Post on 28-Dec-2015
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Compatibility between work and family for all?
Parental leave use among Swedish-born and foreign-born parents
Ann-Zofie Duvander
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-zofie.duvander@forsakringskassan.se
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Why would Swedish-born and foreign-born parents differ in
parental leave use?
• Labour market attachment and income• Knowledge • Preferences
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
This study
• Descriptive study on immigrants’ use of parental leave
• Analysis of benefit levels of immigrant and Swedish parents
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Parental Benefit
Introduced 1974
Goals:
• Gender equality
• Combine family and working life
• Emphasize shared responsibility of child raising
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Parental Benefit
• 240 days for each parent – 480 per child
• 60 days non-transferable
• 390 days income related, 80%
• 90 days flat rate
• Time frame: 8 years
• Flexibility – full / part time
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Data
• Administrative register
• Children born in Sweden in 1999
• Exclusions: adoptions, twins, not entitled, not two parents in Sweden, not joint custody
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Sample exclusionsChildren born 1999 measured at 48 months 101 057
Adopted, multiple births, not eligible 11 556
Parents with too many or few days 254
Children born abroad 2813
Parents not joint custody 4390
Parents immigration date after 1999 1127
Country unknown of does not exist 14
Faulty coding of benefit level 82
Sample 80 821
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
SampleMothers Fathers
Africa 1,7 % 1,8 %
Asia 3,0 % 2,3 %
EU15 0,9 % 1,3 %
Europa other 3,2 % 2,9 %
Mena 4,3 % 5,0 %
North America 0,2 % 0,3 %
Nordic countries 2,2 % 2,2 %
Oceania 0,1 % 0,1 %
Sweden 83,7 % 83,4 %
South America 0,8 0,8 %
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Parental leave use, %Mothers Fathers
Africa 97,2 57,7
Asia 96,0 57,1
EU15 91,9 71,8
Europe other 96,3 65,8
Mena 96,4 50,8
North America 93,6 60,9
Nordic countries 97,2 78,8
Oceania 90,5 68,9
Sweden 99,3 83,6
South America 97,7 68,8
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Number of days usedMothers Fathers
Africa 365 58
Asia 336 69
EU15 318 62
Europe other 351 53
Mena 359 71
North America 315 51
Nordic countries 340 57
Oceania 296 73
Sweden 341 54
South America 336 61
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Parental leave use flat rate, %Mothers Fathers
Africa 64,0 9,6
Asia 39,6 7,5
EU15 17,7 2,3
Europe other 45,9 8,9
Mena 66,1 12,4
North America 33,8 3,9
Nordic countries 6,3 1,2
Oceania 18,4 2,0
Sweden 3,6 0,7
South America 27,9 4,2
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Mean benefit per day in SEK
Mothers Fathers
Africa 143 374
Asia 208 369
EU15 331 466
Europe other 193 397
Mena 134 348
North America 263 434
Nordic countries 350 474
Oceania 322 480
Sweden 361 483
South America 243 404
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Mean parental leavebenefit by mothers’ origin. OLS.
Model 1 Model 2 (control of fathers’ origin, education
of father and mother)
Sweden ref ref
Africa -206,68 -115,94
Asia -129,77 -74,52
EU 15 -16,42 -20,92
Europe -154,03 -100,97
Mena -214,91 -126,56
North America -64,13 -54,78
Nordic -6,58 -1,30
Oceania -12,15 -15,83
South America -97,98 -61,56
R2 0,2165 0,3335
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Mean parental leavebenefit by fathers’ origin. OLS.
Model 1 Model 4 (control of mothers’ origin, education
of father and mother)
Sweden ref ref
Africa -195,70 -77,82
Asia -147,10 -69,54
EU 15 -12,44 -15,01
Europe -146,70 -63,17
Mena -196,42 -82,13
North America -55,73 -45,89
Nordic -12,87 -5,37
Oceania 9,01 -5,90
South America -97,16 -60,30
R2 0,2165 0,3335
Swedish Social Insurance Agency
Ann-Zofie Duvander@socialagency.se
Conclusion
• Swedish parental leave is suitable for dual-earners established in the labour market
• Large differences between groups• Will larger immigrant groups lead to larger
variations in use?• Long, flexible, generous leave will lead to
marginalized groups?