Post on 25-Dec-2015
TCP/IP Internetworking
Lesson 1:The Internet Infrastructure
Objectives
Define the term internetwork and explain the concept’s importance
Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability
Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network
Explain the Internet’s evolution
Objectives (cont’d)
Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet
Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF
Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and Novell
Identify key networking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks
Networking Issues
Traditional networking
Internetworking
Internet versus intranet versus extranet
TCP/IP and Interoperability
TCP/IP can allow different types of networks to communicate with one another
TCP/IP allows an existing LAN and WAN to operate with another
Internetworking and the Corporate Network
Cross-platform
Vendor-neutral
Evolution of the Internet
ARPANET
Test and research networks
Decentralization
Internet-Related Authorities
Internet Society (ISOC)
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
Internet Research Group (IRSG)
OSI Reference Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Packets
Cyclical Redundancy Check
Packet creation
- Adding headers
- Removing headers
Application, Transport and Network Protocols
Application-layer protocols
Transport-layer protocols
Network-layer protocols
Routable and Nonroutable Protocols
TCP/IP
IPX/SPX
NetBEUI
AppleTalk
Data Link Control (DLC)
Multiprotocol Networks
Combine routable and nonroutable protocols
Summary
Define the term internetwork and explain the concept’s importance
Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability
Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network
Explain the Internet’s evolution
Summary (cont’d)
Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet
Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF
Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and Novell
Identify key networking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks
Lesson 2:TCP/IP
Architecture
Objectives
Describe the Internet architecture model
Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP
Describe various Internet protocols
Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation
Locate RFCs and download them from the Internet
TCP/IP Issues
Vendor-neutral
Used more widely than anticipated
Powers the Internet
Internet Architecture
OSI Reference Model Internet Architecture Equivalent
Application
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Transport
Network Internet
Data Link
Physical
Network Access
Requests for Comments (RFCs)
Protocol states
Internet Standards (STDs)
Reference RFCs
Internet Protocols
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Access Layer
ICMPIP
IGMP
ARP RARP
Media
FTP
UDP
HTTP
SNMP
Telnet
SMTP
TCP
DNS
TFTP
BOOTP
Gopher
DHCP
De-multiplexing
ETHERNET
RARP
IP
ARP
IGMP
TCP
ICMP
Telnet FTP
UDP
TFTP SNMP
Specialized Serial Interface Protocols
PPP
- RFC 1661, STD 51
Multilink PPP
- RFC 1990
SLIP
- RFC 1055, STD 47
Summary
Describe the Internet architecture model
Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP
Describe various Internet protocols
Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation
Locate RFCs and download them from the Internet
Lesson 3:Internet
Addressing
Objectives
Describe IP addressing
Define IP address classes
Determine reserved IP addressing
Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design
Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses
Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet
Internet Addressing
Internet addresses are divided into the following parts
- Network
- Host
Four fields separated by periods are a common notation for specifying addresses
- field1.field2.field3.field4
IP Address Fields
Contain eight bits per field
Range from 0 to 255 decimal
field1.field2.field3.field4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 8
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = 255
1 = On0 = Off
Internet Address Classes
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
IP Addressing Rules
Broadcast addresses
Network addresses
Special-case source addresses
Loopback address
Reserved IP Addressing
Reserved IP Addressing
10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
Subnetworks
Performance
Manageability
Logical groups
Subnet Masks
Distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address
Specify whether a destination address is local or remote
Custom Subnet Masks
Steps for determining custom subnet masks
- Determine the number of subnets needed
- Determine the number of bits to borrow from the host portion
- Determine the subnet mask
Custom Subnet Masks (cont’d)
Steps for determining custom subnet masks (cont’d)
- Determine the maximum number of hosts per subnetwork
- Determine the subnetwork addresses for each subnet
- Determine the address ranges for each subnetwork
Classless Interdomain Routing
Technique to conserve IP addresses
Also called supernetting
Summary
Describe IP addressing
Define IP address classes
Determine reserved IP addressing
Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design
Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses
Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet
Lesson 4:Network
Access Layer
Objectives
Identify the IEEE LAN standards
Install and test protocol analyzer software
Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components
Identify fields in the ARP header
Objectives (cont’d)
Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses
Explain the function of RARP
Define FDDI and its function
IEEE Standardsand Ethernet
Ethernet is a predecessor to the IEEE 802.2/802.3 standard, and can be defined as a broadcast system for communication between systems
Ethernet Function
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Determining Ethernet Addresses
Linux
Windows NT
Windows 95/98
Ethernet Headers
Destination Hardware Address
Source Hardware Address
Type Data CRC
Address Resolution Protocol
I P address (32-bit)
Ethernet address (48-bit)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
Used by diskless systems to find out their Internet addresses on the network
Summary
Identify the IEEE LAN standards
Install and test protocol analyzer software
Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components
Identify fields in the ARP header
Summary (cont’d)
Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses
Explain the function of RARP
Define FDDI and its function
Lesson 5:Internet Layer
Objectives
Describe the functions of the Internet layer
Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer
Identify the IP header fields and their purpose
Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components
IP and Routing
IP
- Connectionless
- Not necessarily reliable
Routing
- One of the most important IP functions
- Determines the path that packets travel across networks
IP Header
Version
Header length
Service
Datagram length
Datagram ID number
Flags
Fragment offset
Time To Live
Protocol
Header checksum
Source address
Destination address
Options
Summary
Describe the functions of the Internet layer
Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer
Identify the IP header fields and their purpose
Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components
Lesson 6:Transport Layer
Objectives
Define the functions of the transport layer
Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose
Explain the TCP negotiation process
Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination
Objectives (cont’d)
Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose
Decode and analyze UDP headers
Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well-known and registered port numbers
Transport Layer Protocols
TCP
UDP
Transmission Control Protocol
Provides a byte-stream service
- Connection-oriented
- Reliable
TCP Header
Source port
Destination port
Sequence number
Acknowledgment number
Header length
Reserved
Flags
Window
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Option type
Option length
Maximum segment size
TCP Negotiation Process
SYN
FIN
ACK
Establishing aTCP Connection
Active Open: SYN flag, ISN, and desired port number.
Passive Open: SYN flag, ISN, and ACK.
ACK.
Terminating a TCP Connection
Active close: FIN flag, stops server to client data flow.
Passive close: FIN flag, stops client to server data flow.
ACK.
ACK.
User Datagram Protocol
Provides a simple datagram form of communication at the transport layer
Differs from TCP in that it does not provide congestion control, use acknowledgments, retransmit lost datagrams, or guarantee reliability
TCP and UDP Ports
Port assignments in the Internet domain
Port Number Range Description
1 to 1023 Well-known/reserved portnumbers
1024 to 65535 Registered port numbers
Summary
Define the functions of the transport layer
Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose
Explain the TCP negotiation process
Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination
Summary (cont’d)
Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose
Decode and analyze UDP headers
Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well-known and registered port numbers
Lesson 7:Domain
Name System
Objectives
Define and configure hosts files
Explain the DNS and its evolution
Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems
Objectives (cont’d)
Identify DNS records and list the record types
Install and configure a DNS server and client on UNIX or Windows NT
Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows NT and DNS
DNS
DNS consists of three levels
- Root
- Top
- Second ROOT
Second
TOP
Second
DNS Components
Name server
Name resolver
DNS Server Types
Root server
Master server
Primary server
Secondary server
Caching and caching-only server
Forwarding server
Slave server
DNS Records
Internet (IN)
Name Server (NS)
Start of Authority (SOA)
Address (A)
Canonical Name (CNAME)
Mail Exchanger (MX)
Pointer (PTR)
UNIX and DNS
named.ca
named.local
domain_name.hosts
rev.domain_name.hosts
named.boot (BIND version 4)
resolv.conf (BIND version 8)
Windows NT and DNS
DNS component of NT runs as a fully functional DNS server
Summary
Define and configure hosts files
Explain the DNS and its evolution
Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems
Summary (cont’d)
Identify DNS records and list the record types
Install and configure a DNS server and client on UNIX or Windows NT
Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows NT and DNS
Lesson 8:Address and Parameter
Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts
Objectives
Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client
Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client
Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP
Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation
Install and configure a DHCP server and client
BOOTstrap Protocol
Provides a means for diskless workstations to determine IP addresses and parameters
Created as an alternative to RARP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Designed to assign Internet configuration information dynamically on TCP/IP networks
Can traverse routers (providing the router is DHCP-enabled)
DHCP Initialization Process
Discover
Offer
Request
Acknowledgment
Summary
Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client
Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client
Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP
Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation
Install and configure a DHCP server and client
TCP/IP Internetworking
The Internet Infrastructure
TCP/IP Architecture
Internet Addressing
Network Access Layer
Internet Layer
Transport Layer
Domain Name System
Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts