Post on 13-Dec-2014
description
CHAPTER 8: SYSTEM ENGINEERING: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Page 2
CONTENTS
System Concepts
Examples of System
Generalized model of System
System control
Types of System
Hierarchical structure of System
Handling System Complexity
Classes of System
General model of MIS
Page 3
System Concepts
The word System is used in day to day in life with describing the subjects for example education system, business system etc
System provides a meaningful framework for describing and undertanding the functions and features of subjects
System is defined as a set of elements arranged in an orferly manner to accomplish an objective
System is always deigned to fulfill a perticular task with special objectives for example Student information System will give complete detail of student.
Page 4
Examples Of System
Systems Elements Objective
Computer Input, Process and output devices, OS ,Compilers ,Packages etc
Process data and provide information
Accounting Financial transactions, Accounting principles and rules, Transaction processing methods and tools.
Process the transactions and produce monthly books of account and information about financial management
Business Organization People , Plant and Machinery, Product and services,Communications,Transport and Material
Produce goods and services to achieve the business objectives of Service, Turnover and profits.
Page 5
Generalized Model of System
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Page 6
System Control
First control is regarding measuring output of system
Then set standard of the output as an index as system performance
If the measurement of output is not according to plan then feedback provided to system and stop the operations
This process take place in comparison unit
Mechanism which provide a signal to system about quality, performance is called feedback mechanism
The process of measuring output, comparing with standard, Sending signal to the corrective unit and corrective unit active according to it is called control.
It is done threw this diagram
Page 7
Control System Model
Channel Of
Feedback
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
SENSOR
COMPARISIONUNIT
CORRECTIVEUNIT
STANDARD
Page 8
MIS and System ControlSystem Components Business System MIS
Inputs Rawmaterials,plant,manuefacturing,selling,accounting
Data from purchase, production and sales, receipt and payments
Process Purchasing,manufacturing,selling.acccounting.
Transaction processing and data processing
Outputs Quality of production,Sales,Stock,Income and profit.
Computation of production in numbers,sales in value,stocks in weight,income and profit in rupees
Sensor Profit Income less assigned post
Comparison unit Expectation profit vs Actual Income vs Budgeted income
Standard Profit, Target Budgeted profits of various products
Feedback Balance sheet and Analysis Expectation reports
Corrective Unit MD and Business decision Decisions of marketing managers
Page 9
Types of System
A system is defined and determined by its boundaries and objectives
System is an arrangement of smaller system in logical order where many smaller system together make a larger system.
A large system can be spilicit or decomposed into subsystems up to a certain level.
The system can be classified in different categories based on predictability of its output and the output is known with certainty
Some Examples are:
- Determistic vs Probabilistic
- Open vs Closed System
- System vs Subsystem
Page 10
Types Of System
Here is example of Sub Systems
Bill ProcessingSystem
Collecting BillCollating Bill To goods
Amount payable
Preparation of Cheque and payment
Bill Security
Bill Booking
Bill Security
AuditingComputeGross Amount
Compute Taxes and duties
Finance Accounting
Page 11
Handling System Compexity
There are some methods used to deal with system complexity which are
- Identify the subsystems which have together for the function ‘cohesion’
- Form cluster of these subsystems and identify interconnection of this cluster
- Form cluster of the remaining subsystems
- Connect the cluster with interface
Page 12
System Efficiency and Effectiveness
The performance can measured 2 ways the efficiency and effectiveness
The efficiency indicates manner in which inputs are used by the system
The effectiveness is the measure of deciding whether a system provide a proper output or not.
A system has to be effective and efficient for the highest utility of the system
The effectiveness I measured goodness of output
Efficiency is a measured a productivity of system
Page 13
Post Implementation Problems of system
There are lots of problem occurs after system has implemented successfully so to navigate this problem following steps has to be taken
- A periodic review of system
- User meeting to assess the current utility of the system and the level of satisfaction
- Subjecting the system to an audit check threw the test data
- Running the system under audit trail
- Bringing out system modification
Page 14
Post Implementation Problems of system
The key terms to handle the post implementation problems in system are:
- The core design must be comprehensive and flexible to undergo a quick change
- The associated sub systems must be built under flexible design
The most successful way of handling these problems is to have a business analyst in org provide proper information with decision making authority to them.
Page 15
Classes of System
MIS should Classifies systems in 5 ways
- Data processing System(DPS)
- Transaction Processing System(TPS)
- Application Processing System(APS)
- Business function processing System(BPS)
- Integrated Information Processing System(IPS)
Page 16
MODEL OF DPS
System Of Input
Checking,Validating
Result Processing
Reports
MasterFiles
RecordFiles
QueryProcessing
Page 17
MODEL OF TPS
TransactionData Files
Master Files
TransactionProcessAlgorithm
TPS for Accuracy,Completeness,Consistency,Validity,Decision for rejectionOr acceptance
TransactionRecords
QueryProcessing
Report or Document
Display
Page 18
MODEL OF APS
ApplicationData Files
Master Files
ApplicationProcessRules
APS for Verification,,Checking, Selecting Rules and compute formula
ApplicationRecords
QueryProcessing
Report or Document
Display
Page 19
MODEL OF BPS
ApplicationData Files
Transaction Files
SystemProcessRules
APS for Verification,,Checking, Selecting Rules and compute formula
Summary of Result fileFor DSS
QueryProcessing
Future MisReport or Document
Display
SystemResultFiles
Page 20
General Model Of MIS
Sourcing System
Data Processing
Transaction Processing
Application Processing
System Processing
Integration
Bps,Aps etc
Production System
Query Processing
Exception Reporting
Data base
DSS
Or & packages
Other Systems
Process
MIS Model
Page 21
General Model Of MIS
The MIS is an arrangement of data processing and information systems in an orderly manner to support the management in achieving the business objectives
Mis is designed to provide the information
The performance of the mis design starts decaying in the post implementation period
Mis provide complete mechanism to bring back the system original equilibrium
Mis provide hierarchical structure for proper system implementation
Mis provide complete overview of system and ability to access
Mis is useful to measure performance of system and helpful to system control