` cjt
tdj tjipmj `pjl t` fmm Dalbus, wfs `rcflazjb al 61;6-;> ft tdj Curuvfyur tjipmj al
Ifmfnfr. Rdj sftyfcrfdf fttrfktjb k`ultrywabj fttjlta`l flb pj`pmj gr`i fmm `vjr
Albaf rjfkdjb Curuvfyur t` supp`rt tdj struccmj. Rdj Ufi`ral wd` wfs tdj trustjj `g
tdj tjipmj, rjgusjb t` k`ipr`iasj `vjr tdj assuj wdakd mjb Hjmfppfl t` stfrt f gfst
ult` bjftd wdakd, d`wjvjr, wfs watdbrfwl ulbjr tdj fbvakj `g Cflbdaea. Rdj
sftyfcrfdf fs f wd`mj wfs galfmmy tjrialftjb njg`rj fkdajvalc fly `g ats bjkmfrjb
`nejktavjs. F rjgjrjlbui wfs djmb fi`lc tdj kfstj Dalbus `g _`llfla tfmuh wdjrj
tdj tjipmj wfs satuftjb wdakd rjvjfmjb tdft 3?% `g tdji supp`rtjb tdj kfusj `g
tjipmj jltry.;?
Rdus tdj fcatfta`l td`ucd ulsukkjssgum, krjftjb f kmaiftj al gfv`ur `g
tjipmj jltry. Rdj i`vjijlt g`r tjipmj jltry rjcastjrjb ats kr`wlalc vakt`ry wdjl tdj
Rrfvflk`rj c`vjrlijlt ifbj tdj tjipmj jltry pr`kmfifta`l al 61;7 ny wdakd fmm
tjipmjs al Rrfvflk`rj wjrj tdr`wl `pjl t` fmm Dalbus.;6
Ljvjrtdjmjss, tdj tjipmjs `g
K`kdal flb Ifmfnfr rjifaljb km`sjb njg`rj tdj fvfrlfstamm 6123.
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
_`mataks `g tdj Rjipmj-jltry I`vjijlt
Rdj tw` sftyfcrfdfstruccmjs mjb ny tdj K`lcrjss al Hjrfmf al tdj 61>?s flb
;?s fcfalst kfstj-nfsjb p`mmuta`l al gfkt rjprjsjltjb tdj galfm stfcj `g f m`lc brfwl
`ut struccmj mjb ny tdj ult`ukdfnmj k`iiulatajs. Rdj sfvfrlf mjfbjrsdap `g tdj
K`lcrjss fppr`praftjb tdj tjipmj-jltry assuj t` g`rcj f kjltrfm pmftg`ri t` bjvjm`p at
alt` f Dalbu flb f lfta`lfm kfusj flb t` kdflljmazj tdj lfrr`w kfstjast k`lgmakt t` f
rjmaca`us pmflj. Rdj K`lcrjss bjkasa`l t` tfhj up tdj assuj al Hjrfmf wfs kjrtfalmy al
tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj alkmusa`l `g tdj rji`vfm `g ult`ukdfnamaty fs pfrt `g tdj Cflbdafl
k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij flb ats bjkasa`l t` gacdt `ut s`kafm jvams al tdj lfta`lfmast wfy
rjg`rialc trfbata`l ny trfbata`lfmazalc rjg`ri;>
nut at k`umb nj sjjl tdft jvjl tdj
Cflbdafl mjfbjrsdap wfs sjra`usmy tr`unmjb ny m`wjr kfstj rfbakfmasi flb tdj
qujsta`l `g rjmaca`us k`lvjrsa`l.;;
Rdus, fl `vjrvajw `g tdj k`ltjip`rfry s`ka`-
p`matakfm satufta`l, tdj taialc `g tdj tw` struccmjs flb tdj lfturj `g tdj fcatfta`l, fmm
kmjfrmy rjvjfm tdft tdj fppr`prafta`l `g tdj tjipmj jltry assuj ny tdj K`lcrjssijl al
Hjrfmf wfs bjtjrialjb i`rj ny s`ka`-p`matakfm gfkt`rs, tdfl ny f salkjrj urcj t`
jiflkapftj tdj ult`ukdfnmjs, `g wdakd tdjar strftjcy `g survavfm al tdj p`st-61>6 jrf
ny rjtrjftalc t` f Dalbu aba`i `g p`mataks;2
pmfyjb f bjkasavj r`mj. Rdj rjg`ri `g
Dalbu gfatd ny krjftalc f k`iiulaty `g jqufms;:
njkfij tdj g`rji`st fcjlbf wdakd
wfs rjalg`rkjb ny tdj tdrjft `g tdj k`lvjrsa`l n`in tdr`wl ny tdj Azdfvfs.
Rdj 61>?s flb ;?s wjrj turnab al Rrfvflk`rj `vjr tdj djftjb bjnftj ulmjfsdjb
ny tdj Azdfvf iabbmj kmfss `l rjmaca`us k`lvjrsa`l fs f ijfls `g s`kafm jiflkapfta`l.
K.W. Huleurfifl, tdj garjnrflb mjfbjr `g tdj [.L.B._. flb tdj jbat`r `g Hjrfmf
Hfuiubadfb ifbj tdj fmfri saclfm ny urcalc tdj Azdfvfs t` rjl`ulkj Dalbuasi ag
tdj uppjr kfstjs bab l`t supp`rt tdjar kfusj `g tjipmj jltry.;7
F sjkta`l `g tdj Azdfvfs
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
jltdusafstakfmmy wjmk`ijb tdj succjsta`l. Rd`ucd tdjrj wjrj baggjrjlkjs `g `pala`l
fs t` wdakd rjmaca`l tdjy sd`umb `pt wdjtdjr Kdrastaflaty, Asmfi `r Nubbdasitdj
kdfmmjlcj gjmm mahj f n`insdjmm `l tdj sfvfrlfcr`ups. Fmtd`ucd k`lvjrsa`ls dfb njjl
tfhalc pmfkj fi`lc tdj ult`ukdfnmjs gr`i vjry jfrmy taijs flb ats pfkj dfb
k`lsabjrfnmy alkrjfsjb ny tdj laljtjjltd flb jfrmy twjltajtd kjlturajs, tdj >?s flb
;?s wjrj spjkafm njkfusj l`w tdj kdfmmjlcj kfij gr`i tdj Azdfvfs wd` td`ucd frj
fvfrlfs frj rakd flb jbukftjb.;3
Rdj m`ss `g tdj iabbmj kmfss wfs jxkjpta`lfmmy
dfrigum fs tdjy k`umb tdrjftjlfs al tdj kfsj `g tdj Kdrastafl iabbmj kmfss `g kjltrfm
Rrfvflk`rj;4
tdj iftjrafm pursuats `g tdj uppjr kfstj Dalbus. F p`wjrgum sjkta`l
watdal tdj [.L.B._alkmubalc Huifrfl Fsfl, R.H. Ifbdfvfl flb F. Fyyfppfl, flb
`g k`ursj [rjj Lfrfyflf Curu t`` st``b g`r f rjg`rijb Dalbuasi.;1
^`nal Ejggrjy
dfs frcujb tdft td`sj wd` rjejktjb tdj pftd `g k`lvjrsa`l dfb tdjar `wl vjstjb
altjrjsts5 f rjspjktjb pmfkj al Dalbu s`kajty wfs f i`rj bjsarfnmj c`fm tdfl f b`untgum
Kdrastafl r`mj njtwjjl k`ltjiptu`us [yrafls flb p`mmutalc _umfyf k`lvjrts. 2?K.W.
urcjb tdj Azdfvfs t` jinrfkj Nubbdasi wdakd dj eustagajb `l tdj cr`ulb tdft Azdfvfs
wjrj iacrflts gr`i [ra Mflhf flb wjrj Nubbdasts njg`rj tdjar iacrfta`l826
tdas dfb
mjlt spfkj t` spjkumfta`ls, tdft tdj k`lvjrsa`l assuj wfs f prjssurj tfktak t` jlg`rkj f
rjg`ri `g kust`is. D`wjvjr, at dfb ats bjsarjb jggjkt5 kfstj Dalbus alkrjfsalcmy njcfl
t` rjfmazj tdj ljjb `g ratufm rjg`ri wdakd as jvabjlt al tdj rdjt`rak fcfalst k`lvjrsa`ls
watd f strjss `l tdj allftj qufmaty `g Dalbuasi.2>
Mjfbjrs mahj Ifllfi, wd` wfs l`t
f Cflbdafl flb wfs al cjljrfm `pp`sjb t` tdj K`lcrjss, pfrtakapftjb al tdj Wfahfi
[ftyfcrfdf g`r das k`lkjrl `vjr tdj m`ss t` Dalbuasi `g k`lvjrts t` Kdrastaflaty.2;
Rdj
tjipmj jltry i`vjijlt ulbjr tdj mjfbjrsdap `g tdj K`lcrjss tdus rjprjsjltjb fl
fttjipt ft g`rcalc f k`ls`mabftjb Dalbu k`iiulaty flb t` bask`urfcj k`lvjrsa`ls
wdakd wfs jlcjlbjrjb ny basfnamatajs jlg`rkjb ny tdj kfstj systji. ^jmaca`us
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
k`lvjrsa`l k`umb kfusj tr`unmj t` tdj kfstj Dalbus njkfusj at rjbukjb tdjar rdjt`rakfm
k`lstatujlky.22
Rdj frtakmjs wrattjl ny Hjmfppfl al Iftdrunduia kmjfrmy
bji`lstrftjb d`w tdj tjipmj-jltry i`vjijlt wfs barjktmy rjmftjb t` tdj tdrjft p`sjb
ny rjmaca`us k`lvjrsa`ls.2:
G`r tdj K`lcrjss mjfbjrsdap, njsabjs, tdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l wfs f crjft s`urkj
`g njwambjrijlt. At trajb t` jskfpj gr`i tdj alatafm sd`kh ny bas`wlalc tdj i`vjijlt
`vjr tdj qujsta`l `g va`mjlkj flb kratakazjb tdj Ifppamfs g`r l`t fbdjralc t` l`l-
va`mjlkj flb rjfktalc gr`i fl ji`ta`lfm flb rjmaca`us pmflj. Rdj Fdijbfnfb [jssa`l
`g tdj Albafl Lfta`lfm K`lcrjss al Bjkjinjr 61>6 rjs`mvjb tdft tdj rjnjmma`l wfs l`t
kfusjb ny tdj Hdamfgft `r L`l k`-`pjrfta`l i`vjijlts, flb tdft tdj kfusjs `g tdj
rjnjmma`l dfb l`tdalc t` b` watd tdjsj i`vjijlts.27
_r`ialjlt K`lcrjss mjfbjrs al
Hjrfmf sdfrjb tdas vajw fs as ulbjrst``b gr`i Hjsfvf Ijl`ls k`iijlt tdft at wfs
wr`lc t` dfvj k`lljktjb tdj Hdamfgft pr`nmji watd tdj Lfta`lfmast I`vjijlt.23
K`lcrjssijl al Hjrfmf dfb t` gfkj sjvjrj kratakasi gr`i vfra`us qufrtjrs g`r
upd`mbalc tdj Hdamfgft assuj flb g`rcalc fl fmmaflkj watd tdj gflftak Ifppamfs wdakd
nr`ucdt fn`ut crjft dfrbsdaps t` tdj Dalbus flb basd`l`r t` tdj mflb. Rdj
k`iiattjjs fpp`altjb ny tdj K`lcrjss gfamjb t` ifhj f k`iprjdjlsavj flb `nejktavj
jlquary alt` tdj kfusj `g tdj rjnjmma`l, wdakd mjb t` bjvjm`p k`ltr`vjrsajs watd str`lc
p`matakfm flb k`iiulfm `vjrt`ljs. H. I`abu Ifumfva, Hdamfgft mjfbjr flb stfulkd
lfta`lfmast, rjatjrftjb das gari k`lvakta`l tdft tdj rjnjmma`l stfrtjb fs fl flta-
aipjrafmast rasalc, fmtd`ucd al tdj jlb tdj Nratasd futd`ratajs dfb sukkjjbjb t` fl
jxtjlt al bjcrfbalc at alt` f k`iiulfm k`lgmakt.24
Nut H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l stftjb
(mftjr) tdft at w`umb l`t nj k`rrjkt t` k`lsabjr tdj Ifppamf ^jnjmma`lfs pfrt `g tdj
Lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt njkfusj tdj rjnjms wjrj i`tavftjb i`rj ny rjmaca`us zjfm flb
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
altjrjst al tdj Hdamfgft tdfl ny truj lfta`lfm k`lska`usljss.21
Al tdjar dacdmy
ammuialftalc fkk`ults `g tdj jvjlt, tw` `tdjr pr`ialjlt K`lcrjss mjfbjrs H.
Ifbdfvfl Lfar flb I`zdahullftd Nrfdifbftdfl Lfinutarapfb trfkjb tdj `racal `g
tdj rjnjmma`l nfkh t` tdj dacd-dflbjb Nratasd p`maky `g rjprjssa`l.:?
Ny fttranutalc tdj
va`mjlkj `g 61>6 t` tdj `ggakafm ftr`katajs, tdjy eustagajb tdj bjkasa`l `g tdj K`lcrjss t`
fmmy watd tdj Ifppamfs nut rjcrjttjb tdft tdj mfttjr wjrj stamm ulgat g`r f i`bjrl flb
sjkumfr p`matakfm struccmj flb tdus eustagajb tdj `ggakafm K`lcrjss p`sata`l rjejktalc
tdj struccmj fs f pfrt `g tdj lfta`lfm i`vjijlt. Rdjar fkk`ults pr`kjjbjb fm`lc maljs
`g prjsjltalc tdj uprasalc fs f ra`t flb sdfrjb tdj k`m`lafm pjrkjpta`l `g tdj
Ifppamfs fs wamb flb gflftak pj`pmj wd` k`umb l`t nj jfsamy k`ltr`mmjb `r tfijb.:6
Ljatdjr bab tdj rjnjmma`l k`lgalj ats aipfkt t` Ifmfnfr p`mataks fm`lj. Rdj
wabjsprjfb pr`pfcflbf rjk`ultalc fwjs`ij bjtfams `g tdj Dalbu suggjralc ft tdj
dflbs `g tdj Ifppamf rjnjms cfvj nartd t` fl fccrjssavj Dalbu kfipfacl, ft garst
fcfalst tdj krujm Ifppamfs flb mftjr fcfalst Iusmais al cjljrfm. @l tdj `tdjr dflb,
tdj suggjralcs `g tdj Ifppamfs bjjpmy i`vjb Iusmais fmm `vjr Albaf. Grfltak fppjfms
g`r djmpalc tdji rjkjavjb cjljr`us rjsp`lsj gr`i tdj L`rtd. Fmm tdjsj fggjktjb tdj
rjmfta`lsdap njtwjjl tdj Dalbus flb Iusmais fmm `vjr Albaf. Rdj jxfccjrftjb tfmjs
(fn`ut tdj rjnjmma`l) algmfijb gjjmalcs. Rdj kry `g Dalbuasi al bflcjr wfs rfasjb
flb i`vjijlts `g [dubbda (rjk`lvjrsa`l) flb [flcdftdfl(`rcflazfta`l) pmflljb. F
vaka`us kykmj `g fkkusfta`l flb k`ultjr-fkkusfta`l wfs sjt up wdakd krjftjb tdj djft
al wdakd tdj tjlbjr pmflt `g Dalbu-Iusmai ulaty njcfl t` watdjr.:>
Rdj k`iiulfm
fltfc`lasis cjljrftjb ny tdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l:;
flb tdj stjfbamy fbvflkalc
lfta`lfmast bask`ursj kjltrjb `l rjmaca`us flb kumturfm lfta`lfmasi crjftmy strjlctdjljb
tdj k`lkjpt `g tdj Iusmai `tdjr t` tdj jxtjlt tdft jvjl fl Azdfvf p`jt mahj Huifrfl
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
Fsfl k`umb l`t jskfpj vammfalazalc tdj Ifppamfs al das kjmjnrftjb w`rh Burfvfstf
wdakd t`mb tdj tfmj `g f Lfinutara carm tdr`wl bjs`mftj ny tdj krujm Iudfiijbfls
buralc tdj rjv`mt `g 61>6.:2
Rdj stftjijltwrattjl ny H. Hjmfppfl al 613? t` tdj
Ifmfnfr^jnjmma`l`g H. Ifbdfvfl Lfar rjvjfms d`w jvjl t`p mjfbjrs `g tdj K`lcrjss
dfb njk`ij sp`hjsijl `g tdj ial`raty Dalbus `g Jrlfb fcfalst tdj ammatjrftj,
acl`rfltflb djlkj rubj Ifppamfs.::
Rdj gjfr `g tdj Ifppamfs g`r tdjar mfkh `g kavamaty, tdj wabjsprjfb k`lkjrl
`vjr tdj dfrbsdaps `g tdj (uppjr kfstj) Dalbus wd` dfb jskfpjb gr`i tdj fggjktjb
frjfs t` tfhj sdjmtjr al tdj ljfrny t`wl `g Kfmakut `r al tdj pralkjmy stftjs `g
Rrfvflk`rj flb K`kdal, tdj k``pjrfta`l jxtjlbjb ny K`lcrjss t` tdj rjmajg ijfsurjs
ulbjrtfhjl ny tdj Fryf [fife, wdakd wfs fms` vjry fktavj al rjk`lvjrtalc td`sj
Dalbus wd` wjrj k`lvjrtjb t` Asmfi,:7
tdj t`tfm nrjfhb`wl `g tdj `rcflazfta`lfm
strukturj `g tdj K`lcrjss flb ats alfnamaty t` kfrry `l jvjl l`rifm p`matakfm fktavaty al
tdj gfkj `g `ggakafm rjtranuta`l flb p`pumfr bastrust al ats pr`crfiijs, fmm g`rkjb tdj
K`lcrjss t` utamazj tdj p`ssanamatajs `g tdj p`mataks `g rjmaca`l. Al gfkt Cflbda dfb sjt
tdj trjlb wdjl dj jxfialjb tdj rjnjmma`l fs tdj praifry kfusj `g Dalbu-Iusmai
tjlsa`l flb trajb t` bastflkj tdj K`lcrjss gr`i tdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l, l`t fmm`walc at
t` fggjkt fly `g `ur pmfls.:3
Cflbdas stftjijlt Rdj I`pmfds frj Iusmais
rjvjfms tdj stjrj`typakfm kdfrfktjr-k`lstrukt `g tdj Iusmai. :4Rdj mjfbjrsdap `g tdj
K`lcrjss al Hjrfmf k`umb l`t cjt `ut `g tdj sd`kh algmaktjb ny tdj jvjlts `g tdj
rjnjmma`l, jspjkafmmy tdj fttfkh `g tdj Ifppamf rjnjms `l kfstj Dalbus. Rdas wfs l`t
surprasalc njkfusj al Ifmfnfr kfstj systji r`ucdmy k`rrjsp`lbjb t` kmfss rjmfta`ls5
tdj kfstj Dalbus wjrj tdj mflbm`rbs `r tdj pr`ialjlt mjfsjd`mbjrs `g tdj frjf flb tdj
Ifppamfs wjrj tdj sun-tjlflts ulbjr tdji.:1
Fs dfs racdtmy njjl `nsjrvjb, fi`lc tdj
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
dacdjr kfstjs al pfrtakumfr, tdj fttatubj t`wfrbs Asmfi wfs k`m`urjb ny tdj wfy al
wdakd Asmfi aipalcjb up`l tdjar altjrjsts.7?
Rdft tdj m`wjr kfstj tjlflts rjgusjb t`
rjnjm fcfalst tdjar uppjr kfstj m`rbs al Ifmfnfr kmjfrmy rjvjfmjb tdj iflljr ny wdakd
kfstj dajrfrkdy flb tdj i`bj `g kmfss rjsp`lsj c`t jlijsdjb.76
Rdj dacdjr kfstjs
k`umb rjfmazj tdft tdj tdrjft p`sjb ny k`lvjrsa`l t` tdjar altjrjsts k`umb `lmy nj
k`ultjrjb ny nralcalc vfra`us kfstj cr`ups t`cjtdjr `l s`ij k`ii`l assuj flb ny
rjg`rialc s`kafm prfktakjs wdakd sjcijltjb tdji8 jgg`rts t` g`rcj f syin`mak ulaty
fi`lc Dalbu k`iiulatajs fr`ulb tdj qujsta`l `g tjipmj-jltry fppjfrjb f usjgum
wjfp`l t` bask`urfcj tdj ult`ukdfnmj kfstjs t` cjt fttrfktjb t` rjmaca`ls wdakd
pr`iasjb t` jiflkapftj tdji. Rdj Wfahfi sftyfcrfdf tdus pr`vabjb tdj K`lcrjss
watd f nac mjfsj `g magj5 at cfvj f pmftg`ri g`r fkta`l watd f straktmy l`l-p`matakfm
pr`crfiij8 at sfvjb tdji gr`i `ggakafm survjammflkj fs tdj kjltrj `g fktavaty wfs
sdagtjb t` tdj sfgj jlvar`ls `g tdj pralkjmy stftj `g Rrfvflk`rj8 at jskdjwjb tdj gjfr `g
k`iiulfm tjlsa`l njkfusj tdj Ifppamf gfkt`r wfs fnsjlt al Rrfvflk`rj87>flb fn`vj
fmm, at pr`vabjb tdj K`lcrjss watd fl `pp`rtulaty t` jxpaftj g`r tdj sal `g fmmyalc watd
tdj bflcjr`us Ifppamfs ny upd`mbalc f Dalbu kfusj. Fs as `nsjrvjb ny Ijl`l,
al tdj rjtrjft gr`i sjkumfr p`matakfm fktavaty fgtjr tdj Ifppamf rjnjmma`l, tdj r`mj `g tdj
frnatjr njtwjjl kfstjs prjsjltjb tdj Ifmfnfr K`lcrjssijl watd f pr`crfiij.7;
K`lkmusa`l
Rdj jpas`bj `g tdj tjipmj-jltry i`vjijlt w`umb kjrtfalmy ulg`mb tdj
saclagakflt s`kafm flb p`matakfm ulbjrkurrjlts `g tdj 61>?s flb ;?s. G`r tdj m`wjr kfstj
sjkta`ls, jspjkafmmy tdj Azdfvfs, at wfs f gacdt t` galasd tdjar pr`trfktjb struccmj g`r
kavam racdts flb t` krjftj f k`iiulaty `g jqufms fr`ulb tjipmjs. Rdus, g`r tdji, eust
mahj tdjar fttjipts ft k`lvjrsa`l, tdj tjipmj-jltry kfipfacl wfs f p`matakfm fkt. G`r
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
tdj K`lcrjssijl, at pr`vabjb f sfgj pr`crfiij t` jskfpj gr`i tdj p`matakfm vfkuui
krjftjb ny tdj ^jnjmma`l `g 61>6 flb t` sfvj tdj K`lcrjss gr`i f k`ipmjtj
nrjfhb`wl. Al tdft sjlsj, g`r tdji t``, at wfs kjrtfalmy f p`matakfm ijfsurjtdj sdagt
gr`i Nratasd Ifmfnfr t` tdj p`matakfm jlvar`ls `g tdj pralkjmy stftj `g Rrfvflk`rj wfs
f gari bjkmfrfta`l `g s`kafm rjg`ri fs f purj lfta`lfm b`ifal872
tdj jsp`usfm `g f
rjmaca`us assuj wfs fl fssjrta`l `g Dalbu lfta`lfmasi8 flb tdj jxkmusa`l `g tdj
mjfbjrsdap `g tdj m`wjr kfstjs al tdj sftyfcrfdfs rjatjrftjb tdj rjgusfm t` pr`vabj tdji
fcjlky al rjmaca`us rjg`ri.7:
Ny sdagtalc tdj kjltjr `g s`kafm rjg`ri t` Rrfvflk`rj, `r
ny mjfbalc f struccmj fcfalst f lfta`lfm trustjj mahj tdj Ufi`ral, tdj K`lcrjss k`umb
fppjfsj tdj kfstj Dalbus wd` wjrj fcatftjb `vjr fl fmajl c`vjrlijlt altr`bukalc
s`kafm rjg`ris. Rdj jlb`rsjijlt `g tjipmj-jltry ny tdj K`lcrjss tdus djmpjb al
k`ltfalalc tdj pfkj `g rjmaca`us k`lvjrsa`ls al Hjrfmf77
nut, `l tdj `tdjr dflb, at
crjftmy ulbjrialjb tdj aifcj `g tdj K`lcrjss fs f sjkumfr g`rui. Rd`ucd tdjrj frj
fttjipts t` bjpakt tdj tjipmj-jltry i`vjijlt fs fl albaspjlsfnmj pfrt `g tdj lfta`lfm
struccmj, ats r`mj al i`umbalc f bastalkt Dalbu abjltaty, wdakd wfs al tdj pr`kjss `g
g`rifta`l, flb ats r`mj al pr`vabalc f sdfrp racdtwfrb turl t` tdj K`lcrjss p`mataks al
Hjrfmf, k`umb dfrbmy nj `vjrm``hjb.
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
L`tjs flb ^jgjrjlkjs
6 ^._. Butt,Albaf R`bfy, Iflasdf Crfltdfmfyf, Kfmkuttf, 6147 (^pt), pp.;;>-468 F.^.Bjsfa, [`kafm
Nfkhcr`ulb `g Albafl Lfta`lfmasi, _`pumfr _rfhfsdfl, N`infy, 611: (^pt), pp.;71-3>.
> Napfl Kdflbrf, jt fm, Albafs [truccmj g`r Albjpjlbjlkj 64:3-6123, _jlcual N``hs, Ljw Bjmda,
6141, pp.:?:-:63. G`r bjtfams sjj Napfl Kdflbrf, Albafl Lfta`lfm I`vjijlt5 Rdj M`lc-tjri
Bylfiaks,Ljw Bjmda, 6144.
; _frtdf Kdfttjrejj, Rdj Lfta`l flb ats Grfcijlts5 K`m`lafm flb _`stk`m`lafm Dast`rajs, @xg`rb
Zlavjrsaty _rjss, Ljw Bjmda, 6111 (^jpralt), p.7. Rdas as tdj kjltrfm frcuijlt `g das w`rh
Lfta`lfmast Rd`ucdt flb tdj K`m`lafm S`rmb5 F Bjravftavj Bask`ursj0, Ujb N``hs, M`lb`l, 6147.
2 Napfl Kdflbrf, jt fm,Albafs [truccmj g`r Albjpjlbjlkj, pp.:?1-:6>.
: [uiat [frhfr,I`bjrl Albaf, 644:-6123, Ifkiammfl, Ifbrfs, 611?, p. >;?.
7 Ndahdu _frjhd, K`m`lafmasi, Rrfbata`l flb ^jg`ri5 Fl Flfmysas `g Cflbdas _`matakfm Bask`ursj,
[fcj _unmakfta`ls, Ljw Bjmda, 6141, pp.>2:-7.
3 F. [rjjbdfrf Ijl`l,F [urvjy `g Hjrfmf Dast`ry, B.K. N``hs, H`ttfyfi, >??3, pp.;6:-638 F.H.
_ammf, K`lcrjssui Hjrfmfvui, _rfndftd N``h D`usj, 6147, ;:3-7482?1-6:8 Napfl Kdflbrf8 jt.fm.,
Albafs [truccmj g`rAlbjpjlbjlkj, pp.>>2-;2.
4 _.H.H. Ijl`l, Dast`ry `g tdj Grjjb`i I`vjijlt al Hjrfmf, W`m. AA, Bjpfrtijlt `g Kumturfm
_unmakfta`ls, C`vjrlijlt `g Hjrfmf, Rdaruvflfltdfpurfi, >??6, pp.626-7;8 ;67-;6.
1 Napfl Kdflbrf, jt fm,Albafs [truccmj g`r Albjpjlbjlkj, pp.>;?->;2.
6? ^`nal Ejggrjy, Rrfvflk`rj5 [tftus, Kmfss flb tdj Cr`wtd `g ^fbakfm _`mataks, 6471 -612? Rdj
Rjipmj Jltry I`vjijlt al ^`nal Ejggrjy jb., _j`pmj, _ralkjs flb _frfi`ult _`wjr5 [`kajty
flb _`mataks al tdj Albafl _ralkjmy [tftjs, Bjmda, 6134, pp.6;7-671.
66 [jj K. Hjsfvfl,Ejjvatfsfifrfi (Fut`na`crfpdy), Lfta`lfm N``h [tfmm, H`ttfyfi, 6174, pp. ;:-
;3.
6> Fm`ysaus `nsjrvjs5 Rdjar (ult`ukdfnmjs) altjrjst al flta-ult`ukdfnamaty wfs mfrcjmy gr`i tdj
p`alt `g vajw `g jskfpalc tdj kavam mafnamatajs aip`sjb al tdj lfij `g rjmaca`l. @l tdj k`ltrfry,
Cflbdafl ult`ukdfnamaty wfs `ut flb `ut f rjmaca`us assuj flb wdjl pursujb, fppjfrjb t` k`ultjr
tdjar `wl abjf flb struccmjs g`r jiflkapfta`l. C. Fm`ysaus, Lfta`lfmasi watd`ut f Lfta`l al
Albaf, @xg`rb Zlavjrsaty _rjss, Ljw Bjmda, >?6? (^jpralt), p.646.
6; ^`njrt M. Dfrbcrfvj Er., Nrjfst Km`td K`ltr`vjrsy5 Kfstj K`lska`usljss flb [`kafm Kdflcj al
[`utdjrl Rrfvflk`rj, Albafl Jk`l`iak flb [`kafm Dast`ry rjvajw, W`m. :, L`. 6, Ifrkd 6174,
pp.636-43.
62 ^fe [jhdfr Nfsu, _umfyfs al Hjrfmf5 Rdj Laljtjjltd Kjltury Jiflkapfta`l Vujsta`l ^j -
Jxpm`rjb, Rdj AKGFA Zlavjrsaty E`urlfm g Dast`ry flb Kumturj, W`m. AA, L`.;, >??4, p.32.
6:
[fd`bfrfl, tdj ifcfzalj punmasdjb ny tdj Rayyf mfwyjr K. Hrasdlfl gr`i Kfmakut, urcjb tdjAzdfvfs t` k`lkjltrftj `l rjg`rialc Dalbuasi gr`i watdal fs l` `tdjr rjmaca`l wfs s` manjrfm flb
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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
t`mjrflt. [jj [fd`bfrfl, >566-6>, Ifrkd-Ify 61>?, pp.>1?-12. Ejggrjy fbbs tdft fs mfrcj luinjr
`g Azdfvfs pr`spjrjb, tdjy wjrj fnmj kfuta`usmy t` aiatftj tdj iflljrs `g Lfars. F rjspjktjb pmfkj
al Dalbu s`kajty wfs f i`rj bjsarfnmj c`fm tdfl f b`untgum Kdrastafl r`mj njtwjjl k`ltjiptu`us
[yrafls flb p`mmutalc _umfyf k`lvjrts. ^`nal Ejggrjy, Rdj [`kafm @racals `g f Kfstj Fss`kafta`l,
643:-61?:5 Rdj G`ulbalc `g tdj [LB_ Q`cfi, [`utd Fsaf, W`m. 2, 6132, p.24.
67 Azdfvfs wd` dfb `wljb kfrs g`ulb at baggakumt t` usj tdji al punmak r`fbs. Rdjy trajb t` `vjrk`ij
tdas baggakumty pfrtafmmy ny jipm`yalc bravjrs gr`i uppjr kfstjs. [jj _. Ndfshfrflulla, Hjrfmfi
_ftd`inftdfi L``ttflbam, Hjrfmf [fdatyf Fkfbjiy, Rrassur, >??? (^jpralt), p.672.
63 K`kdal Kjlsus ^jp`rt, 61?6, p.64>8 K. Hjsfvfl,Ejjvatfsfifrfi,pp.>7;-3?.
64 Kdfrmjs D. Djasiftd, Gr`i [`kafm ^jg`ri t` [`kafm [truccmj, Ifl flb Bjvjm`pijlt, W`m. AW,
L`. ;, [jp. 614>, p. ;; (pp.>1-;2).
61 K. Hjsfvfl, Ejjvatfsfifrfi, pp.;:7-3. Fms` sjj H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, [`ij Fspjkts `g tdj
lfta`lfmast I`vjijlt al Ifmfnfr (^jp`rt `g fl Altjrvajw), al H._.[. Ijl`l, (Cjl. Jb),Hjsfvf
Ijl`l 1?, H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l 1?tdNartdbfy Kjmjnrfta`l K`iiattjj, Kfmakut, 6133, p.22.
>? J.I.[. wr`tj tdft f strahalc s`mabfraty dfb bjvjm`pjb njtwjjl tdj Ifppamfs flb tdj kmfss `g
mfwyjrs, e`urlfmasts flb p`matakafls (a.j., K`lcrjssijl) wd` nr`ucdt tdji alt` lfta`lfmast p`mataks8
n`td wjrj murjb ny tjlflt altjrjsts, flb m``hjb g`rwfrb t` cjt f tjlflky mjcasmfta`l pfssjb. J.I.[.
Lfinutarapfb,Fut`na`crfpdy, Kdaltdf _unmasdjrs, Rdaruvflfltdfpurfi, >??: (^jpralt), p.2>.
>6 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, Hfzdalef Hffmfi (Fut`na`crfpdy), Iftdrunduia N``hs, Kfmakut, 6147,
p.6>4. (_fssfcj qu`tjb gr`i I. Cflcfbdfrfl, Rdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l, B.K. N``hs, H`ttfyfi,
>??4, p.>24). Hjsfvf Ijl`l as rjp`rtjb t` dfvj rjvjfmjb mftjr tdft tdj K`lcrjssijl wjrj dftjb
ny tdj futd`ratajs, m``hjb `l watd suspaka`l ny tdj Iusmais flb basmahjb ny `tdjrs. I.
Cflcfbdfrfl, HjsfvfIjl`ls ^`mj al tdj Lfta`lfmast I`vjijlt al Hjrfmf al Hjsfvf Ijl`l
1?, p.;1.
>> [jj Ifppamf Mfdfmf, Q`cfhsdjifi, 66523, [jp.1, 61>6.
>; J.I.[. Lfinutarapfb,Fut`na`crfpcy,p.2;.
>2 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, Hfzdalef Hffmfi, p.6>48 I. Cflcfbdfrfl, Rdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l, p.>248
J.I.[. Lfinutarapfb,Fut`na`crfpcy,pp.7:-4.
>: Ejggrjy wratjs tdft g`r tdj K`lcrjssijl gr`i Ifmfnfr bastrakt, tdj tjipmj-jltry kfipfacl cfvj fl
`pp`rtulaty t` rjvavj altjrjstft f sfgj bastflkjal f K`lcrjss tdft dfb suggjrjb f sjvjrj sjtnfkh
watd tdj Ifppamf rjnjmma`l `g 61>6. [jj ^`nal Ejggrjy, Rrfvflk`rj5 [tftus, Kmfss flb tdj Cr`wtd
`g ^fbakfm _`mataks, 6471-612?Rdj Rjipmj Jltry I`vjijlt, pp.6:;-:2.
>7 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l,Hfzdalef Hffmfi,pp.67?-72.
>3 [jj Q`ulc Albaf, ?2.?7.61>:, p.6;:, al H. ^fifkdflbrfl Lfar (Jb), Cflbda [fdatyf [frvfswfi,
Hjrfmf Cfbda [ifrfhf Labda, Rdaruvflfltdfpurfi, 6112.
>4 [jj R.H. fvalbrfl, Cflbda flb Wfahfi [ftyfcrfdf, Rravflbrui, 6144.
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>>
dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al
2: H. Hjmfppfl, tdj crjft Cflbdafl K`lcrjssifl flb tdj g`rji`st kdfipa`l `g tdj tjipmj-jltry
i`vjijlt al Hjrfmf, al das frtakmj `l tdj Wfahfi [ftyfcrfdf (Wfahfi [ftyfcrfdfi,
Iftrunduia @lfi [pjkafm, 61>:, pp. 2>-2:), eustagajb tdj struccmj al tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj alkrjfsalc
tjlbjlky `g tdj m`wjr kfstjs, jspjkafmmy Azdfvfs, t` rjl`ulkj Dalbuasi. Al fl`tdjr frtakmj wrattjl
fr`ulb tdj taij `g tdj Curuvfyur [ftyfcrfdf, dj jxprjssjb crjft k`lkjrl `vjr tdj dfris kfusjb
ny k`lvjrsa`ls. Rdas frtakmj as spjkafmmy l`tjb g`r tdj `tdjrljss fttranutjb t` tdj Iusmais8 tdjy
frj pjrkjavjb fs f tdrjft t` tdj lfta`l flb lfta`lfm ulaty8 ifalmy njkfusj `g tdjar s`mabfraty flb
strjss `l altjrlfta`lfm nr`tdjrd``b. (H. Hjmfppfl, Iftdfvui [fiubfyfvui5 Iftdfpfravfrtdflf
[rfifi H`lbummf B`sdfi (^jmaca`l flb K`iiulaty5 Rdj Dfris Kfusjb ny ^jmaca`us
K`lvjrsa`l), IftrunduiaSjjhmy, 6?563, 64 Eumy 61;>, pp. 3-4). Dj fms` succjstjb f sjkumfr
pr`crfiij tdj c`vjrlijlt sd`umb g`mm`w t` kurn tdj cr`wtd `g (Iusmai) k`iiulfmasi. [jj H.
Hjmfppfl, Iftdfvui [fiubfyfvui5 @ru [wftdfltrf C`vjrlijlt Kdjyyjlbftdjltdjmmfi
(^jmaca`l flb K`iiulaty5 Sdftjvjr fl Albjpjlbjlt C`vjrlijlt @ucdt t` B`), Iftdrunduia
Sjjhmy, 6?5>?, 4 Fuc.61;>, pp.2-:, 6?.
27 I. Cflcfbdfrfl,Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l,p.>27.
23 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, [`ij Fspjkts `g tdj Lfta`lfmast I`vjijlt al Ifmfnfr, alHjsfvf Ijl`l
1?,p.24.
24 I`abu Ifumfva, Mjttjr t` tdj Jbat`r, Iftdrunduia, Kfmakut, 6; L`v. 613;, p.2, katjb al I.
Cflcfbdfrfl, Rdj Ifmfnfr jnjmma`l,p.>23.
21 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, [`ij Fspjkts `g tdjLfta`lfmast I`vjijlt al Ifmfnfr, p.24.
:? H. Ifbdfvfl Lfar, Ifmfnfr Hfmfpfi, Iftdrunduia N``hs, Kfmakut, >??> (^jpralt)8
I`zdahullftd Nrfdifbftdfl Lfinutarapfb, Hdamfgft [ifrflfhfm, Lfvfhjrfmf K`-`pjrftavj
_unmasdalc D`usj, H`zdahh`bj, 617:.
:6 Cflbda t`` usjb ijtfpd`rs mahj gflftak jrupta`ls, ifbljss, jtk. t` bjpakt tdj rjnjmma`l. [jj
I.R. Flsfra, ^jgacuralc tdj Gflftak5 Ifmfnfr, 64;7-61>> al [unfmtjrl [tubajs, W`m. TAA,
_jrifljlt Nmfkh flb ^fva Bfyfm, Bjmda, >??:, p. :6.
:> Rfrf Kdflb, Dast`ry `g tdj Grjjb`i I`vjijlt al Albaf, W`m. AAA, _unmakfta`ls Bavasa`l,
C`vjrlijlt `g Albaf, Ljw Bjmda, 613>, p.213.
:; Eubatd I. Nr`wl, Cflbdas ^asj t` _`wjr5 Albafl _`mataks, 616:-61>>, Kfinrabcj Zlavjrsaty
_rjss, Kfinrabcj, 613>, p.;>1.
:2 Huifrfl Fsfl,Burfvfstdf, [frfbf N``h Bjp t, Rravflbrui, 6171 (^jpralt).
:: H. Ifbdfvfl Lfar,Ifmfnfr Hfmfpfi,pp.ax-xaa.
:7 Cfam Ialfumt l`tjs tdft tdj ljw [dubbda wfs barjktmy alsparjb ny tdj 61>6 rjnjmma`l wdakd mjb t`
tdj rasj `g k`iiulfm tjlsa`l al l`rtdjrl Albaf. Rdj Hdamfgft I`vjijlt5 ^jmaca`us [yin`masi flb
_`matakfm I`namazfta`l al Albaf(Ljw Bjmda5 @xg`rb Zlavjrsaty _rjss, 6111 (^jpralt), p.61;), katjb
al I.R. Flsfra, ^jgacuralc tdj Gflftak,p.72.
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>;
dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>
:3 I.H. Cflbda, KS, W`ms. >;&>2, katjb al I.R. Flsfra, ^jgacuralc tdj Gflftak,p.77.
:4 Cflbda wr`tj5 Rdj I`pmfdsfrj Iusmais. Rdjy dfvj Frfn nm``b al tdjar vjals. At as sfab tdft tdjar
g`rjgftdjrs kfij gr`i Frfnaf ifly yjfrs fc` flb sjttmjb al Ifmfnfr. Rdjy frj `g f gajry
tjipjrfijlt, flb frj sfab t` nj jfsamy jxkatfnmj. Rdjy frj jlrfcjb flb rjs`rt t` va`mjlkj al f
ifttjr `g sjk`lbs. Rdjy dfvj njjl rjsp`lsanmj g`r ifly iurbjrs Rdjy fmwfys sjt `ut g`r
gacdtalc watd f pmjbcj l`t t` rjturl bjgjftjb At as l`t kmjfr fs yjt wdft mjb t` tdjar prjsjlt
`utnurst. I.H. Cflbda, KS, W`m.>6, pp.23-4, katjb al I.R. Flsfra, ^jgacuralc tdj Gflftak,
p.3;.
:1 H.L. _flahhfr, _jfsflt Jxpm`atfta`l al Ifmfnfr al tdj Laljtjjltd Kjltury, E`urlfm `g Hjrfmf
[tubajs, W`m. 66, 6142, pp.6::-4:.
7? Fifmjlbu Iasrf, Abjltaty flb ^jmaca`l5 G`ulbfta`ls `g Flta-Asmfiasi al Albaf, [fcj _unmasdjrs,
Ljw Bjmda, >??2, p.>?.
76 [frhfr p`alts `ut tdft tdj Dalbu pjfsflts fms` rjsastjb, nut al f baggjrjlt iflljr. Mfrcj luinjr `g
Dalbu r`nnjr nflbs frj rjp`rtjb t` dfvj njjl fktavj al [`utd Ifmfnfr buralc 647?s flb 3?s. Al
tdj fnsjlkj `g iammjlfrafl abj`m`cy sukd fs Asmfi k`umb `ggjr, Dalbu pjfsflt basfggjkta`l k`umb
l`t rasj fn`vj tdj mjvjm `g s`kafm nflbatry. [uiat [frhfr,I`bjrl Albaf, p.:?.
7> Rdj gjfr `g tdj Ifppamfs m``ijb mfrcj jvjl al tdj ;?s flb buralc tdj sfmt ifrkd at as rjp`rtjb tdft
sfmt mfw dfb njjl nr`hjl fmm `vjr Ifmfnfr jxkjpt al tdj jrstwdamj rjnjm frjfs. I`rj`vjr, tdj
pr`kjssa`l `l g``t gr`i _fyyfllur, djfbalc g`r tdj Curuvfyur sftyfcrfdf st`ppjb sd`rt `g tdj
rjnjm frjf. Rdj ifrkdjrs t``h f trfal gr`i Gjr`hj t` Rarur njkfusj `g f rui`ur tdft tdj
Ifppamfs w`umb prjvjlt tdji gr`i i`valc alt` Jrlfb. Bamap I. Ijl`l, Kfstj, Lfta`lfmasi flb
K`iiulasi,pp.6?;-?2.
7; Bamap I. Ijl`l, Kfstj, Lfta`lfmasi flb K`iiulasi, p.4?.
72 _frtdf Kdfttjrejj, Rdj Lfta`l flb ats Grfcijlts, p.7.
7: Ndahdu _frjhd wratjs5 Cflbda sp`hj g`r tdji, nut bab l`t fmm`w, mjt fm`lj jlk`urfcj, tdji t`
spjfh g`r tdjisjmvjs. [jj K`m`lafmasi, Rrfbata`l flb ^jg`ri,p.>2;.
77 I.C.[. Lfrfyflfl,Ifmfyfmf Ifl`rfif [ulbfy [uppmjijlt, 7 L`vjinjr >?66, p. AT.