Post on 26-Mar-2016
description
System & Hardware uuuGef
rmwdum
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜHrdwfquf)
1/ Computer (uGefysLwm) 1
2/ History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;) 1
3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;) 2
4/ Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;) 3
5/ Program (y½dk*&rf) 3
6/ Generations of Programming Languages
(uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;) 3
7/ Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk) 3
8/ Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk) 5
Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)
9/ Components of a Computer
(uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;) 6
10/ System Unit 6
11/ Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk) 7
12/ Mother Board / Main Board 8
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System & Hardware uuuGef
13/ Bus, Slot and I/O Card 8
14/ Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;) 9
15/ Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;) 10
16/ Memory (rSwfÓPf) 12
17/ Monitor (armfeDwm) 13
18/ Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card
wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf
Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m; 13
19/ Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifh ñTefMum;csuf
xnfhoGif;onfhypönf;) 14
20/ Mouse 14
21/ Printer 15
22/ Impact Printer 15
23/ Daisy Wheel Printer 15
24/ Dot Matrix Printer 15
25/ Non-Impact Printer 16
26/ Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)
(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 16
27/ Rear Panel of AT System Unit 17
28/ Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)
(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 18
29/ Rear Panel of ATX System Unit 18
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System & Hardware uuuGef
30/ Starting the Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftvkyfvkyfapjcif;) 19
31/ Shut Down the Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;) 20
32/ Start-Up Procedure for PC
(uGefysLwmwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh) 22
33/ Power On Self Test (POST)
(rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;) 24
34/ Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 25
35/ Low Level Interface
(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 26
36/ Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP)
(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;) 27
37/ Protecting Electrical Power Problem
(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;) 34
38/ Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System
wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif; 35
39/ Notice of the Computer Users
(uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;) 36
40/ Fault finding for PC
(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;) 37
*
System & Hardware uuuGef
PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading
41/ Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors 38
42/ Desktop Board Components 39
43/ Intel's Microprocessor 40
44/ Intel Processor Specifications 41
45/ Intel Compatible Processors 42
46/ Chipset 43
47/ Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets
(North Bridge) 44
48/ Intel South Bridge Chips 45
49/ Mother Board Upgrading 45
50/ Processor Sockets / Slots 45
51/ Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications 46
52/ Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm
pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;wGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;) 47
53/ Two Buses are Better than One (BUS vrf;aMumif;ESpfckokH;
Motherboard rsm;onf BUSvrf;aMumif;wpfckokH;
Motherboard rsm;xufykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;) 48
54/ Conventional Graphics Architecture 49
55/ How Accelerated Graphics Port Works 50
56/ PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf 50
57/ Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm; 51
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System & Hardware uuuGef
58/ Hard Disk Storage 52
59/ Hard Disk Features 56
60/ Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh
xdef;odrf;rIrsm; 56
61/ Floppy Disk Drives 57
62/ Floppy Disk 58
63/ Diskette on its Capacity 59
64/ Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOfowdjyKxdef;odrf;
&rnfhtcsufrsm;/ 59
65/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 60
66/ CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk 61
67/ MultiBeam Technology 62
68/ CD-ROM Drive Specification 63
69/ CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm; 63
70/ CD-ROM Format 64
71/ CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfh
tcsufrsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;rIrsm; 64
72/ High Capacity Removable Storage 65
73/ LS-120 Specifications 65
74/ Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity) 66
75/ Jaz Specifications 66
i
System & Hardware uuuGef
76/ DAT and 8mm Tape specifications 67
77/ SparQ Specifications 67
78/ Removeable Drive Specifications 68
79/ DVD Formats and Standards 69
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Introduction to Computer Science uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef1
Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜHrdwfquf)
Computer (uGefysLwm)
1/ uGefysLwmqkdonfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;ukd owif; odkYr[kwf tajz tjzpfodkU wGufcsuf
vkyfaqmiffay;aompuf jzpfygonf/ uGefysLwmonf ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd wdwdusus? vsifvsifjrefjref
ESifh rSefrSefuefuef vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifaom tDvufxa&mepf ESifh pufrIqdkif&mpufypönf;[kvnf;
t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdEkdifygonf/
History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;)
2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIorkdif;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
pOf ckESpf Generation tokH;jyKaomypönf; tjrefEIef;
1/ 1200 - Decimal pepfukdtajccHaom
ayoD;wGufcsufrI
2/ 1800 - Automatic MechanicalCalculator
3/ 1896 - Punch Card Machine4/ 1950 1st Gen: Vaccum tube 1000 cal/sec5/ 1960 2nd Gen: Transistors 10×1st Gen6/ 1965 3rd Gen: Integreated Circuit(IC) 100×2nd Gen7/ 1970 4th Gen: Microprocessor 50×3rd Gen8/ 1980 5th Gen: Artificial Intelligence(AI) Million Inst/sec
Data →→→→→ Processing →→→→→ Information
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)
Computer
Hardware Software
System Software Application Software( Customize / Packages )- Operating System
- Utility Programs- Language Translators
- Word Processing- Spread Sheet- Database- Graphic , etc.
- Input Hardware
- Output Hardware
- Processing & Memory Hardware- Secondary storage Hardware
- Communications Devices
- etc.
Introduction to Computer Science uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef2
Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;)
3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;)udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIyrmP? tjrefEIef;ESifh
csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifaom Terminal ta&twGufwdkYtay: rlwnfjyD; uGefysLwmrsm;tm; tMurf;
tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-
(u) Super Computer / Super Computer rsm;onf tvGef jrif hrm;aom
pGrf;aqmifEkdifrI&SdNyD; a':vmoef;aygif; rsm;pGmwefzkd;&Sdygonf/ Super Computerrsm;tm; odyÜHqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwkcefYrSef;jcif;? aq;okawoe
jyKvkyfjcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKygonf/ ¤if;uGefysLwmrsm;wGif atmufyg
oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; &Sdygonf-
(1) tjrifhqkH;tjrefEIef;ESifhpGrf;yum;
(2) BuD;rm;aomvkyfief;ESifhodkavSmifrIyrmP
(3) tBuD;rm;qkH; ½kyf0w¬Ktwkdif;twm
(4) tjrifhrm;qkH;wefzkd;
( c ) Mainframe Computer / t½G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom uGefysLwmrsm; jzpfMu
onf/ Mainframe Computer rsm;onf Super Computer rsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf
rjrifhrm;aomfvnf; BuD;rm;aompGrf;aqmifEkdifrI ESifh odkavSmifEdkifrI &Sdygonf/ Main-frame rsm;tm; tzJGUtpnf;BuD;rsm;wGif Data rsm;tm; A[kdwGufcsufrI
jyKvkyfay;&eftwGuf tokH;jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;vkdif;rsm;? tmrcH vkyfief;
rsm;? pmykdYvkyfief;rsm;? wuúokdvfrsm;? taumuftcGefrsm;ponfwdkYwGif tokH;jyKonf/
( * ) Mini Computer / Mainframe Computer xuf csdwfqufEdkifaomTerminalta&twGuf ESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifrSKenf;onf/ uGefysLwmjzifh wGufcsufvkyfaqmifjcif;
vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
(C) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC) / t½G,ftpm;ao;i,fí
tvG,fwulo,faqmifEkdifNyD; pm;yJG ay:wGif wifaqmiftokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro
Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfckokdY csdwfqufíTerminal tjzpf tokH;jyKjcif;
jzifh Personal Computer ESifh Workstation tjzpf(2)rsdK; tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ MicroComputer rsm;udk tdrfrsm;? ausmif;rsm;? ½kH;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif
us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aom pepfjzpfyg
onf/ Personal Computer rsm;tm; t½G,fyrmPay:rlwnfí atmufygtwkdif;
cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-
(1) Desktops(2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds)
Introduction to Computer Science uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef3
(3) Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds)(4) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less)(5) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifha&;í Data
rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;edkifonf/
Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;)
4/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif atmufygtpdwftykdif;rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Hardware / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fí&aom ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;ukd ac:qkd
ygonf/ Oyrm- Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor( c ) Software / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fír&aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd ac:qkd
ygonf/ Oyrm- System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaom y½dk*&rf)?
Application Software (tokH;csy½dk*&rfrsm;)/
( * ) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfyg0ifaom ypönf;ukd ac:qdk
ygonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS
Program (y½dk*&rf)5/ Program qkdonfrSm ñTefMum;csufrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
¤if;ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ Programminglanguage generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; cJGjcm;xm;edkifygonf-
Generations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)
pOff Generation Language1/ 1st Generation Machine language2/ 2nd Generation Assembly language3/ 3rd Generation High-level language4/ 4th Generation Very high-level language5/ 5th Generation Natural language
Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk)
6 AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ AI zefwD;&eftwGuf
Program a&;om;&mwGif uRrf;usifaom Programmer rsm;? Hardware qkdif&muRrf;usifol
Introduction to Computer Science uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef4
rsm;ESifhoufqkdif&mbmom&yf uRrf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf,l&ygonf/ AI onf
odyÜHenf;ynm Field wpfckjzpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;tjzpf
xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqkdif&m uRrf;usifol Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:?
tawGUtBuHK? A[kokwrsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sifrsm;\tultnDjzifh Programrsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifh Hardware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;aygif;pyf&ef wnfaqmuf
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þpepfonf Expert rsm;\ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&efr[kwfyg/
Expert rsm;\tawGUtBuHKA[kokwrsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usifwGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;cs
Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/
( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\
wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdefYay;í Computertm; ckdif;apjcif;? Computer ESifh tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif½Gufjcif;ukd pGrf;aqmif
Ekdifonfh enf;ynmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg e,fy,f(2)ck
tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(1) Natural Language Understanding(2) Natural Language Generation
( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer tm; toHjzifh trdefYay;
vkyfaqmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSefqufoG,fjcif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/
(C) Robotic and Sensory System / tm½kHcHrI enf;ynmESifh puf½kyfenf;ynmrsm;ukd
aygif;pyftokH;jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf-
(1) Robotic System / puf½kyfwGif Electrical ESifh Electronic qkdif&m
ypönf;rsm;? Mechanical qkdif&mypönf;rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf
xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Robot tm;
Program rsm;xnfhoGif;í owfrSwfxm;onfh abmiftwGif;ü trsdK;rsdK;
vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/
(2) Sensory System / tjrifukd tm½kHcHjcif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJrIukd
tm½kHcHjcif;? toHukd tm½kHcHjcif; ponfhpepfrsm;tjzpf trsdK;rsdK;&SdEkdifygonf/
Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;tm; tm½kHcHí
olUtvkdtavsmufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh information qkdif&m tajzukd &&Sd
atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf AutomaticMachine rsm;ESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/
Introduction to Computer Science uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef5
( i) Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfckrS
&&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digitized vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifqkdif&m
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom A[kokwtajccH
onfh Programrsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynmyif
jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS &&Sdaom Result onf puf½kyfrStp pufrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;?
Quality Control qkdif&mrsm;txd xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf/
( p) Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vlrsm;ukd enf;ynm
wpfckESifh ywfoufí enf;jyq&m wpfa,muf uJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh enf;ynm
jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tokH;jyKolESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f
aqmif½GufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdYa&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;
(Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESifh A[kokwqkdif&m tajccH( Knowl-edge Base)Haygif;pyfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk)
7/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wkd;wufxGef;um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wkd;wuf
xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;? Semi-conductor Technology wkd;wufxGef;um;vmonfhtwGufaMumif h tvGefjrefqefjcif;?
pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;wkdYjzifh jynhfpkHaom Microprocessor rsm; RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hard-ware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGifokdY ykdYaqmif ay;aeygonf/
*syefEkdifiHonf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfrSef;csuftjzpf
xm;&SdwnfaqmufaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ Computer Technology Fifth Generation \
&nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-
(u) jrifhrm;aom todÓPf&Sdap&ef/
( c ) vlrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdYr&if;ESD;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/
( * ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/
(C) tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/
( i ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/
( p ) vufawGUwnfaqmuf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd Computer jzifh wkyaqmif½Guf&ef/
(q) ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfap&ef/
( Z ) tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrI oufomap&efwkdYjzpfygonf/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef6
Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)
Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;)
1/ Computer wpfvHk;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfygonf-
(u) System Unit
( c) Monitor
( *) Keyboard ESifh Mouse
(C) Printer ponfhypönf;rsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/
System Unit
2/ System Unit wpfck\ twGif;ydkif;wGif atmufygypönf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifygonf-
(u) PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ]
( c) FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)
( *) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [ IDE/EIDE/UDMA33/UDMA66/SCSI ]
(C) CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI ]
( i) Mother Board [ AT/ATX]
( p) Interface Card / Controller Card
(q) Sound Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]
( Z) VGA Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)/AGP]
(ps) Fax Modem Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]
(n) Main Memory [FPM/EDO/SDRAM]
( #) Cache Memory
( X) CPU [Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip]
( !) ROM BIOS [AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX]
( ¡) Backup Battery
(P) Others
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef7
Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)
uGefysLwm tpHkvdkuf wyfqifxm;onfhyHkxnfh&ef
yHk (1)
Tower System Dot-matrix printerScanner
��������� �������������
Keyboard
Mouse
Dot- Matrix Printer
Monitor
System Unit
Speaker Speaker
Scanner
Pocket organizerPDAPen computer
Modem
Desktop box
Tower box
Plotter
Laptop computer
Laser printer
PersonalComputertrsKd;tpm;rsm;
PDA PenComputer
Laptop
Computer
TowerCasing
Laser Printer
Desktop Casing
Modem
Plotter
(P(P(P(P(Pererererersonal Digsonal Digsonal Digsonal Digsonal Digitalitalitalitalital Asistant)Asistant)Asistant)Asistant)Asistant)
(Handheld computer)
Computer CasingtrsKd;tpm;rsm;
ComputerAccessories
uGefysLwmqufpyfypönf;rsm;
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef8
Mother Board / Main Board3/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif ta&;BuD;qHk; tpdwftydkif;rSm Main Board (odkYr[kwf)
Mother Board jzpfygonf/ 4if; Mother Board wGif CPU, Chip Set ESifh tjcm;vQyfpD;
ywfvrf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm; Expension Card rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0ifygonf/ Mother Board wpfcka½G;cs,f&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;
&rnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -
(u) Processor trsKd;tpm;
( c) Processor Socket/Slot trsKd;tpm;
( *) Mother Board Speed(C) Cache Memory yg0ifrI
( i) Main Memory yrmP( p) BIOS trsKd;tpm;
(q) Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT, LPX, ATX)( Z) Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (PCI, VL Bus, ISA, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial,
Parallel, Interface ..... )(ps) Plug and Play (PNP) pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI
(n) Power Management jyKvkyfEdkifrI
( #) Mother Board Chip Set( X) Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Bus, Slot and I/O Card4/ rnfonfh Computer System rqdk Mother Board onf ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ MotherBoard twGif; Hardware Devices tcsif;csif; tvkyfvkyf&mü Bus [kac:aom Wire BudK;
tpkta0; rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSefqufoG,fí tvkyfvkyfygonf/ Mother Board \ Bus DesignEIdif;,SOfcsufudk yHk(2)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif atmufyg BustrsKd;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Processor Bus( c) Address Bus( *) Memory Bus(C) I/O Bus
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef9
5/ tjcm; Device rsm;ESifh CPU tjyeftvSef qufoG,faqmif½GufEdkif&ef I/O Bus (odkYr[kwf)
Expension Slots rsm;u aqmif½Gufay;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;&Sd Slots rsm;üatmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm;wyfqifEdkifygonf-
(u) Sound Card( c) Video Card( *) Network Interface Card (NIC)(C) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc
ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;)
6/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;taejzifh jrifhrm;aompGrf;yum;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef I/OBus rsm;\ Speed jrefqef&efvdktyfygonf/ 4if;vdktyfcsufonf atmufaz:jyyg tcsuf(3)csuf
jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -
(u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif;
( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif;
( *) Video ESifhywfoufí vdktyfcsufrsm; BuD;rm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/
7/ t"du I/O Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ I/OBuses trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
(u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture)( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture)
Chipset
CPUExternalCache
Memory
I/O
Bus
Pro
cess
or B
us
RAMChipset
CPUL2
Cache
Memory
I/O
Bus
Pro
cess
or B
us
RAMAGP
Classic MotherBoard Design
Pentium Pro/ PII/PIII Design
(Dual Independend Bus)
Front Side Bus
Back Side Bus
yHk (2)
800-
1064
MB
PS
Half (or) Full of CPU Speed
528MBPS
480-
528M
BP
S
60/66MHz
PC 66Memory
PC 100/133Memory
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef10
( *) EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)(C) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus)( i) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect)( p) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) (Note Book rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonf)
8/ Personal Computer wGifyg&Sdaom omref Mother Board wpfckwGif CPU, Chipset,Memory, I/O Devices rsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,faqmif½GufaeyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/
Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;)
9/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ Model udktqHk;tjzwfay;aom t"duypönf;rSm CPUjzpfygonf/ CPU qdkonfrSm A[dkxdef;csKyfonfh ,lepfwpfckjzpfNyD; Computer wpfvHk;\ OD;aESmuf
[kvnf; ac:qkdEdkifygonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfvHk;\ 'ór*Pef;qdkif&m wGufcsufrIrSty
tjcm;wGufcsufrIESifh Processing qdkif&mrsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;Edkifygonf/ 'ór*Pef;udk wGufcsuf
Edkifaom FPU (Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU udk Chip wpfcktwGif;wGif xnfhoGif;í
wnfaqmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 4if; Microprocessor udk
IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfhukrÜPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvQuf&Sdygonf/
yHk (3)
BusController
Chips
CPU
ExternalCache
RAM
MemoryBus
(High Speed)
ProcessorBus
(High Speed)
I/O Bus(Slow Speed)
I/O Bus(Slow Speed)
Built-InI/O
SlottedI/O
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef11
10/ Intel ukrÜPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh Intel Processor rsm;\ pufrIqdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;udk
Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
11/ Intel Processor rsm;\ vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifaom Memory yrmPudk Theory t&
Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
12/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEIef;onf Mother Board \tjrefEIef;ESifh rwlnDEdkifyg/ Processor\tjrefEIef;udk CPU Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdkNyD;? Mother Board\tjrefEIef;udk Mother Board Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU External Speed (odkYr[kwf) FSBSpeed [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ CPU Speed ESifh Mother Board Speed jrefqefrIudk OD;pm;ay;
a&G;cs,frSom Performance aumif;rGefygrnf/ CPU Speed onfMother Board Speed xuf
tq rnfrQjrefqefonfudk Z,m;(2)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf-
Intel Processor Specifications Processor CPU Std. Internal Data-Bus Address- Max- Multimedia
Clock Voltage Register Width Bus Memory InstructionsSize Width
8088 1x 5v 16-bit 8-bit 20-bit 1M8086 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 20-bit 1M286 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M386SX 1x 5v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M386SL 1x 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M386DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486SX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G487SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486SL** 1x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486DX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486DX4 2-3x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4GPentium OD 2-5x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4GPentium 60/66 1x 5v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4GPentium 75+ 1.5-3x 3.3v*** 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4GPentiumMMX1.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G MMXPentium Pro 2-3x 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64GPentium II 3.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMXCeleron 3.5-7x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMXPentium !!! 4.5-8x 1.8-2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G SSE(MMX,3D)
Z,m; (1)
MMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsSSE=StrSSE=StrSSE=StrSSE=StrSSE=Streaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Dauction Multiple Dauction Multiple Dauction Multiple Dauction Multiple Data) Extensionsta) Extensionsta) Extensionsta) Extensionsta) Extensions
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef12
Memory (rSwfÓPf)
13/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ wGufcsufrIrsm;? Process rsm;vkyfaqmif&mwGif CPUrSajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; rjyKrDüvnf;aumif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;üvnf;aumif;?
tcsuftvufrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/
14/ Mother Board wGif wyfqifEdkifaom Memory Chip (odkYr[kwf) Memory CardtrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk yHko@mefESihfwnfaqmufyHkt& DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [lí
cGJjcm;edkifygonf/
15/ Mother Board ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&mü Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh
wyfqifrSomvQif tvkyfvkyfaqmifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvdkuf
Bank pepfowfrSwfcsufrsm;? uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif MemoryCard rsm;onf Speed ESifh Capactity rsm; wlnD&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif FPM, EDO, SDRAMponfhwdkYvnf; wlnD&ef vdktyfygonf/
Z,m; (2)
CPU Type/Speed CPU Clock Motherboard SpeedPentium 60 1x 60MHzPentium 66 1x 66MHzPentium 75 1.5x 50MHzPentium 90 1.5x 60MHzPentium 100 1.5x 66MHzPentium 120 2x 60MHzPentium 133 2x 66MHzPentium 150 2.5x 60MHzPentium 166/P6 2.5x 66MHzPentium 180/P6 3x 60MHzPentium 200/P6 3x 66MHzPentium 233/PII 3.5x 66MHzPentium II 300 4.5x 66MHzPentium II 350 3.5x 100MHzPentium II 450 4.5x 100MHzPentium !!! 500 5x 100MHzPentium !!! 533 4x 133MHzPentium !!! 667 5x 133MHzPentium !!! 733 5.5x 133MHzPentium !!! 800 8x 100MHz
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef13
Monitor (armfeDwm)
16/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) udkoHk;aom Monitor ESifh LCD ( LiquidCrystal Display ) udkoHk;aom Monitor [lí ESpfrsKd;½Sdygonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Monochrome( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor )( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor )(C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array )( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array )( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array )
17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yHk&dyf\tvif;tarSmifESifh rsufESmjyifudk tay:
atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusOf;tus,fwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm;yg½SdNyD;?aemufzufwGif Data Cable (9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYyg½Sdonf/
18/ Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom
Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m;
yHk (4)
9 PinMono, CGA, EGA
Connector
15 PinVGA, SVGA, XVGA
Connector
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Resolution 16 Colors 256 Colors 64K Colors 16.7M Colors
640 x 480(VGA) 0.15MB 0.29MB 0.59MB 0.88MB
800 x 600(SVGA) 0.23MB 0.46MB 0.92MB 1.37MB
1024 x 768(XGA) 0.38MB 0.75MB 1.5MB 2.25MB
1280 x 1024(SXGA) 0.63MB 1.25MB 2.5MB 3.75MB
1600 x 1200 0.92MB 1.83MB 3.66MB 5.94MB
VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths
Z,m;(5)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef14
½Sif;vif;csu f/ 1024 x 768 Resolution ESifh 16 Million Color az:jyEdkifaom Frame wpfckudk
Monitor ay:wGif az:jyEdkif&ef SVGA Card ü Memory yrmP 2.25MBvdktyfrnfjzpfí vufawGUwGif VRAM 4MB wyfqif&ef vdktyfygonf/
Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhñTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypönf;)
19/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows'95Keyboard, Windows'98 Keyboard )[lí awGU½SdEdkifygonf/
AT Keyboard Connector ( 5-Pin -Female )
101 KeyboardyHk (5)
PS2 Keyboard Connector ( 6-Pin -Female )
Mouse20/ Mouse (3) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ Serial Mouse, Bus Mouse ESifh Inport Mouse jzpfygonf/
toHk;rsm;qHk; trsKd;tpm;rSm Serial Mouse jzpfonf/
Serial Mouse Connector 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
PS2 Mouse Connector
Mouse & Mouse PadyHk (6)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef15
Printer21/ Printer qdkonfrSm Data rsm;? ½kyfyHkrsm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pm½Gufay:odkY
xkwf,laompufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; ESpfrsKd; cJGjcm;Edkifygonf-
(u) Impact Printer( c) Non-impact Printer wdkYjzpfygonf/
Impact Printer22/ Microcomputer oHk; Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif -
(u) Daisywheel Printer( c) Dot-matrix Printer [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/
23/ Impact Printerrsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh ½dkufESdyfaom PrintertrsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
Daisy Wheel Printer24/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf;
ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS jzmxGuf
aeaom vufwHtoD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;<upmvHk;rsm;yg½Sdonf/ rdrdtoHk;jyKaom pm½Guf\tus,f
wpfavQmufwGif Daisy Wheel onf vnfywfa½GUvsm;jcif;jzifh pmvHk;udk ½dkufESdyfonf/
Dot Matrix Printer25/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyKí Pin rsm;jzifh½dkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom
pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf;ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pinta&twGufay:rlwnfNyD; 9 Pin , 24 Pin [lí trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/
Dot Matrix Printer
yHk (7)
24 PinPrinter Head
9 PinPrinter Head
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef16
Non-Impact Printer26/ Microcomputer oHk; Non-Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;wGif -
(u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machineESifhqifwl)
( c) Ink Jet Printer (Nozzle rsm; toHk;jyKíyHkazmf)
( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toHk;jyK) [lí awGU½SdEdkifygonff/
Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
27/ AT System Unit yHk(9)wGif Computer ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifyHkrSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfygonf -
(u) AT System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif; / System Unit wGif½Sdaom
AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;
(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power InletPort udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Cord wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf
wyfqifyg/
( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom VGAInterface Card (C) wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
(C) System Unit ½Sd Keyboard Input Port (D)wGif Keyboard Connector tm;
wyfqifyg/
( i) System Unit ½Sd Serial Port (E) wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/
Laser Jet Printer
yHk (8)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef17
( p) System Unit wGif½Sd Parallel Port (F) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/
(q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/
( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (G) ½Sd SPK Port wGif Speaker Connectortm; wyfqifyg/
( ps) UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;/ ACSource rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf
wyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/
(n) Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKjcif; / Surge Protector udk AC SourceESifh UPS tMum;xm;í toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/
( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI ½Sd^r½Sd ppfaq;yg/
yHk (9)MIC
I N
OUT
........ .......
VGA INTERFACE (C)
SOUND CARD INTERFACE (G)
AC OUTLET (B)( TO MONITOR)
AC INLET (A)
MIC wyfqif&ef
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY
O/P xkwf&ef ae&m
tjcm; Sound pepf wpfck rS
O/P udk 4if; PortwGifxnfh&ef
Speaker wyfqif&efSPK
...............
KEYBOARD INPUT (D)
..... ................. ............
............. ............
VGA Port
GAME
PARALLEL
SERIAL 2
SERIAL 1 PARALLEL & SERIALINTERFACESERIAL PORT (E)
PARALLEL PORT (F)○ ○ ○ ○ ○○ ○ ○ ○ ○○ ○ ○ ○ ○
VGA INTERFACE (C)
DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Rear Panel of AT System Unit
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef18
Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
28/ ATX System Unit yHk (10)wGif wyfqifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) ATX System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif;/ AC Source rS SystemUnit wGif½Sdaom PSU (Power Supply Unit) ½Sd AC Inlet Port (A) wGif
Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;
(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power InletPort udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Port wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf
wyfqifyg/
o o
Rear Panel of ATX System Unit
yHk (10)
.........................
.........
.....
PS
/2 Mouse
(E)
PS
/2K
eyboard (F)
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
o o
o o
LPT
PO
RT
(G)
CO
M B
CO
M A
....
MIC
I N
OUT
SPK
...............
........ .......
VGA INTERFACE (C)
SOUND CARDINTERFACE (D)
AC OUTLET (B)
AC INLET (A)
US
BP
OR
T
MIC wyfqif&ef
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY
O/P xkwf&efae&m
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS
O/P udk 4if; Port wGifxnfh&ef
Speaker wyfqif&ef
Game Port
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 19 uuuGef
( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aomVGA/ SVGA/AGP Interface Card (C) &S d Interface wGifcsdwfqufwyfqifyg/
(C)S System Unit ½Sd PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif PS2 Keyboard
Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)tjcm; Keyboard rsm;udk wyfqiftoHk;jyKvdkygu PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif Adapter cHítoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
( i) System Unit ½Sd PS2 Mouse Input Port (E) wGif PS2 Mouse
Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf) tjcm; Serial Mouse wyfqiftoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu COM A wGif Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/
( p) System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom LPT Parallel Port (G) wGifPrinter Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/
(q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; Power Cable jzifh wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (D) rS SPK Port wGif Speaker
Connector tm;wyfqifyg/( ps) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC
Source rS UPS? UPS rS System Unit odkYrSefuefpGm tpOfvdkufcsdwfqufwyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/
(n) Surge Protector csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS txGufwGifSurge Protector udkcHí UPS t0ifwGifwyfqiftoHk;jyK&rnf/
( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI½Sdr½Sd aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/
Starting The Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;)
29/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif; zGifhEdkifygonf/
(u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/
( c) System Unit a½SU&Sd Power On/Off Switch udk On yg/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 20 uuuGef
( *) Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/
(C) acwåtMumwGif Windows XP Desktop Screen ay:vmNyD;aemufComputer tm; pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Windows 9x,
desktop screen rsm;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJjym;aeonfukdawGU&ygrnf/)
Shut Down The Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;)
30/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif; ydwfEdkifygonf-
(u) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;? Application
Software rsm;tm; wpfqifhjcif; Close vkyfyg/
( c) Windows Desktop Screen atmufajc½Sd Task Bar ay:rS Start
Button udk Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl+Esc
Key udkwG JíES dyfyg/ (odk Yr[kwf) Windows Keyboard rsm;wGifWindows Key udkEdSyfyg/
( *) Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(11)
(C) Shut Down Button tm; Click vkyfyg/
( i) Shut Down Wimdows Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(12)? ykH(13)
( p) ATX System jzpfygu uGefysLwmonf tvdktavsmuf Turn Off
jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
(q) Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyfyg/
( Z) AC Power Source rS Switch ukd Off vkyfyg/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 21 uuuGef
yHk(11)
yHk(12)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 22 uuuGef
Startup Procedure for PC(uGefysLwmwpfvkH;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)
31/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;ukd rD;zGifhvkdufonfESifh atmufygtqifhrsm;twkdif; aqmif&GufNyD;Ready tqifhokdY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf-
(u) Power Supply Unit
( c) Motherboard/Mainboard
( *) Crystal (X'tal)
(C) Clock Generator
( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse
( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory- Basic Input Output System)
yHk(13)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef23
(u) Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf
rD;zGifhvdkufonfESifh PSUonf AC Voltage vufcH &,lNyD; DC Voltage (4) rsKd;(+5, -5, +12, -12 )udkjyefvnfxkwfay;onf/ PSU 4if; Output Voltage (4)
rsKd;udk ±5% Error twGif; tNrJ&Sdaeatmif Maintainvkyfay;aejcif;jzifh Regu-
lated Outputudk pOfqufrjywf xkwfay; ygonf/ PSU onf Switched Mode
Power Supply trsKd;tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ ±5% Error qdkonfrSm 5V Output
twGuf 4.75V tenf;qHk;&Sd &rnfjzpfNyD; 5.25V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfovdk 12V
Output twGuf 11.4V tenf;qHk; &Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; 12.6V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/
( c) Mother Board / Main Board (MB) / PSU rSxkwfay;aom Regulated
Output Voltage \ ± 5% Error &Sdr&Sdudk Mother Board rSppfaq;NyD; 4.7V
ESifh 5.25V \ tjyifa&mufaevQif Mother Board rSvufrcHyg/ 4.7V ESifh
5.25V twGif;&SdrSomvQif Power Good Signal (PG) udk PSU odkYjyefydkYay;onf/
PG onfvdar®mfa&mifBudK;jzpfNyD; 5V &Sdonf/ PG Signal jyefvnfr&vQif PSUtvkyfrvkyfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí PSU ESifh Mother Board onf wpfckESifhwpfck
Independent jzpfygonf/ PSU ysufwdkif; Mother Board udk rxdcdkufap&efESifh
Mother Board ysufwdkif; PSU udk rxdcdkufap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
( *) Crystal (X'tal) / Crystal onf vIdif;xkwfonfhud&d,mjzpfonf/ ovif;
ausmufjym;yg;yg;udk pwD;bl;i,fwGifxnfhí wnfaqmufxm;onf/ 0ifvmonfh
AdkYtm;aMumifh Crystal &Sdovif;ausmufjym;wkefcgrIrS Analog vIdif; (14.31818MHz)xkwfay;onf/ 4if;vdIif;udk Digital Clock toGifajymif;,l&ef vdktyfonf/
(C) Clock Generator / Crystal rSxkwfay;aom Analog vIdif;udk ClockGenerator IC odkY ay;ydkYNyD; 4if; IC rS Digital Clock odkYtoGifajymif;ay;onf/
( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse / Digital Clock udkoufqdkif&m
Frequency rsm;odkY tqwifí Mother Board wGif&Sdaom IC , Memory,Processor, ROM-BIOS, Chip Set ponfhtpdwftydkif; toD;oD;odkY ay;ydkYonf/
( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System)/Mother Boarday:wGif ROM Chip (Read Only Memory)yg&Sdygonf/ 4if;
twGif;wGif Program udk puf½HkrSxkwfvkyfpOfuwnf;u owfrSwfay;vdkufygonf/
ROM BIOS onf atmufaz:jyyg tqifh(3)qifhjzifh vkyfaqmifygonf-
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef24
(1) Power On Self Test (uGefysLwmrD;zGifhcsdefrSpí pwifppfaq;rIjyKvkyfjcif;)
(2) Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efjyKvkyfay;jcif;)
(3) Low Level Interfaces (Hardware tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef qufoG,frI
udk Interface jyKvkyfay;jcif;)
Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;)
32/ POST onfuGefysLwmudkpwifzGifhvdkufaomtcg uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;wGifwyfqif
xm;aom Standard Devices (Memory, Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk,CPU, Chip Set, ...)rsm;udk pwifppfaq;&ygonf/
33/ POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports,Parallel Ports rSwfÓPf (Memory) wdkYudk ppfaq;ay;ygonf/ Test vkyfí&&Sdaom Hardwaretajctaersm;udk CMOS Setup ESifhEIdif;,SOf ppfaq;NyD; udkufnDrI&Sdygu POST tqifhrS BootStrap odkY a&muf&Sdygonf/ tu,fírSm;,Gif;rI&Sdygu Monitor ay:wGifeHygwfrsm;az:jyjcif;? ErrorMessage ay;jcif;? toHjrnfjcif;wdkYjzifh today;ygonf/
Start -Up Procedure For PC(PCwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)
1234567123456712345671234567
CMOS
Analog
ROM-BIOS
PSU
RegulatedDC Output
(± 5% Error)
Crystal(Oscillator)
DigitalClock
SwitchedModePowerSupply
PG
+ 5
- 5
+12
-12
InternalBattery3V
AC
(i) POST (Power On Self Test)
(ii) Boot Strap
(iii) Low Level Interface
C
lock
Gen
erat
or
ReadOnlyMemoryBasicInputOutputSystem
→→→→→
→
MOTHER BOARD
→→→
OtherDevices
yHk(14)
230V/110V
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef25
Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;)
34/ Boot Strapping onf OS udk Memory ay:odkYwifay;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) Computer udk
toHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Ready jzpfapjcif;tydkif;udk aqmif½Gufay;onf/
35/ Boot Strapping (DOS) vkyfaqmifrItqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) ROM-BIOS Programs rsm;onf Memory \ Segment F wGif ae&m,lonf/
ROM-BIOS rS Program Loader ac: Loader Program onf uGefysLwm
pepfudk Boot vkyf&ef Drive A (System Disk) \ Boot Record (BR)odkYr[kwf Drive C (Hard Disk) \yxr Track, yxr Sector wGif &Sdaeaom
Master Boot Record (MBR)rS Boot Strap Program Code ud k
uGefysLwm\rSwfÓPf (Memory) ay:odkY wifydkYay;NyD; 4if;wGifyg&Sdonfh Instruc-tion rsm;udk rdkufc½dky½dkqufqmu qufvuf vkyfaqmifay;onf/
( c) Boot Strap Program Code onf System Disk (or) Hard Disk xJ&dS SystemFile (5) Files jzpfaom (1) IO.SYS (2) MSDOS.SYS (3) CONFIG.SYS(4) COMMAND.COM (5) AUTOEXEC.BAT udk Memory ay:odkY quf
vufwifay;onf/
36/ Boot Strap Program onf Input/Output Operation udk ROM-BIOS ESifhwGJNyD;
vkyfaqmifay;aom IO.SYS File udkyxrOD;pGm Memory ay:odkY wifay;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
IO.SYS onf Input/ Output Operations rsm;udk ROM-BIOS ESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;onf/
(ii) Boot Strap
6
5
Program Loader
I/O.SYS
MSDOS.SYS
CONFIG.SYS
COMMAND.COM
AUTOEXEC.BAT
WIN.COM
Boot Strap Program Code
Boot Strap Program
2
1
3
4
yHk(15)7
Seg 1
Seg 2
Seg F ROM-BIOS
MainMemory
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef26
37/ 4if;aemuf Memory ay:odkYa&muf&SdNyDjzpfaom IO.SYS onf DOS Request udkajz&Sif;
aqmif½Gufay;aom MSDOS.SYS File udk Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/
38/ IO.SYS onfqufvufí CONFIG.SYS File udk &SmazGNyD; Memory ay:odkY wifay;
onf/ CONFIG.SYS File onf4if;wGif&Sdaom Instruction rsm;t&aqmif&GufNyD; uGefysLwm
pepf\ Configuration udk wnfaqmufay;onf/ DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmpepfwGif HardwareDevice topfwyfqifygu Device twGuf Instruction udk CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif xnfhoGif;
ay;&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CONFIG.SYS onf Standard r[kwfonfh Device rsm; wyfqif
xm;jcif;udk uGefysLwmpepfu odatmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfonf/
39/ 4if;aemuf IO.SYS File onf COMMAND.COM zdkifudk qufvuf&SmazGNyD; Memoryay:odkY wifay;onf/ CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif COMMAND.COM File onf rnfonfh
Directory wGif &SdaMumif;udk Path vrf;aMumif;jzifh az:jyEdkifonf/ COMMAND.COM zdkifonf
DOS \ Command Interpreter jzpfojzifh Command rsm;udkuGefysLwmem;vnfatmif
bmomjyefay;onf/ COMMAND.COM File r&SdvQif "Missing Command Interpreter"[k owday;pmwef;ay:vmrnf/
40/ qufvufíaemufqHk;tqifhwGif COMMAND.COM File onf AUTOEXEC.BAT
File udk&SmazGonf/ AUTOEXEC.BAT File onf uGefysLwm rD;zGifhNyD;aemuf aqmif½Gufapvdk
aom Instruction rsm;udk pDpOfpkpnf;íxnfhoGif;xm;onfhzdkif jzpfygonf/4if; Instruction rsm;udk
COMMAND.COM File uulnDajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufay;NyD; "C:\>-" odkYvnf;aumif;? Win 9x
pepfwGif WIN.COM udk Automatic Execute vkyfívnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmtm; tqifoifh
jzpfapygonf/
Low Level Interface(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;)
41/ BIOS onf Hardware Devices rsm;tcsif;csif;udk tjyeftvSef qufoG,faqmif½GufrIudk
OS ESifhtwl ulnDyHhydk;ay;ygonf/ Oyrm- Memory rS Hard Disk odkYvnf;aumif;? Hard DiskrS Memory odkYvnf;aumif; Data rsm;tjyeftvSefay;ydkYqufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk ulnDay;ygonf/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 27 uuuGef
Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP)(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)
42/ Windows rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Start→All Programs → Accessories → System Tools → Disk
Defragmentor udkyHk(16)ygtwdkif;tpOfvdkuf Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
( c) Desktop ay:½Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyfyg/(1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/(2) rdrd Defragmentation vkyfcsifaom Drive A: (or) Drive C:
ponfjzifha½G;í Right Click vkyfyg/(3) Shortcut Menu yHk (17) ay:vmrnf/
yHk(16)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 28 uuuGef
(4) Shortcut Menu rS Properties udk a½G;í Click vkyfyg/(5) Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(18)(6) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools udka½G;yg/(7) Defragment Now, Button udk Click vkyfyg/
( *) Disk Defragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk (19)(1) Disk Defragmenter Window wGif Drive rsm;udkxyfNyD; a½G;cs,f
Edkifygonf/(2) a&G;cs,fNyD;ygu Defragments Button udk Click vkyfyg/
yHk(17)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 29 uuuGef
yHk(18)
yHk(19)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 30 uuuGef
(C) rdrda½G;cs,fxm;aom Drive udk Defragmenting vkyfaeaMumif; Disk
Defragmenter Window wGifvkyfaqmifcsufay:vmrnf/ yHk (20)
( i) Defragmenting Window wGif cP&yfqdkif;vdkvQif Pause ? &yfqdkif;
vdkvQif Stop udk Click vkyfyg/
( p) teDa&mifonf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaejcif; r&Sdaomzdkifrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? tjyma&mifonfwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaeaom zdkifrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? tpdrf;a&mifonf a&TUír&aomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;?
tjzLa&mifonf Hard Disk &SdtoHk;rjyK&ao;aom Free Space
wdkYudk&nfñTef;ygonf/
(q) Defragmenting vkyfaejcif;NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu NyD;qHk;aMumif;udkaz:jyonfh
Disk Defaragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(21)
yHk(20)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 31 uuuGef
( Z) NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window rSxGufvdkygu Close Button tm;a&G;cs,fNyD;? Defragmentation Report
udkMunfh½Ivdkygu View Report Button tm; a&G;cs,fvQif atmufygDefragmentation Report Window yHk(22 ) ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/
yHk(21)
yHk(22)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 32 uuuGef
(ps) Defragmentation Report ygtcsuftvufrsm;tm; odrf;qnf;vdkyguSave As... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Hard Copy
xkwfvdkygu Print... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;?xGufvdkygu Close Button udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh Defragmenting vkyfaqmifcsuf atmifjrifpGmNyD;qHk;oGm;NyDjzpfygonf/
43/ DOS Mode rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Start→Command Prompt udk yHk(23 )ygtwdkif;a&G;cs,f Click vkyfyg/( c) DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(24 )
( *) Command Prompt wGif rdrd Defragmentation vkyfvdkaom Drive
ESif houfqdkifaom Command udk½d kufí Enter Key udkES dyfyguDefragmenting vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/(Oyrm- C:\>DEFRAG F:)
yHk(23)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 33 uuuGef
44/ DOS Mode rS Check Disk jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Start→Command Prompt udk yHk(23 )ygtwdkif;a&G;cs,f Click vkyfyg/( c) DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(25)( *) Command Prompt wGif rdrd Check Disk vkyfvdkaom Drive
ESifhoufqdkifaom Command udk½dkufí Enter Key udkESdyfygu Check
Disk vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>CHKDSK C:)
yHk(24)
yHk(25)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef34
45/ Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;^ysufpD;rsm;
½SdEdkifygonf-
(u) User Error (toHk;jyKolrsm;rS pufudk pepfwus zGifh ydwf rjyKvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKpOf
ae&ma½TUajymif;jcif;? vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;)
( c) Manufacture Fault (puf½kHrS Design ESifh Quality wdkYaMumifh jzpfjcif;)
( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zkefrIef Yrsm;? Temperature -tylcs def?
Moisture-pdkxdkif;q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQyfppfoHvdkuf
qdkif&maESmuf,SufrIrsm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,dkvdIif;
aESmuf,SufrIrsm;)
(C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm-(1) Noise (rvdkvm;tyfaom Signal rsm;)(2) Spike (rD;tm; ½kwfw&ufjrifhwufrI)
(3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifhhwufoGm;jcif;)
(4) Brown out (vQyfppf"mwftm; avsmhenf;usqif;jcif;)
(5) Black out (vQyfppf"mwftm; vHk;0jywfawmufjcif;)
(6) Unstable Frequency (BudrfEIef; rrSefjcif;)
(7) Unstable Power (vQyfppfAdkYtm; rwnfNidrfjcif; )
Protecting Electrical Power Problem(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;)
46/ Noise, Spike, Surge jzpfjcif;wdkYrSumuG,f&ef Noise Filter rsm;? Spike Killer rsm;ESifhSurge Protector rsm;udk rdrdtoHkk;jyKrnfhpuf\ yg0gt0ifrsm;wGif wqifhcHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
Brown Out jzpfjcif;ESifh Black Out jzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf UPS ( Uninterruptible
Power Supply) udkwqifhcHí toHk;jyK&rnf/ ,©Ktcg UPS rsm;onf Electrical Power Problem
rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaom pepfrsm;yg0ifvmNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vQyfppf"mwftm;qdkif&mjyóem
rsm;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf UPS Mum;cHí toHk;jyKoifhygonf/
csdwfqufyHkudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ yHk(26)
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef35
rSwfcsuf/ UPS onf Built In AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ryg0ifyguExternalAVR tm; UPS \t0ifwGif csdwfqufítoHk;jyKoifhygonf/ ukd,fykdifokH; uGefysLwm
pepfrsm; wGif UPS wyfqifvdkygu uGefysLwmwpfpkH(System Unit+14"Monitor)twGuff yQrf;rQ (500VA~600VA) yrmP&Sd UPS qkdvQif vkHavmufrI&SdEkdifygonf/
47/ uGefysLwmpepfrsm;wGifvkdtyfaom Power yrmPukd wGufcsufvdkygu atmufygZ,m;&Sd
Rating rsm;jzifh wGufcsufEkdifygonf-
yHk(26)
Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif;
5v Power 20.0 Amps
Less Motherboard (5.0 amps)4 slots filled at (2.0 amps)each (8.0 amps)3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.5 amps)3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (0.5 amps)CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)
=Remaining power 4.0 amps
12v Power 8.0 Amps
Less 4 slots filled at (0.175 amps)each (0.7 amp)3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (1.0 amp)3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.0 amp)Cooling fan (0.1 amp)CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)
=Ramaining power 4.2 amps
14" Monitor= (180VA~290VA) Dotmatrix Printer=(120VA~150VA)15" Monitor= (300VA~340VA) Laser Jet Printer = (360VA~400VA)
600VA
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef36
Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;)
48/ uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm; owdjyKvdkufem&rnfhtcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm;tm; aeYpOfoefY½Sif;rIjyKvkyfyg/
( c) uGefysLwmwpfvHk;tm; rzGifhrD Cable rsm;csdwfqufxm;rI rSefrrSefppfaq;yg/ (110
V / 230VwdkYudk*&kpdkufítoHk;jyKyg/
( *) UPS ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON NyD;aemuf UPS udk ON yg/
(C) uGefysLwm ON/OFF jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;udk Procedure twdkif;pepfwus vkyfaqmifyg/
( i) Application Software, Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyf&mwGif
puf\ Operating System ESifhudkufnDrI½Sd r½Sd? Version udkufnDrI &dS r&dS wdkYudk
ppfaq;NyD;rSom Installation jyKvkyf&rnf/
( p) uGefysLwmwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom ta&;BuD;onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udkyHkrSef
Back Up jyKvkyfxm;yg/
(q) uGefysLwmtm; BuHhcdkifrI½Sdap&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or NortonDisk Doctor ESifh Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyfjcif;wdkYudk vdktyfygu
tywfpOf aqmif½Gufyg/
( Z) uGefysLwmtm; Virus tEÅ&m,frSuif;a0;ap&eftwGuf aemufqHk;ay: Anti VirusProgram tm; uGefysLwmpwif rD;zGifhonfhtcsdefrSpwifí Auto Run Edkif&efESifhrSwfÓPfwGif apmifhMuyfppfaq;Edkif&ef(TSR) pDpOfaqmif½Gufxm;yg/
( ps) jyifyrS,laqmifvmaom Diskettes rsm;? CD Disks rsm;tm; Virus ygrygppfaq;
NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvQifvnf; Virus owdjyKyg/
(n) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKaepOf a½TUajymif;jcif;? uGefysLwmwifxm;aom pm;yGJtm;
vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;? System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf ydwfjcif;
rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&yg/
( #) uGefysLwmcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:ygu oufqdkif&modkY csufcsif;owif;ydkYwifjy&rnf/
( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toHk;jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwf½IavhvmNyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/
( !) System ydkif;qdkif&mESifh Computer Peripheral rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJprf;oyfrIrsm;
udk uRrf;usifem;vnfjcif;r&dSbJ wpfpHkwpf&m jyKjyif ajymif;vJ jcif; rjyKvkyf&/
( ¡) CRT Monitor twGif;&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; jyifqifjcif;? vQyfppf"gwftm;ESifh
ywfoufí jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh toHk;jyKol
taejzifh (vHk;0) rvkyfaqmif&/
PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef37
Fault finding for PC (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;)
49/ uGefysLwm\ vkyfaqmifrItqifhrsm;udk atmufygvG,ful&Sif;vif;aomyHkjzifh rnfonfhtydkif;
wGif csKdU,Gif;aeaMumif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkifygonf-
(u) Hardware (PSU, CPU , Memory,Keyboard, HardDisk, FloppyDisk,Monitor wdkY yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/
( c) POST vkyf^rvkyf/ (rD;pzGifhvQif Key-board rD;ESpfBudrf vif;jcif;)
( *) Operating System yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/
(C) Application rsm; aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dS^r&dS/
( i) tjzpfrsm;aomtjypfvu©PmtcsKdUudk atmufygtwdkif; jypfcsuf&SmazGEdkifygonf-
pOf tjypfvu©Pm csKdU,Gif;Edkifonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;
1/ Power rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)
Power Switch (odkY) PSU2/ Monitor rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)
Power Switch (odkY) Monitor3/ POST rvkyf PSU rSAdkYtm;rrSefuef(odkY) Memoryraumif;
(odkY) ROMBIOS rvkyf
4/ Monitor wGifray: Monitor Cable (odkY) Memory raumif; (odkY)
VGA raumif; (odkY) Monitor raumif; (odkY)
Mother Board/ CPU raumif;
5/ Memory Error Memory raumif; (odkY) Memory trsKd;tpm;
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6/ Hard Disk Error CMOS Setup wGif HD type rSm; (odkY)HardDisk raumif; (odkY) HD Controller raumif;
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7/ Non System Disk or System File rsm;ysuf (odkY) Boot Disk ysuf
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8/ Missing Command COMMAND.COM File ysuf (odkY) Virusinterpreter zsufqD;
HardwareFirmware(ROMBIOS)
O/S
Application
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 38
PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading
Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors50/ PII/PIII ATX Motherboard wpfck\ Layout Diagram ESifh Built-in Connectorrsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg ykH(27)ESifhyHk(28)wdkYtwkdif; Type trsKd;rsKd;awGY½SdEkdifygonf-
A PS2/ mouse E Serial Port A I Audio Line Out (optional)
B PS2/ keyboard F Parallel Port J Audio Line in (optional)
C USB Port 1 G Serial Port B K Audio Mic in (optional)
D USB Port 2 H MIDI/Game Port (optional)
A CF H
B D E G J KI
Floppy Disk ConnectorATX Power Supply
ConnectorHard DiskConnector
DIMMMemoryBank
NorthBridge
SouthBridge
AG
P Sl
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ISA
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....................
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}
}
yHk (27)
Slot Type PII/PIII ATX Motherboard
Socket Type Intel DX15EEA MotherboardyHk (28)
A. CNR (Communication and Networking Riser) connector (optional)B. AGP universal connector C. Chassis fan connector (Fan 2)D. Legacy CD-ROM connector E. ATAPI-style CD-ROM connectorF. Auxiliary line in, ATAPI-style connector G. Processor fan connector (Fan 3)H. Digital video output connector I. Processor socketJ. DIMM sockets K. Power connectorL. Diskette drive connector M. Primary IDE connectorN. Secondary IDE connector O. Serial port B connectorP. BIOS configuration jumper block Q. Front panel USB connectorR. Front panel connector S. Front panel power LED, alternateT. Wake on LAN technology connector U. Chassis fan connector (Fan 1)V. Battery W. SCSI LED connectorX. Speaker Y. PCI expansion
The Intel Desktop Board D815EEA supports the following processors:Processor Socket Processor System Bus L2 CacheType Type Designation (MHz) Freq. (MHz) Size (KB)
Intel FC-PGA 866, 800EB, 733, 667, 133 256
Pentium 600EB, and 533EB
Processors FC-PGA 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 100 256
600E, 550E, and 500E
Intel FC-PGA 700, 667, 633, 600, 566, 66 128
Celeron 533A, and 500A
Processors
Celeron PPGA 533 and 500 66 128
ProcessorsFor the latest information on processors supported by the Desktop Board D815EEA, refer to the Intel web site at:
Z,m;(1)
Desktop Board Components
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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading39
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 40
Intel's Microprocessor51/ Computer wpfvkH;\ Model ukd ¤if;wGifwyfqifxm;aomCPU \Model jzifhowfrSwf
qkH;jzwfMuygonf/ ¤if; CPU rsm;rSm CISC (Complex Instruction Set Code) ESifh RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Code) enf;ynmrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMuonf/ RISC enf;ynmokH;
Microprocessor rsm;ukd Motorola, Digital ponfh ukrÜPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfMuNyD; SpecialPurpose Computer rsm;wGif tokH;rsm;Muonf/ CISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd
Intel,AMD,Cyrix ukrÜPDrsm;rS tjydKiftqkdifxkwfvkyfvm&m ,cktcgwGif 1000 MHz(1 GHz)tjrefEIef;txd a&muf½SdvmMuNyDjzpfonf/ az:jyygZ,m;rsm;onf Intel rSxkwfvkyfaom
Microprocessor rsm;ESifh tjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfaom Processor rsm;\ pufrIqkdif&m
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52/ Z,m;(2)t& atmufaz:jyygtxl;od½Sd&eftcsufrsm;ukd avhvmawGY½SdEkdifygonf-
(u) 486 DX Processor rSpwifí Microprocessor twGif; 'ór*Pef;rsm;ukd
wGufcsuf aqmif&GufEkdifonfh FPU (Floating Point Unit) (okdU) Co-MathProcessor rsm;ukd Built-in wnfaqmufxm;onf/
( c) 386 rSpí Internal 32-bit vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtwGufaMumifh 32-bit OS rsm;
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( i) P II Processor wGi f 3D Instruction (SSE-Streaming SIMD)aygif;pyffvdkufaomtcg P!!! Processor [líjzpfay:vmum 3D Instructionrsm;udk CPU rSajz&Sif;aqmif½GufvmEdkifonf/
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41 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
Z,m; (2)
Inte
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42 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
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Z,m; (3)
43 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
(Z) P II / P!!! Xeon Processor rsm;onf L2 Cache yg0ifrI 1024 KB rS 2048KB xd &SdEdkifojzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefNyD; Server rsm;wGiftusKd;jyK
Edkifonf/
Chipset53/ Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd t"ducsKyfukdifaom Chip rSm Chipset jzpfyg
onf/ Chipset rsm;ukd CPU, Main Memory, AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ESifh Slotrsm;tm;xdef;csKyfonfh North Bridge ESifh Hard Disk Controller, USB wkdYukdxdef;csKyfonfh
South Bridge [lí½Sdygonf/ Intel Chipset, SIS Chipset, ALi Chipset, UMC Chipset,VIA Chipset ponfjzifhawGU&SdEdkifygonf/ Intel Chipset rsm;\ pGrf;aqmifekdifrIESifh pufrIqkdif&m
t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd Z,m;rsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf/
54/ Z,m; (4)ESifh(5)wdkYudkavhvmjcif;jzifh atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd awGU½SdEkdifygonf-
(u) Chipset ukdMunfhí Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/
( c) Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed uGmjcm;onf/
( *) Chipset ay:rlwnfí trsm;qkH;wyfqifEk difonfh t"durSwfOmPfyrmP
Memory Bank ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/
(C) Chipset ay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom CPU ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/
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2ck (odkY) 4ckxd wyfqifvkyfaqmifEdkifonfhtwGuf Server rsm;wGif tokH;jyK
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( p) Chipset ay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom CPU trsdK;tpm;uGmjcm;onf/
(q) Chipset ay:rlwnfí BUS Speed uGmjcm;onf/
( Z) Chipset ay:rlwnfí wyfqifEkdifaom Memory Type (FPM, EDO,SDRAM, RDRAM) uGmjcm;onf/
( ps) Chipset ay:rlwnfí UDMA 33 / UDMA 66/ UDMA 100 Hard DiskwyfqiftvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;wdkY uGmjcm;ygonf/
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uGmjcm;ygonf/
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 44
Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge)Chipset 440FX 440LX 440EX 440BXCodename Natoma none none noneDate Introduced May 1996 Aug 1997 Apr 1998 Apr 1999Port Number 82441 FX 82443 LX 82443 EX 82443 BX
82442 FXBus Speed 66 MHz 66 MHz 66 MHz 66/100 MHzOptimum Processor Pentium II Pentium II Celeron Pentium II/III, CeleronSMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes No YesMemory Types FPM/EDO/BEDO FPM/EDO/SDRAM EDO/SDRAM SDRAMParity/ECC Both Both Neither BothMaximum Memory 1 GB 1 GB EDO/ 256 MB 1 GB
512 MB SDRAMMemory Banks 4 4 2 4PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1AGP Support No AGP-2x AGP-2x AGP-2xSouth Bridge 82371AB(PIIX4) 82371EB(PIIX4E) 82371EB(PIIX3) 82371SB(PIIX4E)
Chipset 440GX 450NX 440ZX 810Codename none none none WhitneyDate Introduced Jun 1998 Jun 1998 Nov 1998 Apr 1999Port Number 82443 GX 82451 NX 82443 ZX 82810/ 82810-DC100
82452 NX 82802 AB/AC82453 NX82454 NX
Bus Speed 100 MHz 100 MHz 66/100 MHz* 66/100 MHzOptimum Processor Pentium II/III, Pentium II/III Celeron, Celeron,
Xeon Xeon Pentium II/III Pentium II/IIISMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes, up to 4 No NoMemory Types SDRAM FPM/EDO SDRAM SDRAMParity/ECC Both Both Neither NeitherMaximum Memory 2 GB 8 GB 256 MB 256 MBMemory Banks 4 4 2 2PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2AGP Support AGP-2x No AGP-2x Direct AGPSouth Bridge 82371EB 82371EB 82371EB 2801AA/AB
(PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (ICH/ICH0)
SMP = Symmetric Multiprocessing (Dual Processors )FPM = Fast Page Mode PCI = Peripheral Component InterconnectEDO = Extended Data Out AGP = Accelerated Graphics PortBEDO = Burst EDO SIO = System I/OSDRAM = Synchronous Dynamic RAM PIIX = PCI ISA IDE XceleratorPburst = Pipeline Burst ( Synchronous ) ICH = I/O Controller Hub
Z,m; (4)
45 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
Mother Board Upgrading55/ Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed ? Memory Bus Speed uGmjcm;onfh
twGuf Mother Board wGif wyfqif&rnfh t"durSwfOmPf (Main Memory) \tjrefEIef;rsm;
onfvnf; Mother Board Speed ?Memory Bus Speed ESifh udkufnD&efvdktyfygonf/ odkYjzpfí
Mother Board udk Upgrade jyKvkyf&mwGif topfwyfqifrnfh Mother Board rSvufcHonfh
Memory trsKd;tpm;(FPM / EDO / SDRAM / RDRAM) ESifh Memory Speed (PC 66MHz / PC 100 MHz / PC 133 MHz) wdkYudkudkufnDatmifa½G;cs,f&rnf jzpfygonf/Z,m;(7)
Processor Sockets / Slots56/ CPU udk Socket wGifvnf;aumif;? tcsKdU SEC Type CPU rsm;udk Slot wGif
vnf;aumif; wyfqif&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m CPU Upgrade jyKvkyf&mü Motherboarday:½Sd Socket eHygwfukdMunfhjcif;jzifh rnffonfh CPU jzifh Upgrade vkyfEkdifaMumif; od½SdEkdifygonf/
qkdvkdonfrSm Socket 7 Motherboard ay:wGif Slot 1, PGA 370, Slot 2 Processor rsm;jzifh
Upgrade rjyKvkyfEkdifyg/ tu,fí Upgrade jyKvkyfvkdygu CPU omru Motherboardukdyg Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ (Memory ukdvnf; Motherboard \tjrefEIef;ESifhukdufnDaom
Memory jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/) CPU Socket rsm;\pufrIqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk
Z,m;(6)wGifawGUEdkifygonf/
Intel South Bridge Chips
Chip Name SIO PIIX PIIX3 PIIX4 PIIX4E ICHO ICH
Port Number 82378IB/ZB 82371FB 82371SB 82371AB 82371EB 82801AB 82801AAIDE Support None BMIDE BMIDE UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-66USB Support None None Yes Yes Yes Yes YesCMOS/Clock No No No Yes Yes Yes YesPower SMM SMM SMM SMM SMM/ SMM/ SMM/Management ACPI ACPI ACPI
SIO = System I/O BMIDE = Bus Master IDEPIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator UDMA = Ultra-DMA IDEICH = I/O Controller Hub SMM = System Management ModeUSB = Universal Serial Bus ACPI = Advanced Configuration and Power InterfaceIDE = Integrated Drive Electronics (AT Attachment)
Z,m; (5)
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 46
Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and SpecificationsSocket Pins Pin Layout Voltage Supported ProcessorsNumberSocket 1 169 17x17 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 OverdriveSocket 2 238 19x19 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive,
486 Pentium OverdriveSocket 3 237 19x19 PGA 5v/3.3v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4,
486 Pentium Overdrive, AMD 5x86Socket 4 273 21x21 PGA 5v Pentium 60/66, OverdriveSocket 5 320 37x37 SPGA 3.3v/3.5v Pentium 75-133, OverdriveSocket 6** 235 19x19 PGA 3.3v 486 DX4, 486 Pentium OverdriveSocket 7 321 37x37 SPGA VRM Pentium 75-233+, MMX, Overdrive,
AMD K5/K6, Cyrix MI/IISocket 8 387 dual pattern SPGA Auto VRM Pentium ProPGA370 370 37x37 SPGA Auto VRM CeleronSlot 1 242 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, CeleronSlot 2 330 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, Xeon
PGA = Pin Grid Array SPGA = Staggered Pin Grid Array VRM = Voltage Regulator Module
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47 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
GraphicsController
(old)
L2 cache (old)
PCI Bus
Backsidebus
CPUI/O BUS
AcceleratedGraphic Port
PCIDevice
PCIdevice
PCI Graphic Con-troller tpm; Acce-lerated Graphic Portukd tok H; jyK jcif; jzif h
Graphic Speed ukd
jrefqefapjcif;
CPU \System I/O Busspeed tm; 66 MHz rS
100 ~133~200 MHz xd
CPUESifh L2 Cahce(BackSide Bus)qufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;
oD;jcm;xm;½Sdjcif;/
Main Memory Speedukdjrefqefap&eftwGuf
SDRAM, RDRAMwkdYjzifhtpm;xkd;jyKvkyfapjcif;
PCI BUS Width ukd 32-bit 64-bit okdY¤if;?
Speed ukd 33 MHz rS 66 MHz xd¤if;
ESpfqwifjcif;jzifh Speed jrefqefapjcif;
1
2
35
4
Five Ways to Faster PCs(PC rsm;tm; ykdrk dvsifjrefpGmpGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;)
57/ PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf atmufaz:jyygenf;vrf;(5)rsdK;jzifh
Upgrade jyKvkyfaqmif&GufEkdifygonf-
rSwfcsuf/ P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf txufygtcsuf(5)csufESifh
ukdufnDatmif Design jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh ¤if;Motherboard rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;
jzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmygonf/
yHk (29)
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 48
Intel’s Socket 8 and SEC Slot 1 Socket 7
Socket 8 and Slot 1 have two independent 64-bit buses, improv-ing cache access bandwidth over Socket 7.
CPU I/O bus
(64 bits wide)
Privatebackside bus(64 bits wide)
CPU I/O bus
(64 bits wide)
PCI bus PCI bus
PCI device PCI device PCI devicePCI device PCI device PCI device
Two Buses are Better than One(BUS vrf;aMumif;E Sp fc kok H ; Motherboard rsm;onf BUSvrf;aMumif;wpfc kok H ;
Motherboard rsm;xufykdrk dpGrf;aqmifEk difjcif;)
58/ P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf ,cif Motherboard Design rsm;xuf
ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifaMumif; atmufaz:jyygykHrsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf-
59/ Socket 370, Socket 8, Slot 1, Slot 2 okH; Motherboard rsm;onf DIB (Dual-Independence Bus Architecture) ukd tokH;jyKxm;ojzifh L2 Cache ESifh Main Memoryukd wpfNydKifwnf; Access vkyfEkdifonf/ okdYjzpfí ,cif Pentium ESifh Pentium xufedrfhaom
Motherboard rsm;xuf ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifygonf/
yHk (30)
49 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
Conventional Graphics Architecture60/ Pentium Mother Board Design rsm;wGif Graphic Card tjzpf PCI trsKd;tpm;udk
toHk;jyKí PCI Slot wGif wyfqifvkyfaqmifjcif;aMumifh PCI Bus \ Data Transfer Rateom tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfhtjyif atmufygyHktwdkif; tm;enf;csufrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
61/ PCI Graphic Card tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifh Graphic qkdif&mtjrefEIef;(Data ykdYvTwfonfhEIef;)
aES;onfh jyóemukd jzpfay:apygonf/ ,if;jyóemukd ajz½Sif;&ef AGP Card, AGP SlottokH;jyKoifhygonf/ Pentium ESifh¤if;xufedrfhaom Motherboard rsm;wGif Chipset onf AGPukd raqmif&Guf Ek difojzifh AGP Chipset ygaom Motherboard rsm;jzif h UpgradejyKvkyfaqmif&Guf &efvkdtyfrnfjzpfonf/ tcsKdU AGP Set rsm;onf AGP 2x jzifhomtvkyfvkyfEkdif
jyD;aemufqkH;ay: Motherboard Design rsm;onf AGP 4x jzifhtvkyfvkyfEkdifMuonf/ AGP\ pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd wpfzufwGif ½Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf/
Graphic Control-ler \Memory wGif
Frame Buffer wnf
aqmufjyD; ¤if; twGif;ü
Main Memory wGif
½ S d Ny D ; jzpfaom 3-DTexture rsm;ukd xyfrH
í odrf;qnf;xm;&o
jzifhMemory okH;pGJrI
rsm;onf/
PCI rS Data yk d Yv Twf
EIef;onf One CyclewGi fwpf Budr fomy k d Yv Twf
Ek dif jcif;aMumif h yk d YvTwfrI
tjrefEIef;enf;aponf/
Graphic ControllerrSvmaom PCI MemoryRequest rsm;udk ChipsetrS vufcHrxm;Ekdifyg/
3-D Program rsm;
onfh 3-D Texturersm;udkFrame Bufferwnfaqmufí MainMemory twGif;ü
okdavSmifonf/
PCI Graphic Card onftjcm; PCIDevice rsm;ESifh PCI Bus ukd rQa0okH;pGJ
&onf htwGufa Mumi f h BandwidthuefYowfcsufukdjzpfaponf/
yHk (31)
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 50
How Accelerated Graphics Port Works62/ AGP \pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudk atmufygyHkjzifh awGUjrifedkifygonf-
63/ okdYjzpfí Main Memory ESifhqufoG,f&mü AGP onf PCI Bus xuf 4qykdrkdjrefqef
aMumif; az:jyygZ,m;twkdif;awGY½Sd&ojzifh Graphic qkdif&m? Animation qkdif&m? Video qkdif&m?
Presentation rsm;ESifh Editing vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;wGif AGP 2x, 4x Graphic Card wkdYukd
okH;pGJoifhygonf/
PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf
(AGP 2x onf PCI xuf av;qjrefjyD;? AGP 4x onf PCI xuf ½Spfqjrefonf)
PCI AGP 2xBits per transfer 32 32Transfer per clock cycle One TwoClock cycles per second 33.3Million 66.6 MillionBand Width 133 MByte/Sec 533 MByte/Sec
GraphicsController
(old)
PCI Bus
PCIDevice
PCIDevice
PCIDevice
CPUI/O Bus
AGP
AGP \ Data ykdYvTwf EIef;onf OneCycle wGif ESpfBudrfykdYvTwfEkdifjcif;aMumifh
tjrefEIef; (Band width) ukd ESpfq
jrifhwufaponf/
3-D Program rsm;
onf3-D Texturersm; udk Frame BufferwGif odrf;p&mrvkdawmhbJ
Main Memory twGif; vk dtyfoavmuf
om okdavSmifonf/
Graphic Controller rSvmaom
PCI Memory Request rsm;udk
Chipset rS vufcHodrf;qnfí
tjrefqkH;tvkyfvkyfEkdifonf/
Graphic Controller \
Memory wGif Frame BufferwnfaqmufNyD; ¤if;twGif;ü MainMemory ½Sd 3-D Texturersm;ukd
xyfrHí odrf;qnf;&ef rvkdawmhbJ
3-D Dataukdom odrf;qnf; xm;
ojzifh MemoryvkdtyfrI enf;onf/
AGP onf tjcm; Bus rsm;ESifh rQa0okH;pGJ
&efrvkdbJ Chipset, Main Memorywk d YE Si f h wk duf½ k duf tvkyfvky fE k di fonf/
(Program ESifhTexture rsm;ukd MainMemory rS AGP okdYwkduf½kduf ay;ykd Y
Ekdifonf)/
yHk (32)
51 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;
64/ uGefysLwm Hardware qdkif&mESifh Software qdkif&mwdkY\ wdk;wufajymif;vJrIonf tvGef
jrefqefonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? toHk;jyKolwdkY\ vdktyfcsufrsm;rSmvnf; waeYwjcm;
wdk;wufvmonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmpepftm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefa&;twGuf
t&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifjcif; (Upgrading) udkvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfvmygonf/ UpgradingjyKvkyfjcif;twGuf atmufygtwdkif; pOf;pm;Edkif&ef tBuHjyKygonf/
(u) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKonfh vkyfief;twGuf Software qdkif&m Upgrading jyKvkyf
aqmif½Guf&ef vdk^rvdk/
Oyrm / Windows 98 rS Windows 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/
Office 97 rS Office 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/
( c) Software qdkif&m Upgrading vkyfaqmif&mwGif Hardware qdkif&m UpgradingjyKvkyf&efudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf/
( *) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf Memory (FPM / EDO / SDRAM)yrmP jr§ifhwifjcif;udk yxrOD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/
(C) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf Hard Disk yrmPESif h tjrefEIef;
jr§ifhwifa&;udk 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/
( i) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf CPU (odkY) CPU ESifh Mother Boardjr§ifhwifa&;udk wwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/
( p) Mother Board jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif Casing ESifh Power Supply trsKd;tpm;
tm; AT (odkY) ATX Casing & Power Supply udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyf
ygonf/
(q) Graphic Performance jr§ifhwifa&;twGuf Graphic Card wGifyg&Sdaom
Memory jr§ifhwifa&; (odkY) ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom Graphic Card jzifh tpm;xdk;
aqmif½Gufa&;udk pOf;pm;&ef/
( Z) tcsKdU Simulation qdkif&m Program rsm;? Game Program rsm;? ApplicationProgram rsm;udk Install jyKvkyfí toHk;jyK&ef? Hardware qdkif&m vdktyfcsuf?
OS qdkif&mvdktyfcsufrsm;udk udkufnDatmifaqmif½Gufay;&ojzifh ,if; Programrsm;udk toHk;jyKvdkygu Hardware qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? Software qdkif&m
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf/
Oyrm / 3D Game rsm;twGuf owfrSwfVRAM yrmP&Sdaom3DGraphic Accelerator Card vdktyfygonf/
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 52
Hard Disk Storage65/ uGefysLwmpepfwpfckwGif tcsuftvufodkavSmif ypönf;wpfckjzpfonfh Hard
Disk onfta&;BuD;qHk;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif yg0ifonf/Hard Disk \pufrIydkif;qdkif&mtvkyfvkyfyHkudk em;vnfjcif;jzifh rnfodkYrnfyHkBuHhcdkifatmif xdef;odrf;oifhonf?rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;a&;aqmif ½Gufoifhonfudk od&SdEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/
66/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;wGif atmufaz:jyyg Conponents rsm;yg0ifonf-(u) Disk Platters
( c) Logic Board
( *) Read/Write Heads
(C) Cable and Connector
( i) Head Actuator Mechanism
( p) Configuration Items (Jumper or Switches)
(q) Spindle Motor
67/ Hard Disk onftvHkydwfxm;aom oHbl;i,fwpfckjzpfygonf/ 4if;oHbl;i,ftwGif;wGif&Sdaom ypönf;rsm;udk atmufaz:jyygyHktwdkif;awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
yHk (33)
53 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
68/ txufygyHkt& Iron Oxide jzifh Coating vkyfxm;aom puf0dkif;yHk tvlrDeD,rfjym;rsm;udk
Shaft wpfckwGiftaowyfqifxm;NyD; Spindle Motor jzifhvnfywfapygonf/ (1 rdepfvQif
tywfaygif; 5400? 7200? 10000 txd vnfywfEdkifonf)/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk Head jzifh
ñdIUízwfygonf/ rsufESmjyifwpfzufwGif Head wpfckpD wyfqifxm;NyD; 4if; Head rsm;onf
Fly Head Principle jzifh Platter \rsufESmjyifESifh 1 vufr\ tyHk 1 oef;yHkvQif 3 yHkcefY
tuGmta0; (3 µ in) rSñdIUízwfonf/
69/ ,if;odkY Head rSzwfaepOf (Hard Disk tvkyfvkyfaepOf? Hard Disk LED vif;aepOf)
User rS Proper Shut Down rjyKvkyfojzifhvnf;aumif;? rD;ysufjcif; rD;tm;avsmhusjcif; ponfh
Electrical Power Problem jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;? vnfywfrI½kwfw&uf&yfwefYjcif;aMumifh
yifhtm;&aeaom Head rSm yifhtm;r&awmhbJ Platter \rsufESmjyifESifhxdcdkufrdojzifh HeadCrack jzpfum Data rsm;aysmufqHk;Edkifonfhtjyif Hard Disk rSmvnf; ysufpD;Edkifygonf/
70/ rD;tm;jyóemrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? oHk;pGJol\toHk;rjyKwwfrIaMumifhvnf;aumif;
Head Crack jzpfEdkifouJhodkY Logic Card udkvnf; ysufpD;cRwf,Gif;Edkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí vQyfppfrD;
jyóemrsm;jzpfaom (Spike, Noise, Surge, Brown Out, Black Out) ponfwdkYudkyg
umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vdktyfojzifY trsdK;tpm;aumif;rGefaom UPS ESifY Surge Protector rsm;udk
tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfygonf/ owfrSwfcsufESifhudkufnDaom Ground System &dS&efESifh oHk;pGJolrS
rSefuefpGm toHk;jyKwwf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/
71/ Hard Disk onf atmufaz:jyygyHkrsm;twdkif; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif; Tracks rsm;jzifh
tcsuftvufrsm;udk Magnetic Sport rsm;tjzpfzefwD;í " 1, 0 " rsm;tjzpf odrf;qnf;ygonf/
Platter rsufESmjyifwdkif;wGif Track rsm;wnf&Sdav&m rsufESmjyifrsm;&Sd eHygwfwlnDaom Trackrsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh Cylinder [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/
123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123
PlatterSpindle
Head Arm
Head
Cylinder
yHk (34)
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 54
72/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\tcsuftvuf odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmPudk Cylinder ta&twGuf?
Head ta&twGuf? Sector ta&twGufay:wGif rlwnfí wGufcsufEdkifyg onf/ atmufaz:jyyg
yHk(9)onf Capacity rsm;rsm; odrf;qnf;Edkif&eftwGuf wpfvufrwGif &Sdaom Track ta&twGuf
udk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif;? wpfvufrwGif&Sdaom 1, 0 ta&twGuf bit ta&twGufudk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif;
jzifh &&SdEdkifygonf/ þtcsufonf Platter tcsif;0ufcsif;wlaomfvnf; odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmP
enf;&jcif;? rsm;&jcif;\ t"dutcsufyifjzpfonf/
LowerArealDensity
TrackBits
BitsperInch(BPI)
Tracks per Inch ( TPI )
BitsperInch(BPI)
HigherArealDensity
Tracks per Inch ( TPI )
73/ Hard Disk \ Platter Surface wGifatmufaz:jyyg yHk(10)twdkif; puf0dkif;yHkvrf; aMumif;
(Track) ESifh Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm;odrf;qnf;onf/
Track
}Sector
yHk (35)
yHk (36)
55 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
74/ Hard Disk \puf0dkif;ykHvrf;aMumif;rsm;wGif tjyiftusqHk; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;udk
Track 0 [kac:onf/ 4if; Track 0 onf Hard Disk \ta&;BuD;qHk;tpdwftydkif; (SystemArea) jzpf&m Track 0 Bad jzpfoGm;ygu tcsuftvufrsm; ysufqD;qHk;½IH;NyD; Hard Disk wpfckvHk;
oHk;r&aom tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ tjyiftusqHk; Track rStwGif;bufodkY
a&muf&SdoGm;onfESifh eHygwfydkBuD;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ (eg : Track 1024)
Middle Track
Inner Track
Outer Track
Outer Cylinder
MiddleCylinder
Inner Cylinder
Cylinders
yHk (37)
yHk (38)
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 56
Hard Disk Features75/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;a½G;cs,f&mü-
(u) Reliability (,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI)
( c) Capacity (odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmP)
( *) Interface Type (csdwfqufEdkifonfhpepf)
(C) SMART (Self Monitoring And Reporting Technique)( i) Head Technology (Head wnfaqmufxm;onfh enf;ynm)
( p) MTBF (oufwrf;umv)
( q) Shock Mounting (vIyf&Sm;rI'PfcHEdkif&ef txdef;rsm;)
( Z ) Speed (tjrefEIef;)
( ps) Cost (wefzdk;aiG) wdkYudkMunfhí a½G;cs,foifhygonf/
76/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\oufwrf;udk MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) jzifh
wdkif;wm onf/ MTBF rSm 20000 rS 50000 em&D txufwGif&SdEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm/ MTBFt& em&D (5)aomif; &Sdaom Hard Disk wpfvHk;udk (1) &ufvQif (8) em&DMumtoHk;jyKygu
(17)ESpfMumtoHk;jyKEdkifNyD; (24)em&DtjynfhtoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu (6)ESpfcefY toHk;jyKEdkifaMumif;
wGufcsufcefYrSef;Edkifygonf/) 4if;onf oDtdk&Dt& oufwrf;yifjzpf&m wu,fvufawGUwGif tjcm;
xdcdkufEdkifzG,f tajctaersm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/
77/ Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;
(u) uGefysLwmtm; rD;zGifhjcif;? rD;ydwfjcif;wdkYudk owfrSwfcsufESifhtnD vkyfaqmif&rnf/
( c) Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf (odkY) tvkyfvkyfaepOf rydwf&? rvIyf&Sm;&yg/
( *) Hard Disk Utility , File System Utility Software rsm;toHk;jyK&mwGif
ruRrf;usifbJ toHk;rjyKoifhyg/ owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk aocsmpGmzwf½INyD;rSom
oHk;oifhygonf/ (Data rsm;udktjcm; Media wpfckckwGif Backup jyKvkyfNyD;rSom
oHk;pGJoifhygonf/)
(C) CMOS Setup &S d Hard Disk ESif hywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;ud k
jyKjyifajymif; vJrIjyKvkyf&mwGif owdjyKyg/
( i) Hard Disk udkoifhawmfaom Hard Disk Utility rsm;jzifh Scan Disk jyKvkyfjcif;?
Defragment jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufay;&ef vdktyfygonf/
(Norton Utility jzpfygu Norton Disk Doctor jyKvkyfay;jcif;? Speed DiskjyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufoifhygonf/)
57 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
Floppy Disk Drives
78/ Flopy Disk Drives rsm;wGif a&;EdkifzwfEdkifaom Read / Write Head onfrsufESmjyifwpfzuftwGuf wpfckpD½Sdonf/ Floopy Drive wpfckwnfaqmufrIudk yHk (39)jzifhazmfjyxm;ygonf/ Floopy Drive onfwpfrdepfvQif tywfaygif; 300 ESifh 360xdvnfywfEdkifonf/ Head ESifh Diskette \rsufESmjyifudk xdízwfjcif;aMumifh zHkrsm;aomae&mwGifxm;½Sdygu Diskette ESifh Head rsm;Mum;wGifzHkrsm;Mum;cHí yGwfwdkufrdumDiskette ESifh Head rsm;ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ Head Cleaning Disk jzifh Clean jyKvkyfíoefY ½Sif;rIaqmif ½GufEdkifaomfvnf; Cleaning Disk jzifh tBudrfBudrftoHk;jyK&efroifhyg/
79/ Floppy Drive wpfckwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom tpdyftydkif;rsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg yHk(39)wGif awGU&SdavhvmEdkifygonf/
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 58
Floppy Disk
31/ Floppy Disk wpfcsyf \ puf0dkif;;yHkvrf;aMumif;ESifh Sector rsm;pdyfydkif;xm;yHkudkatmufygtwdkif;awGU&dS&rnfjzpfygonf-
Platter
Floppy Disk ESifh Head vIyf&Sm;rIyHk (40)
59 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
81/ Floopy Disk rsm;udk Plastic Material jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/ puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;rsm;
Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm; udkodrf;qnf;ygonf/ 5¼ ESifh 3½ Floopy Disk wdkY\
odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmPrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;rsm;twdkif;awGY½SdEdkifygonf-
82/ Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk; jyKaepOfowdjyKxdef;odrf;&rnf htcsufrsm;/
atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf-
(u) jyifyrS Diskette rsm;toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu Virus &Sd r&Sd ppfaq;NyD;rStoHk;jyK&rnf/
( c) zkefwufaeaom? rIdwufaeaom? ysufpD;aeom Diskette rsm;tm; toHkrjyK&yg/
( *) Diskette \rsufESmjyiftm; vufjzifhudkifwG,fjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
(C) Diskette rsm;tm; oHvdkufpufuGif;&Sdaom? tylrsm;aom ae&mrsm;wGif rxm;&yg/
( i) Floppy Drive zwfaepOf Diskette tm;txkwftoGif;rjyKvkyf&yg/
( p) Diskette tm;ajymif;jyefrxnfhrdap&ef owdjyK&rnf/
(q) Floppy Drive \ Head wGifzkefwufjcif;? rIduyfjcif;rsm;jzpfay:í zwfr&ygu
Cleaning Disk jzifh Cleaning vkyfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf CleaningDisk jzifh tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfygu Head ysufpD;Edkifygonf/
( Z) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif Floppy Drive twGif; DiskettexnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
Diskette on its CapacityFor 5¼" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total
1. Single Sided Double Density 40 x 8 x 512 = 160 KB( S S D D ) 40 x 9 x 512 = 180 KB
2. Double Sided Double Density (40 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 360 KB( D S D D )
3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 15 x 512) x 2 = 1.2 MB( D S H D )
For 3½" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total1. Double Sided Double Density (80 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 720 KB
( D S D D )2. Double Sided Quad Density (80 x 18 x 512) x 2 = 1.44 MB
( D S Q D )3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 36 x 512) x 2 = 2.88 MB
( D S H D )Z,m; (8)
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 60
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)34/ ,cktcg CD-ROM Drive rsm;onf PC rsm;wGif Standard Equipment
tjzpfyg&Sdvmygonf/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) onfOptical Storage Medium wpfckjzpfNyD; 682 Milliom Byte or 650 MB udkzwf½Hkoufoufom toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/,cktcg Plane CD ay:ü Record vkyfumodrf;qnf;Edkifaom CD-R Drive rsm;ay:vmNyD;t*Fvdyftu©&m rsm;jzifh ½dkufEdSyfodrf;qnf;yguText pmrsufESm 333,000 Pages eD;yg; (odkYr [kwf) t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaom toHudkodrf;qnf;ygu 74 Minutes pmudkodrf;qnf;xm;Edkifygonf/ wpfpuúefYtwGuf Block
wpfckvQif 2048 Byte ygaom Block aygif; 75 ckyg&Sdonf/
61 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
85/ CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk
(u) avqma&mifjcnfxkwfvTwfjcif;/avqm'dkiftkyfonf Energy tenf;i,fom
&Sdaom Infrared tvif;a&mifwef;ufk rSefjym;ay:odkYxkwfvTwfonf/
( c) Servo Motor rScsdefn§djcif;/ Servo Motor onf Microprocessor rS ydkYvTwf
aom ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; vkyfaqmifNyD; tvif;a&mifwef;\ taetxm;udk
CD-ROM ay:&Sd vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY a&muf&Sdatmif rSefjym;rsm;udk a½GUvsm;
apjcif;jzifh csdefñd§yg onf/
( *) avqm"gwfjym;ufkxd½dkufrdjcif;? tvif;jyefjcif;ESifhpkpkHapjcif;/tvif;a&mif
wef;onf avqmDisk zefjym;udk xd½dkufrdNyD;aemuf tvif;jyefrI jzpfapygonf/
jyefvmaom tvif;a&mifwef;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;&eftwGuf rSefbDvl;wGif
jzwfoef;aponf/ xdkYaemuf rSefjym;rsm;udkjzwfí tvif;a&mifwef;udk cGJxkwf
onfh Beam Spliter odkYydkYvTwfygonf/
(C) jyefvmaomavqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd pkqkHapjcif;/ Beam Splitter onf
jyefvmaoma&mifjcnfwef;uk d pkqk HrIaumif;ap&eftwGuf pkqk HrSefbDvl;
aemufwpfckokdY ykdYvTwfonf/
( i) tvif;a&miftcsufjyrsm;ukdvQyfppftcsufjyrsm;tjzpfajymif;jcif;/ aemufqkH;
tqifhwGiff avqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd Photo detecotr okdY ay;ykdYonfh Photodetector onf tvif;a&mifukd jywfawmif;jywfawmif; vQyfppfvIdif; tcsufjyrsm;
tjzpfokdYajymif;ay;onf/
( p) CD Drive wGif Microprocessor rS Process jyKvkyfjcif;/
Microprocessor onf¤if;xHokdY 0ifvmaom impulse rsm;ukd uGefysLwmokdY
datarsm; tjzpfykdYvTwfygonf/
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 62
MultiBeam Technology
86/ jrefqefaom CD-ROM Drive rsm;ESifh DVD (Digital Video Disk) wdkYonfwpfBudrfwGif puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;wpfckom or½kd;uszwfonfhenf;ynmrS Track rsm;pGmudk wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh jrefqefpGmzwfEdkifonfh Multi Beam / True X Technology udkZer Research ukrÜPDrSwDxGifcJhygonf/ atmufaz:jyygyHkonf puf0dkif;yHk vrf;aMumif;(7)ckudk avqma&mifjcnfrsm;jzifhwpfNydKifwnf;zwf&ef rnfodkYvkyfaqmifonfudk &Sif;vif;jyoxm;aomyHkjzpfygonf/
yHk (47)
MultiBeam Technology allows seven tracks to be read at once.
Multi-beamDector
Beam Splitter
Lenses
Laser Diode
63 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
CD-ROM Drive Specification87/ CD-ROM wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf-
(u) Data Transfer Rate (CD-ROM rStcsuftvufydkYvTwfEdkifonfh yrmP)
( c) Access Time (tcsuftvufzwf&efMumcsdef)
( *) Buffer / Cache (tcsuftvufrsm; acwåodrf;qnf;&ef CD Drive twGif;&Sd
rSwfÓPfyrmP)
(C) CPU Utilization (CPU \xdef;csKyfrIjzifh vkyfaqmifrItwdkif;twm)
( i) DMA (Direct Memory Access udktoHk;jyKí CPU \xdef;csKyfrI tenf;qHk;
jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifrI)
( p) Interface (uGefysLwmpepfESifh csdwfqufrI)
(q) Loading Mechanism (CD xnfhoGif;pepf)
Drive Speed Transfer Rate(bps) Transfer Rate(KB/sec) Access Time (ms)1x 153,600 150 4002x 307,200 300 3003x 460,800 450 2004x 614,400 600 1506x 921,600 900 1508x 1,228,800 1,200 10010x 1,536,000 1,500 10012x 1,843,200 1,800 10016x 2,457,600 2,400 9018x 2,764,800 2,700 9024x 3,686,400 3,600 9032x 4,915,200 4,80036x 5,529,600 5,40040x 6,114,000 6,00048x 7,372,800 7,200 85~75 or less52x 7,987,200 7,500100x 15,360,000 15,000
CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm;
Z,m; (9)
�
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 64
CD-ROM FormatFormat Used For NotesRed Book Digital audio CDs This standard, a.k.a. CDDA (Compact Disc Digital
Audio), was codeveloped by Philips and SonyYellow Book Computer CDs Specifies physical arrangement of sector. ISO Mode
1:9660Level 1: PC, Apple, UNIX, DVILevel 2: CDTV
ISO 9660, HFS, and HFS-ISO are used with YellowBook to define file and directory structures. See alsoMode 1, Mode 2, and CD-ROM/XA, which definesector formats.
White Book VideoCD Stores MPEG 1, MPEG 2, and similar video sources.Has replaced VHS video in southeast Asia for flimdistribution
Orange Book Writable CDs Port I-Magneto-Optical Drivesincluding CD-R, Port II-CD-Rmagneto-optical, single andmultisession recording andpacket writing
Green Book Combination of Red Book and CD-ROM/XA can be played on either CD-I orYellow Book - for CD-I CD-ROM drives; CD-I has been used for interactive(Interactive CD) sales presentations and kiosks
CD+(Enhance CD) Combines music and computer Used by musical artists to incoporate video anddata on single CD interviews on music CDs
Z,m; (10)
88/ CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;
(u) CD rsm;udk Virus ygrygppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/
( c) zkefwufaeaom? jcpf&mygaom? zefom;aygufaeaom CD rsm;udk toHk;rjyK&yg/
( *) zkefwufaeaom CD rsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom Cleaning Kit jzifhom oefY&Sif;rI
jyKvkyfoifhygonf/
(C) Format rwlízwfr&aom CD rsm;tm; xnfhoGif;zwfjcif;udk a&SmifusOf&rnf/
( i) CD Drive twGif;&Sd Lens tm; tjcm;Murf;wrf;onfh ypönf;rsm;jzifh yGwfwdkufí
oefY&Sif;a&;jyKvkyfjcif;tm; a&SmifusOf&rnf/
( p) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif CD Drive twGif; CD xnfhvQuf
o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
(q) CD Drive twGif;rS CD udkxkwfír&ygu ta&;ay: Eject vkyfEdkifonfh
taygufudk toHk;jyKí vkyfaqmifyg/ 4if;taygufonf CD Drive \ rsufESmpm
wGif yg&Sdwwfygonf/
65 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
( Z) CD Drive &Sd Eject cvkyftm;csufjcif; zGifhydwfrI rjyKvkyfoifhyg/
High Capacity Removable Storage89/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Backup tjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? wpfae&mrS
wpfae&mokdY yrmP BuD;rm;aom File rsm;ukd o,faqmif&mwGifvnf;aumif; atmufaz:jyyg
Magnetic Media ESifh Magneto-optical Drive rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifonf-
(u) High-Capacity Floptical drive (21MB, 120MB, 250MB, 500MB[lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
( c) Bermoulli Drives(10MB, 35MB, 65MB, 105MB, 150MB [lí
trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
( *) Zip Drives (100MB, 250MB [lí trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
(C) JAZ Drives (1GB, 2GB [lítrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/)
( i) SyQuest Drives (44MB, 88MB, 270MB, 1GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
( p) Tape Drives (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 14GB, 24GB, 35 - 70 GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;
&Sdonf)
(q) Optical Storage Drives(CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW, DVD)
90/ Removable Storage tcsdKU\ pufrIqkdif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd
atmufaz:jyygZ,m;toD;oD;jzifhEIdif;,SOfEkdifygonf-
LS-120 Specifications
Drive Type LS-120 Floppy Standard 1.44MBFloppy Disk
Fomatted Capacity 120MB 1.44MBTransfer Rate: parallel port 290KB/sec 45KB/secTransfer Rate: Internal IDE 484KB/sec n/aAverage seek time 70ms 84msDisk rotational speed 720rpm 300rpmTrack density 2,490tpi 135tpiNumber of tracks 1,736×2 sides 80×2 sides
Z,m; (11)
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 66
Z,m; (12)
Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity)
Model (Interface) SCSI and/or Parallel Eide
Formatted capacity 100MB or 250MB 100MB or 250MBSubstained transfer rate 1.40MB/sec 1.40 maximum MB/secSubstained transfer rate 0.79MB/sec 0.79 minimum MB/secMaximum throughput 60MB/min(SCSI); 84MB/min
20MB/min(parallel)Average seek time 29ms 29msDisk rotational speed 2,941 rpm 2,941 rpmBuffer size 32KB 16KB
Z,m; (13)
Jaz Specifications
Model 1GB 2GB
Formatted Capacity 1070 million bytes 2000 million bytesTransfer rate:Maximum 6.62MB/sec 8.7MB/secAverage 5.4MB/sec 7.35MB/secMinimum 3.41MB/sec 3.41MB/secBurst 10MB/sec 20MB/secAverage seek time read 10 ms 10 msAverage seek time write 12 ms 12 msAcess Time 15.5-17.5ms 15.5-17.5msDisk Rotational speed 5400rpm 5394rpmBuffer size 256KB 512KBInterface Fast SCSI II Ultra SCSI
67 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
Z,m; (14)
DAT and 8mm Tape specifications
Tape Capacity TracksStandard (w/o Com- Data Appro- Tape Recording Encoding
pression) Density ximate Length Technology Format Interface
DAT 2GB/4GB 114MB/in 1869 195 ft./ Helical Scan DDS* SCSI(Digital AudioTape) 300 ft. DataDAT
VideoTape 14GB n/a n/a 120m Helical Scan
*DDS=Digital Data StorageDDS-1 drives store 2GB of uncopressed data(4GB Compressed)DDS-2 drives can store 4GB of uncompressed data(up to 8GB with compression)DDS-3 drives have a native 12GB capacity or 24GB compressed
Z,m; (15)
SparQ Specifications
Formatted Capacity 1008 milion bytes
Transfer rate:Maximum 6.9MB/secMinimum 3.7MB/secBurst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/secSubstained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/secAverage seek time 12msDisk rotational speed 5,400rpmBurst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/secSubstained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/secAverage seek time 12msDisk rotational speed 5,400rpm
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 68
Z,m; (16)
Disk/Cartridge Average DataDrive Type Capacity Seek Time Transfer Rate
lomega Zip Parallel 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/seclomega Zip IDE 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/seclomega Zip SCSI 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/secImation LS-120 Internal 120MB 70ms 4.0MB/secSyQest 235 Parallel 235MB 13.5ms 1.25MB/secAvatar Shark 250 Parallel 250MB 12ms 2.0MB/secSyQest 235 SCSI/IDE 235MB 13.5ms 2.4MB/seclomega Jaz (SCSI) 2GB 12ms 5.4MB/secAvatar Shark IDE 250M 12ms 2.5MB/secSyQest Syjet SISC 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/secSyQest Syjet IDE 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/secSyQest SparQ Parallel 1GB 12ms 1.25MB/secCD-R Drives 650MB <150ms 150KB/sec
Removeable Drive Specifications
91/ uGefysLwmtokH;jyKolrsm;taejzifh ta&;BuD;aom tcsuftvufrsm; rqkH;½IH;apa&;twGuf
trsdK;tpm;rwlaom Media (3)rsdK;jzifh ykHrSef Backup jyKvkyfxm;oifhygonf/ RemovableDrive 0,f,l&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd pOf;pm;oifhonf-
(u) 1MB odrf;qnf;&eftwGuf ukefusrnfhaiG (Price per megabyte of storage)( c) a&;Edkif? zwfEkdifonfh tjrefEIef; (Access time)( *) rnfonfhuGefysLwmESifhrqkd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifjcif;ESifh o,faqmif&vG,fuljcif;
(C) uGefysLwmtwGif; (okdYr[kwf) jyifywGifwyfqifEkdifjcif; (Internal or External)( i) uGefysLwmtm; Ready jzpfatmifjyKvkyfEkdifjcif; (Bootable)ponfwdkY jzpfygonf/
69 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
DVD Formats and Standards
Standard DVD Formats and Capacities Data Video
Format Disk Size Sides Layers Capacity Capacity
DVD-ROM Formats and Capacities
DVD-5 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB 2+ hours DVD-9 120 mm Single Double 8.5 GB 4 hours DVD-10 120 mm Double Single 9.4 GB 4.5 hours DVD-14 120 mm Double Double 13.24GB 6.5 hours DVD-18 120 mm Double Double 17 GB 8+ hours DVD-1 80 mm Single Single 1.4 GB 0.5 hours DVD-2 80mm Single Double 2.7 GB 1.3 hours DVD-3 80mm Double Single 2.9 GB 1.4 hours DVD-4 80mm Double Double 5.3 GB 2.5 hours
Recordable DVD Formats and Capacities
DVD-R1.0 120 mm Single Single 3.95 GB DVD-R2.0 120 mm Single Single 7.4 GB DVD-RAM 1.0 120 mm Single Single 2.58 GB DVD-RAM1.0 120 mm Double Single 5.16 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Double Single 9.4 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Double Single 1.4 GB
CD-ROM Formats and Capacities (For Comparison)
CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.65 GB CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.194 GB
Z,m; (17)
jyKpka&;om;ol av^1986 AdkvfrSL; rsKd;atmifvwf
356539 t&mcHAdkvf pdk;odef;
av^18849 wyfMuyfBuD; ÓPf0if;