Post on 01-Apr-2015
SYED A. SATTAR, Ph.D.
DIRECTOR, CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ONENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (CREM)UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, OTTAWA, ON, CANADA
SYED A. SATTAR, Ph.D.
DIRECTOR, CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ONENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (CREM)UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, OTTAWA, ON, CANADA
THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE
TRANSMISSION OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
AMONGST CHILDREN
THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE
TRANSMISSION OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
AMONGST CHILDREN
CREM
CRME
CREM
CRMECRME
CREM
CRME
CREM
CRMECRME
DESIGNING ASAFER TOMORROW
POUR UN FUTURPLUS SAIN
DESIGNING ASAFER TOMORROW
POUR UN FUTURPLUS SAIN
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 22
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
WHY THE EMPHASIS ON CHILDREN? WHY THE CONCERN WITH BACTERIAL & VIRAL
INFECTIONS? NEWER PATHOGENS & NEWER ROLES FOR THEM? LONGER-TERM IMPACTS OF INFECTIONS?
WHAT IS THE GLOBAL PICTURE? WHAT IS THE SITUATION IN CANADA & THE U.S.? HOW DO BACTERIA & VIRUSES SPREAD IN NATURE? WHAT ROLE DOES THE ENVIRONMENT PLAY? HOW CAN ENVIRONMENTAL SPREAD BE INTERRUPTED? WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD?
WHY THE EMPHASIS ON CHILDREN? WHY THE CONCERN WITH BACTERIAL & VIRAL
INFECTIONS? NEWER PATHOGENS & NEWER ROLES FOR THEM? LONGER-TERM IMPACTS OF INFECTIONS?
WHAT IS THE GLOBAL PICTURE? WHAT IS THE SITUATION IN CANADA & THE U.S.? HOW DO BACTERIA & VIRUSES SPREAD IN NATURE? WHAT ROLE DOES THE ENVIRONMENT PLAY? HOW CAN ENVIRONMENTAL SPREAD BE INTERRUPTED? WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD?
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 33
TERMS OF REFERENCETERMS OF REFERENCE
A CHILD: ANY PERSON UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE
THE ENVIRONMENT: ANYTHING OUTSIDE THE BODY
OF THE HUMAN HOST
A CHILD: ANY PERSON UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE
THE ENVIRONMENT: ANYTHING OUTSIDE THE BODY
OF THE HUMAN HOST
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 44
WHY THE EMPHASIS ON CHILDREN?WHY THE EMPHASIS ON CHILDREN?
MORE VULNERABLE TO INFECTION
GREATER EXPOSURE TO MICROBES
POTENTIAL FOR LONGER-TERM HEALTH IMPACT
DEPENDENCE ON CARE-GIVERS
LOWER LEVELS OF AWARENESS
INCREASING GROUPING IN DAYCARE CENTERS
POVERTY, MALNUTRITION & NEGLECT
MORE VULNERABLE TO INFECTION
GREATER EXPOSURE TO MICROBES
POTENTIAL FOR LONGER-TERM HEALTH IMPACT
DEPENDENCE ON CARE-GIVERS
LOWER LEVELS OF AWARENESS
INCREASING GROUPING IN DAYCARE CENTERS
POVERTY, MALNUTRITION & NEGLECT
SIMPLY PUT, A HEALTHY CHILD IS MORE LIKELY TO BE A HEALTHY ADULT
SIMPLY PUT, A HEALTHY CHILD IS MORE LIKELY TO BE A HEALTHY ADULT
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 55
WHY WORRY ABOUT THE GLOBAL PICTURE?WHY WORRY ABOUT THE GLOBAL PICTURE?
INFECTIONS CONTINUE TO BE A MAJOR KILLER
OF CHILDREN WORLDWIDE (GRAPHS)
INCREASING LEVELS OF POLLUTION POVERTY MALNUTRITION
IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS IMPACT OF DISEASES SUCH AS AIDS OVC’S (ORPHANS & VULNERABLE CHILDREN)
INFECTIONS CONTINUE TO BE A MAJOR KILLER
OF CHILDREN WORLDWIDE (GRAPHS)
INCREASING LEVELS OF POLLUTION POVERTY MALNUTRITION
IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS IMPACT OF DISEASES SUCH AS AIDS OVC’S (ORPHANS & VULNERABLE CHILDREN)
“NO ONE IS SAFE UNTIL EVERYONE IS SAFE”“NO ONE IS SAFE UNTIL EVERYONE IS SAFE”
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 66
CHILDREN AND BASIC DEPRIVATION FACTORS(UNICEF, STATE OF THE WORLD CHILDREN, 2005)
CHILDREN AND BASIC DEPRIVATION FACTORS(UNICEF, STATE OF THE WORLD CHILDREN, 2005)
FACTOR MILLIONS
NO ADEQUATE SHELTER 640
NO ACCESS TO SANITATION 500
NO ACCESS TO SAFE WATER 400
NO ACCESS TO INFORMATION 300
NO ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE SERVICES 270
HAVE NEVER BEEN TO SCHOOL 140
ARE SEVERELY FOOD-DEPRIVED 90
AIDS HAS CREATED 15 MILLION OVC’SAIDS HAS CREATED 15 MILLION OVC’S
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 77
DEMOGRAPHICS IN CANADA AND THE U.S. – 2003*(http://www.unicef.org/statistics/index_countrystats.html)
DEMOGRAPHICS IN CANADA AND THE U.S. – 2003*(http://www.unicef.org/statistics/index_countrystats.html)
*BASED ON UNICEF REPORT THE STATE OF WORLD’S CHILDREN, 2005*BASED ON UNICEF REPORT THE STATE OF WORLD’S CHILDREN, 2005
CANADA U.S.
TOTAL POPULATION 31,510,000 294,043,000
POPULATION UNDER AGE 18 6,942,000 75,893,000
POPULATION UNDER AGE 5 1,663,000 20,794,000
% OF CHILDREN LIVING IN POVERTY 14.9 21.9
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 88
MAIN CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG CHILDREN 0-4 YEARS (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 1999)
MAIN CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG CHILDREN 0-4 YEARS (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 1999)
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 99
CAUSES OF PREMATURE DEATH AMONGST 0-44 YEAR OLDS (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 1999)
CAUSES OF PREMATURE DEATH AMONGST 0-44 YEAR OLDS (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 1999)
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1010
BREAKDOWN OF KNOWN HUMAN PATHOGENS(TAYLOR ET AL. PHIL. TRANS. R. SOC. LOND. B. 2001; 356:983-989)
BREAKDOWN OF KNOWN HUMAN PATHOGENS(TAYLOR ET AL. PHIL. TRANS. R. SOC. LOND. B. 2001; 356:983-989)
OF THESE 1415 PATHOGENS,
THE MEANS OF SPREAD OF
>200 ARE NOT KNOWN!!
OF THESE 1415 PATHOGENS,
THE MEANS OF SPREAD OF
>200 ARE NOT KNOWN!!
287 HELMINTHS (20%)
66 PROTOZOA (5%)
307 FUNGI (22%)
217 VIRUSES & PRIONS (15%)
538 BACTERIA (38%)
BACTERIA & VIRUSES
TOGETHER CONSTITUTE
>50% OF KNOWN HUMAN
PATHOGENS
BACTERIA & VIRUSES
TOGETHER CONSTITUTE
>50% OF KNOWN HUMAN
PATHOGENS
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1111
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT OF INFECTIOUS AGENTSHUMAN HEALTH IMPACT OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
GLOBALLY, INFECTIONS DIRECT CAUSE OF >32% (18/56
MILLION) OF ALL DEATHS/YEAR; >45% IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES (WHO 2001)
40 NEW PATHOGENS FOUND IN PAST 30 YEARS ALONE
(DESSELBERGER, J. INFECT. 2000; 40:3-15)
INFECTIONS & DELAYED OUTCOMES, E.G., POST-POLIO &
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROMES (WHO 2003)
VIRUSES (HBV, HCV, HPV) & BACTERIA (H. PYLORI)
CAUSING CANCERS (WHO 2003)
GLOBALLY, INFECTIONS DIRECT CAUSE OF >32% (18/56
MILLION) OF ALL DEATHS/YEAR; >45% IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES (WHO 2001)
40 NEW PATHOGENS FOUND IN PAST 30 YEARS ALONE
(DESSELBERGER, J. INFECT. 2000; 40:3-15)
INFECTIONS & DELAYED OUTCOMES, E.G., POST-POLIO &
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROMES (WHO 2003)
VIRUSES (HBV, HCV, HPV) & BACTERIA (H. PYLORI)
CAUSING CANCERS (WHO 2003)
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1212
HEALTH IMPACT (CONT’D.)HEALTH IMPACT (CONT’D.)
CHRONIC CONDITIONS (ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, ARTHRITIS)
EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA
POLYMICROBIC DISEASES E.G., ~15% OF CASES OF ACUTE
OTITIS MEDIA DUE TO A MIXTURE OF VIRUSES & BACTERIA
(HEIKKINEN & CHONMAITREE. CLIN. MICROBIOL. REV. 2003; 16:230-241.)
VIRUSES & OBESITY – INFECTOBESITY (DHURANDHAR, J. NUTR.
2001; 131:2794S-2797S)
INFECTIONS & BEHAVIORAL CHANGES, E.G., TOXOPLASMA
GONDII (BERDOY ET AL. PROC R SOC LOND. B BIOL. SCI. 2000; 267:1591-1594)
LACK OF NEW VACCINES & DRUGS
DECREASING RATES OF CHILDHOOD VACCINATIONS
CHRONIC CONDITIONS (ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, ARTHRITIS)
EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA
POLYMICROBIC DISEASES E.G., ~15% OF CASES OF ACUTE
OTITIS MEDIA DUE TO A MIXTURE OF VIRUSES & BACTERIA
(HEIKKINEN & CHONMAITREE. CLIN. MICROBIOL. REV. 2003; 16:230-241.)
VIRUSES & OBESITY – INFECTOBESITY (DHURANDHAR, J. NUTR.
2001; 131:2794S-2797S)
INFECTIONS & BEHAVIORAL CHANGES, E.G., TOXOPLASMA
GONDII (BERDOY ET AL. PROC R SOC LOND. B BIOL. SCI. 2000; 267:1591-1594)
LACK OF NEW VACCINES & DRUGS
DECREASING RATES OF CHILDHOOD VACCINATIONS
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1313
GLOBAL HEALTH IMPACT OF ROTAVIRAL INFECTIONS - 1986-2000 (PARASHAR ET AL. EMERG. INFECT. DIS. 2003; 9: 565-572)
GLOBAL HEALTH IMPACT OF ROTAVIRAL INFECTIONS - 1986-2000 (PARASHAR ET AL. EMERG. INFECT. DIS. 2003; 9: 565-572)
SAFE & EFFECTIVE VACCINE STILL UNAVAILABLE PERSONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE EFFECTIVE IN
PREVENTING SPREAD OF ROTAVIRAL INFECTIONS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS VEHICLES REMAINS
UNCLEAR
SAFE & EFFECTIVE VACCINE STILL UNAVAILABLE PERSONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE EFFECTIVE IN
PREVENTING SPREAD OF ROTAVIRAL INFECTIONS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS VEHICLES REMAINS
UNCLEAR
EVENT (RISK)NUMBER/YEAR IN
MILLIONS
EPISODES OF DIARRHEA REQUIRING HOME CARE (1:1) 111
VISITS TO CLINICS (1:5) 25
HOSPITALIZATIONS (1:65) 2
DEATHS IN CHILDREN <5 YEARS (1:293) ~0.5
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1414
MODES & MEANS OF PATHOGEN SPREAD IN NATUREMODES & MEANS OF PATHOGEN SPREAD IN NATURE
Infected host Susceptible hostH O R I Z O N T A L
Susceptible host
VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL SPREAD
Infected host Susceptible hostDirect (person-to-person)
Infected host Susceptible hostIndirec
tIndirect spread is through vehicles such as
water, food, air, fomites, insects, animals, soil, hands, environmental surfaces, medical devices & transplanted blood & tissues
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1515
ENVIRONMENTAL SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS AGENTSENVIRONMENTAL SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
HUMANHOST
HUMANHOST
MEDICAL DEVICES(HEPATITIS B VIRUS)
WATER(CRYPTOSPORIDIUM)
FOOD(CAMPYLOBACTER)
AIR(INFLUENZAVIRUS)
WASTES(ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7)
SOIL(CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI)
ENVIRON. SURFACES(HEPATITIS A VIRUS)
ANIMALS(HANTAVIRUS)
INSECTS(WEST NILE VIRUS)
SECONDARY HOSTS (TOXOPLASMA GONDII)
HANDS (ROTAVIRUS)
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1616
SPREAD OF INFECTIONS IN NATURESPREAD OF INFECTIONS IN NATURE
PATHOGEN SOURCE
HANDS
ENVIRON. SURFACES
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
INSECTS
FOOD WATER
AIR
ANIMALS
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1717
BACTERIA, PARASITES & VIRUSES IN FOODBORNE DISEASE IN THE U.S. (FROM MEAD ET AL., 1999)
BACTERIA, PARASITES & VIRUSES IN FOODBORNE DISEASE IN THE U.S. (FROM MEAD ET AL., 1999)
30.2
2.6
67.2
59.9
5.3
34.8
71.7
21.2
7.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bacterial Parasitic Viral
% F
oodb
orne
Dis
ease
Illnesses
Hospitalizations
Deaths
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1818
FELINE CALICIVIRUS SURVIVAL ON FOODS AT 4°CFELINE CALICIVIRUS SURVIVAL ON FOODS AT 4°C
BIDAWID ET AL. UNPUBLISHED DATA
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 1919
FELINE CALICIVIRUS SURVIVAL ON METAL DISKS AT 4°CFELINE CALICIVIRUS SURVIVAL ON METAL DISKS AT 4°C
BIDAWID ET AL. UNPUBLISHED DATA
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2020
NEARLY 45% OF FCV REMAINS DETECTABLE ON THE HANDS OF ADULTS AFTER 20 MINUTES OF DRYING
SURVIVAL OF SELECTED ORGANISMS ON HANDS OF ADULTS AFTER ONE HOURSURVIVAL OF SELECTED ORGANISMS ON HANDS OF ADULTS AFTER ONE HOUR
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2121
GENERAL MEANS TO INTERRUPT SPREAD OF PATHOGENS
GENERAL MEANS TO INTERRUPT SPREAD OF PATHOGENS
VACCINATION (POLIO)
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION (HEP. A)
CHEMOTHERAPY (ANTIBIOTICS)
VACCINATION OF ANIMALS (RABIES)
DISEASE SURVEILLANCE (TB)
QUARANTINE (RABIES)
BARRIER PROTECTION (AIDS)
SCREENING OF BLOOD & TISSUES (HEP. B)
QUALITY CONTROL ON IMPORTS (CYCLOSPORA)
EDUCATION (TOXOPLASMOSIS)
VACCINATION (POLIO)
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION (HEP. A)
CHEMOTHERAPY (ANTIBIOTICS)
VACCINATION OF ANIMALS (RABIES)
DISEASE SURVEILLANCE (TB)
QUARANTINE (RABIES)
BARRIER PROTECTION (AIDS)
SCREENING OF BLOOD & TISSUES (HEP. B)
QUALITY CONTROL ON IMPORTS (CYCLOSPORA)
EDUCATION (TOXOPLASMOSIS)
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2222
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MEASURESENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MEASURES
WATER TREATMENT & DISTRIBUTION
FOOD TREATMENT & PRESERVATION
AIR FILTRATION & DISINFECTION
LIQUID & SOLID WASTE COLLECTION,
TREATMENT & DISPOSAL
CONTROL OF ANIMALS & INSECTS
CONTROL OF SECONDARY HOSTS
STERILIZATION
HANDWASHING CLEANING/DISINFECTION
WATER TREATMENT & DISTRIBUTION
FOOD TREATMENT & PRESERVATION
AIR FILTRATION & DISINFECTION
LIQUID & SOLID WASTE COLLECTION,
TREATMENT & DISPOSAL
CONTROL OF ANIMALS & INSECTS
CONTROL OF SECONDARY HOSTS
STERILIZATION
HANDWASHING CLEANING/DISINFECTION
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2323
ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS AND FELINE CALICIVIRUS (SATTAR ET AL., UNPUBLISHED DATA)
ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS AND FELINE CALICIVIRUS (SATTAR ET AL., UNPUBLISHED DATA)
TREATMENTMEAN VIRUS
TITER% REDUCTION
BASELINE 1.6 x 105 -
60% ETHANOL 1.0 x 104 94.0
70% ETHANOL 5.2 x 103 96.8
80% ETHANOL 6.2 x 103 96.2
THE FINGERPAD METHOD (ASTM 1838) WAS USED. TEN µL OF VIRUS IN SOIL LOAD WAS PLACED ON EACH FINGERPAD & DRIED. THE DRIED INOCULUM WAS EXPOSED TO CONTROL OR TEST
SOLUTION FOR 30 SECONDS. THE FINGERPADS WERE ELUTED & ELUATES PLAQUE ASSAYED.
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2424
AN ALCOHOL-BASED GEL AND CORONAVIRUS 229E(SATTAR ET AL., UNPUBLISHED DATA)
AN ALCOHOL-BASED GEL AND CORONAVIRUS 229E(SATTAR ET AL., UNPUBLISHED DATA)
TREATMENT MEAN SD % REDUCTION
BASELINE 1.32 X 104 0.4 -
HARD WATER (200 PPM CaCO3)
3.02 X 103 2.0 77.0
75% (V/V) ETHANOL 0 >99.99
ALCOHOL (60%) GEL 0 >99.99
THE FINGERPAD METHOD (ASTM 1838) WAS USED. TEN µL OF VIRUS IN SOIL LOAD WAS PLACED ON EACH FINGERPAD & DRIED. THE DRIED INOCULUM WAS EXPOSED TO CONTROL OR TEST
SOLUTION FOR 30 SECONDS. THE FINGERPADS WERE ELUTED & ELUATES PLAQUE ASSAYED.
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2525
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION TO INTERRUPT
ROTAVIRUS SPREAD*
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION TO INTERRUPT
ROTAVIRUS SPREAD*
TREATMENT NO. INFECTED %
OF VIRUS NO. TESTED INFECTED
NONE 13/14 93
LYSOL DISINFECTANT
SPRAY 0/14 0
Virus in fecal suspension was dried on plastic plates and volunteers asked to lick the surface with and without disinfection.
Virus in fecal suspension was dried on plastic plates and volunteers asked to lick the surface with and without disinfection.
Ward et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 1991-1996, 1991.Ward et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 1991-1996, 1991.
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2626
EMERGING ISSUESEMERGING ISSUES
INCREASED SCRUTINY OF MICROBICIDES WITH MICROBICIDAL
ACTIVITY AS ONLY ONE COMPONENT IN ACCEPTANCE & USE
FLAWED TEST METHODOLOGY
PROSPECTS FOR REGIONAL/GLOBAL HARMONIZATION
IMPROVED AWARENESS IN END-USERS
TREATED ARTICLES
MICROBICIDES & ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE (?)
MICROBICIDE RESIDUES & ENHANCED BACTERIAL
SPORULATION (WILCOX & FAWLEY. LANCET 2000; 356; 1324.)
INCREASED SCRUTINY OF MICROBICIDES WITH MICROBICIDAL
ACTIVITY AS ONLY ONE COMPONENT IN ACCEPTANCE & USE
FLAWED TEST METHODOLOGY
PROSPECTS FOR REGIONAL/GLOBAL HARMONIZATION
IMPROVED AWARENESS IN END-USERS
TREATED ARTICLES
MICROBICIDES & ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE (?)
MICROBICIDE RESIDUES & ENHANCED BACTERIAL
SPORULATION (WILCOX & FAWLEY. LANCET 2000; 356; 1324.)
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2727
HAZARDS IN MICROBICIDE USEHAZARDS IN MICROBICIDE USE
SOME 300 CHEMICALS USED AS MICROBICIDES;
MANY ARE NOW UNDER SCRUTINY MICROBICIDES ARE A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD
NO CHEMICAL THAT CAN KILL PATHOGENS CAN BE TOTALLY SAFE
FOR OTHER LIFE FORMS
DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT VOLATILE ORGANICS & AIR QUALITY DISRUPTION OF HORMONE FUNCTIONS CHANGES IN BIOFILM COMPOSITION COMBINED IMPACT OF CHEMICALS & PATHOGENS
SOME 300 CHEMICALS USED AS MICROBICIDES;
MANY ARE NOW UNDER SCRUTINY MICROBICIDES ARE A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD
NO CHEMICAL THAT CAN KILL PATHOGENS CAN BE TOTALLY SAFE
FOR OTHER LIFE FORMS
DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT VOLATILE ORGANICS & AIR QUALITY DISRUPTION OF HORMONE FUNCTIONS CHANGES IN BIOFILM COMPOSITION COMBINED IMPACT OF CHEMICALS & PATHOGENS
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2828
HOUSEHOLD MICROBICIDES & CHILDREN(M. SPANN ET AL., AM. J. PUB. HLTH. 2000;90:971-973)
HOUSEHOLD MICROBICIDES & CHILDREN(M. SPANN ET AL., AM. J. PUB. HLTH. 2000;90:971-973)
ANNUALLY ABOUT 800,000 CHILDREN (<6 YEARS IN AGE) IN THE U.S.
INGEST HOUSEHOLD PESTICIDES MEDICAL ATTENTION NEEDED IN 10% OF THE CASES MICROBICIDES INVOLVED IN >90% OF SEVERE CASES
ANNUALLY ABOUT 800,000 CHILDREN (<6 YEARS IN AGE) IN THE U.S.
INGEST HOUSEHOLD PESTICIDES MEDICAL ATTENTION NEEDED IN 10% OF THE CASES MICROBICIDES INVOLVED IN >90% OF SEVERE CASES
WORKING YOUTH & DISINFECTANTS(BREVARD ET AL., ENVIRON HLTH PERSPECT. 2003;111:1654-1659)
WORKING YOUTH & DISINFECTANTS(BREVARD ET AL., ENVIRON HLTH PERSPECT. 2003;111:1654-1659)
ACUTE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO DISINFECTANTS IN WORKING YOUTH (15-17 YEARS OF AGE) IN THE U.S.
ANALYSIS OF 300 CASES IN A 5-YEAR PERIOD (1993-1998) THE RATE OF EXPOSURES 4-FOLD HIGHER IN THE YOUTH AS
COMPARED TO THAT IN 24-44 YEAR OLDS. 45% OF CASES OF ILLNESS INVOLVED SOD. HYPOCHLORITE
ACUTE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO DISINFECTANTS IN WORKING YOUTH (15-17 YEARS OF AGE) IN THE U.S.
ANALYSIS OF 300 CASES IN A 5-YEAR PERIOD (1993-1998) THE RATE OF EXPOSURES 4-FOLD HIGHER IN THE YOUTH AS
COMPARED TO THAT IN 24-44 YEAR OLDS. 45% OF CASES OF ILLNESS INVOLVED SOD. HYPOCHLORITE
NEED BETTER EDUCATION OF PARENTSNEED BETTER EDUCATION OF PARENTS
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 2929
REASONS FOR DESPAIRREASONS FOR DESPAIR
UNABATED POPULATION INCREASE
LEVELS OF POVERTY RISING
AIR & WATER POLLUTION STILL TOO HIGH
CLIMATE CHANGE WILL IMPACT DISEASE SPREAD
INCREASING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
AIDS CONTINUES ITS ONSLAUGHT
VACCINATION RATES IN CHILDREN DROPPING RECENT (OCT. 2005) CASES OF POLIO IN THE U.S.
REDUCED EMPHASIS ON PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
UNABATED POPULATION INCREASE
LEVELS OF POVERTY RISING
AIR & WATER POLLUTION STILL TOO HIGH
CLIMATE CHANGE WILL IMPACT DISEASE SPREAD
INCREASING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
AIDS CONTINUES ITS ONSLAUGHT
VACCINATION RATES IN CHILDREN DROPPING RECENT (OCT. 2005) CASES OF POLIO IN THE U.S.
REDUCED EMPHASIS ON PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 3030
REASONS FOR HOPEREASONS FOR HOPE
RENEWED EMPHASIS ON BETTER NUTRITION
ELIMINATION/ERADICATION OF MANY CHILDHOOD DISEASES OVER 90% OF CHILDREN IN CANADA AND THE U.S. IMMUNIZED
AGAINST COMMON CHILDHOOD DISEASES
UN TREATY ON RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AN INTERNATIONAL TREATY THAT RECOGNIZES THE HUMAN RIGHTS
OF CHILDREN
AS OF NOV. 2003, TREATY RATIFIED BY 192 COUNTRIES, MORE THAN
ANY HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY IN HISTORY
SOMALIA UNABLE TO RATIFY AS IT HAS NO RECOGNIZED
GOVERNMENT
IN THE U.S., THE REVIEW TO RATIFY MAY TAKE SEVERAL YEARS
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 3131
CONCLUDING REMARKSCONCLUDING REMARKS
PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM INFECTIONS IN
GENERAL REQUIRES SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
EVEN IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WIDE VARIATIONS & GAPS IN STANDARDS OF HYGIENE
EDUCATION & PARENTAL AWARENESS SAFE & EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
MEASURES LACKING USE OF MICROBICIDES IN HAND ANTISEPSIS &
DISINFECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES
REQUIRES REVIEW. REVIVAL OF EMPHASIS ON PREVENTION NEEDED
PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM INFECTIONS IN
GENERAL REQUIRES SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
EVEN IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WIDE VARIATIONS & GAPS IN STANDARDS OF HYGIENE
EDUCATION & PARENTAL AWARENESS SAFE & EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
MEASURES LACKING USE OF MICROBICIDES IN HAND ANTISEPSIS &
DISINFECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES
REQUIRES REVIEW. REVIVAL OF EMPHASIS ON PREVENTION NEEDED
SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005SYED A. SATTAR, SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIUM, OCT., 2005 3232
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS
DR. LIZ SCOTT & OTHERS AT THE
CENTER FOR HYGIENE & HEALTH IN
HOME & COMMUNITY, SIMMONS
COLLEGE
DR. LIZ SCOTT & OTHERS AT THE
CENTER FOR HYGIENE & HEALTH IN
HOME & COMMUNITY, SIMMONS
COLLEGE