L/O/G/O

Fossil FUELhttp://share.its.ac.id

Dosen :Syamsul Arifinsyamsul@ep.its.ac.id

K4

TEKNIK KONVERSI & KONSERVASI ENERGITF 091324 / 4 SKS / Smt. 6

Teknik Konversi EnergiFossil Fuel :

Coal (Batubara) Oil (Minyak) Natural Gas (Gas alam)

Kuliah Ke-4

Fasilitator

Syamsul Arifin( syamp3ai@its.ac.id )

Surabaya 2011

Fossil Fuel : Proses Pembentukan

Cx(H2O)y

Era Paleozoic bumi, abad Carboniferous (325 Jt Tahun lalu)

Mati

Proses Penfossilan

Tekanan panas di Lapisan Bumi tampa O2

325 thn

Fotosintesis

Coal

Oil

Gas

Coal

Coal : Proses Pembentukan

Tumbuhan mati, tertimbun dilapisan tanah

Turf (Tumbuhan lapuk)

Batubara Coklat

Lignite

Batubara Subbitumin

Batubara Bitumin

Batubara Antrasitik

± 325 tahun

Tekanan & Temparatur TinggiTampa oksigen

Coal

Consists of a complex range of materials.

Varies greatly in quality depending on:•the types of vegetation from which it originated.•the depth at which the deposit was formed.•the temperatures and pressures exerted at that depth.•the length of time the coal has been forming.

Coal is classified by

Moisture content – coals high in carbon and low in moisture are ranked the highest.

Composition – coal is predominantly carbon but may also contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur.

Coal The world's most abundant fossil fuel. Global reserves exceed those of oil or

natural gas. There is so much available worldwide

that there is little concern about the remaining resources.

Ii is a dirty fuel; some types of coal have a high sulphur content (up to 3%) which contributes SO2 to acid rain.

Global Coal Consumption

Country Energy production from solid fuel

(petajoules)

Proven recoverable reserves (million

metric tons)

Reserves to production ration

(years)

China 24,045 114,500 153

USA 20,218 240,558 382Russia 6309 NA NA

India 6141 69,947 366

Australia 4634 90,940 630

South Africa 4064 55,333, 437

Poland 3719 42,100 364

Germany 3675 67,300 588

Kazakhstan 2809 NA NA

Ukraine 2802 NA NA

South Korea 2585 600 7

UK 1922 662 11

Canada 1571 8623 176

Czech Republic 1283 NA NA

Indonesia 808 32,063 1274

Proven-in-place coal reserves

World Coal ReservesEnergy production from solid fuel (petajoules) - 91,748.

Proven recoverable reserves (million metric tons) – 1.96 trillion metric tons.

Reserves to production ration (years) –208.

1 petajoule = 170,000,000 barrels of crude oil.

Coal Reservers

Top ten known recoverable

reserves.

Note variationin world totalwith previous

Slide.

Coal Map

What Next ?……..

Continued……