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SustainableSustainabledevelopmentdevelopment
Sustainable development:Sustainable development:
meeting the needs of the meeting the needs of the present without compromising present without compromising the ability of future generations the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.to meet their own needs.
– World Commission on Environment and World Commission on Environment and Development (1987): Development (1987): Our Common FutureOur Common Future
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Environment
Economy Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
the sustainable the sustainable development triangledevelopment triangle
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Environment
Economy Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Environment
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•biodiversitybiodiversity•materialsmaterials
•energyenergy•biophysical interactionsbiophysical interactions
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Economy
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•money and capitalmoney and capital•employmentemployment
•technological growthtechnological growth•investmentinvestment
•market forcesmarket forces
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)•equity (dependence / independence)equity (dependence / independence)
•quality of lifequality of life•institutional structures and organizationinstitutional structures and organization
•political structurespolitical structures
The ‘The ‘3 Es3 Es’ Model ’ Model
Ecology
Economy Equity
The Healthy Community Model The Healthy Community Model
SOCIETYSOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
HEALTHHEALTH
Sustainability: PROBLEMSSustainability: PROBLEMS Depletion of finite resourcesDepletion of finite resources
– fuels, soil, minerals, speciesfuels, soil, minerals, species Over-use of renewable resourcesOver-use of renewable resources
– forests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public fundsforests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public funds PollutionPollution
– air, water, soilair, water, soil InequityInequity
– economic, political, social, gendereconomic, political, social, gender Species lossSpecies loss
– endangered species and spacesendangered species and spaces
- WCED, 1987- WCED, 1987
Sustainability: SOLUTIONSSustainability: SOLUTIONS Cyclical material useCyclical material use
– emulate natural cycles; 3 R’semulate natural cycles; 3 R’s Safe reliable energySafe reliable energy
– conservation, renewable energy, conservation, renewable energy, substitution, interim measuressubstitution, interim measures
Life-based interestsLife-based interests– health, creativity, communication, health, creativity, communication,
coordination, appreciation, learning, coordination, appreciation, learning, intellectual and spiritual developmentintellectual and spiritual development
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
EQUITYEQUITY
LIMITS TO GROWTHLIMITS TO GROWTH
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
the concept of the concept of needsneeds, particularly the essential , particularly the essential needs of the world’s poorneeds of the world’s poor
EQUITYEQUITY
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
EQUITYEQUITY• the quality of being fair or impartial;the quality of being fair or impartial; fairness; impartiality fairness; impartiality
• something that is fair and just.something that is fair and just.
-dictionary.com-dictionary.com
Contrast with:Contrast with:
EQUALITYEQUALITY• the state or quality of being equal;the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in quantity, degree, correspondence in quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability. value, rank, or ability.
• uniform character, as of motion or uniform character, as of motion or surface. surface.
-dictionary.com-dictionary.com
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
the idea of the idea of limitationslimitations (ecological, technological, (ecological, technological, and social) which affect the environment’s and social) which affect the environment’s ability to meet present and future needsability to meet present and future needs
LIMITS TO GROWTH LIMITS TO GROWTH
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
Two key sustainable development concepts:Two key sustainable development concepts:
LIMITS TO GROWTHLIMITS TO GROWTH- - quantitative quantitative andand qualitative limits qualitative limits- living within the regenerative and- living within the regenerative and
assimilative capacities of the assimilative capacities of the planetplanet
-WCED 1987-WCED 1987
Sustainable development...Sustainable development...
implies limitsimplies limits Not predefined absolute limits, but Not predefined absolute limits, but
limitations imposed by:limitations imposed by:– the ability of the biosphere to absorb the the ability of the biosphere to absorb the
effects of human activitieseffects of human activities– adaptability of human social and political adaptability of human social and political
organizationorganization– technologytechnology
Sustainable development Sustainable development and economic growthand economic growth
Economic growth must be made:Economic growth must be made:– less material intensive (‘dematerialization of less material intensive (‘dematerialization of
the economy’)the economy’)– less energy intensiveless energy intensive– more equitable in its impactsmore equitable in its impacts
Economic growth may be reduced or Economic growth may be reduced or curtailed to meet limitations imposed by curtailed to meet limitations imposed by environment, technology, or societyenvironment, technology, or society
Institutional gaps impeding Institutional gaps impeding sustainable developmentsustainable development
2 major gaps:2 major gaps: fragmented decision makingfragmented decision making
– narrow mandates, jurisdictional rigidity, narrow mandates, jurisdictional rigidity, lack of communication and coordinationlack of communication and coordination
lack of accountabilitylack of accountability– failure to make the bodies whose policy failure to make the bodies whose policy
actions degrade the environment actions degrade the environment responsible for their actions responsible for their actions
materials and materials and energyenergy
Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:
ENERGYENERGY
CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONALURBAN SYSTEMURBAN SYSTEM
MATERIALSMATERIALS
HEATHEAT
WASTE &WASTE &TOXINSTOXINS
One-way flow of materials and energyOne-way flow of materials and energy
CONSUMERCONSUMERSOCIETYSOCIETY
NON-RENEWABLENON-RENEWABLEand RENEWABLEand RENEWABLE
HIGHHIGHTHROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
CONSERVERCONSERVERSOCIETYSOCIETY
Sustainable civilization:Sustainable civilization:
•Cyclical flows of materials Cyclical flows of materials •Appropriate energy usageAppropriate energy usage
Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
RENEWABLERENEWABLE
Waste MinimizationWaste MinimizationToxics controlToxics control
LOWLOWTHROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
ENERGYENERGY
MATERIALSMATERIALS
Low-qualityLow-qualityHeat EnergyHeat Energy
Low-volumeLow-volumeNontoxic Nontoxic Waste Waste MaterialsMaterials
informationinformationand decision and decision
makingmaking
Sustainable development...Sustainable development...
considers future and present needs considers future and present needs when when making decisionsmaking decisions about: about:– resource and energy useresource and energy use
– technological developmenttechnological development
– direction of investmentsdirection of investments
– social, political & institutional social, political & institutional change...etc. etc. etc.change...etc. etc. etc.
Applied POLICY
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONALDECISION MAKING
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONALDECISION MAKING
• NON-PARTICIPATORYNON-PARTICIPATORY
•FRAGMENTEDFRAGMENTED
SOCIETYSOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
ECONOMYECONOMY
ENV’TENV’T
SOCIETYSOCIETY
TRADITIONALDECISION MAKING
ECOSYSTEM-BASEDDECISION MAKING
‘‘ECO-ECO-
SYSTEMSYSTEM
HEALTH’HEALTH’
SOCIETYSOCIETY
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
ECONOMYECONOMY
ECOSYSTEM-BASEDDECISION MAKING
• PARTICIPATORYPARTICIPATORY
• INTEGRATEDINTEGRATED
‘‘ECO-ECO-
SYSTEMSYSTEM
HEALTH’HEALTH’
Fragmented decision-makingFragmented decision-making
ISSUE ISSUE federal /federal /
nationalnational
municipalmunicipal
publicpublic
privateprivate
provincial /provincial /
statestateregionalregional
otherother
interestsinterests
communitycommunity
groupsgroups
- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991
Integrated decision-makingIntegrated decision-making
regionalregional
provincial/provincial/
statestatemunicipalmunicipalmunicipal
privateprivateprivate
communitycommunitycommunity
groupsgroupsgroups
publicpublicpublicother other
interestsinterests
federal/federalfederal/
nationalnationalnationalISSUEISSUEISSUE
- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991
decision makingdecision making
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• reactivereactive (‘end of pipe’)(‘end of pipe’)
decision makingdecision making
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• anticipatoryanticipatory(planning for (planning for change)change)
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• radicalradical(fundamental; (fundamental; root causes)root causes)
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change in demandchange in demand - - less consumptionless consumption - alternative consumption- alternative consumption
• change in processchange in process - - clean technologyclean technology - elimination of toxics- elimination of toxics
• sewage treatment plantsewage treatment plant- - ‘end of pipe’ solution‘end of pipe’ solution
• environmentenvironment andand
economyeconomy andand
societysociety
• environmentenvironmentandand
economyeconomy
• environmentenvironmentoror
economyeconomy
Originally:Originally:Hotel sheets & towels changed every dayHotel sheets & towels changed every dayLeads to eutrophication / water pollutionLeads to eutrophication / water pollution
TOURISM EXAMPLE:TOURISM EXAMPLE:
Hotel sheet and towel policyHotel sheet and towel policy
Response:Response:Guests given choiceGuests given choiceMost keep same sheets Most keep same sheets and towelsand towelsFewer towels and Fewer towels and sheets are laundered sheets are laundered each dayeach day
TOURISM EXAMPLE:TOURISM EXAMPLE:
Hotel sheet and towel policyHotel sheet and towel policy
Result:Result:Reduced environmental Reduced environmental impactimpactHotel saves money, Hotel saves money, increases profits and (...?) increases profits and (...?) keeps rates downkeeps rates downGuests feel like they are Guests feel like they are making a positive making a positive environmental contribution environmental contribution
TOURISM EXAMPLE:TOURISM EXAMPLE:
Hotel sheet and towel policyHotel sheet and towel policy
Northern Northern TelecomTelecom
based in Canadabased in Canada 42 plants in various countries42 plants in various countries manufacturer of electronic components manufacturer of electronic components
(telecommunications)(telecommunications) 1988: 1000+ tonnes of CFCs per year1988: 1000+ tonnes of CFCs per year 1992: 0 tonnes of CFCs used per year1992: 0 tonnes of CFCs used per year
EARLYEARLYEXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
Original ProcessOriginal Process
1) raw components and grease1) raw components and grease
2) manufacturing and assembly process2) manufacturing and assembly process
3) clean off grease with CFCs3) clean off grease with CFCs
4) finished product4) finished product
Revised processRevised process
1) raw components, 1) raw components, nono grease grease
2) manufacturing and assembly process2) manufacturing and assembly process
3) no need to clean off grease with CFCs3) no need to clean off grease with CFCs
4) finished product4) finished product
Environment Environment ANDAND Economy Economy
$1 million to develop new process$1 million to develop new process $4 million savings in first year (no $4 million savings in first year (no
CFCs)CFCs) $50 million savings to year 2000$50 million savings to year 2000 international environmental prize -> international environmental prize ->
great publicitygreat publicity contract with Mexico for industrial contract with Mexico for industrial
innovation (very lucrative)innovation (very lucrative)
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change inchange in demand for demand for product product
• change inchange in industrialindustrial process process
• sewagesewage treatmenttreatment plant forplant for wastes wastes
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change inchange in demanddemand
• change inchange in industrialindustrial process process
• sewagesewage treatmenttreatment plant forplant for wastes wastes
BiodiversityBiodiversity
• apply apply landscape landscape ecologyecology principles principles to humanto human activity activity
• establish establish national national parks (12%)parks (12%) to protectto protect habitats habitats
• zoo / seed zoo / seed bank for bank for endangered endangered species species
TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportation
• better urbanbetter urban planningplanning
• alternativealternative energyenergy
• catalyticcatalytic convertersconverters
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
Tourism: Tourism: HotelsHotels
• change inchange in tourist tourist expectations expectations for energy for energy use use
• fundamental fundamental redesign of redesign of hotels and hotels and resorts resorts
• compact compact fluorescent fluorescent bulbs and bulbs and keytag keytag interlocks interlocks
•
Tourism:Tourism:Cruise IndustryCruise Industry• replacementreplacement of cruise of cruise tourism with tourism with sustainable sustainable alternativealternative forms offorms of tourism tourism
• cleaner, cleaner, more efficient more efficient cruise ships; cruise ships; reduction of reduction of onboard onboard consumption consumption
• sewage sewage containment, containment, onshore onshore power feeds, power feeds, recycling recycling
Tourism:Tourism:Nature basedNature based
• inviolateinviolate ecosystems ecosystems
• eco-eco- tourism; tourism; matching matching traffic to traffic to capacity of capacity of habitats habitats
• fundingfunding conservation conservation of endangered of endangered wildlife wildlife
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
values, ideologies values, ideologies and strategiesand strategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvaluesindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
strategiesstrategies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)
……which give rise towhich give rise to
practical applications of ideologically consistent practical applications of ideologically consistent ideas, actions, policies and programsideas, actions, policies and programs
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
environmental valuesenvironmental values
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• holistic perspectiveholistic perspective
• everything is connected to everything elseeverything is connected to everything else• parts can only be understood in the context parts can only be understood in the context of the wholeof the whole
• nature as a living organism or systemnature as a living organism or system
(after (after Macdonald, D. 1991. Macdonald, D. 1991. The Politics of PollutionThe Politics of Pollution. . McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)
environmental valuesenvironmental values
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• humans living within naturehumans living within nature -> inherent value of other organisms and-> inherent value of other organisms and inanimate objectsinanimate objects
• limits to growthlimits to growth
(after (after Macdonald, D. 1991. Macdonald, D. 1991. The Politics of PollutionThe Politics of Pollution. . McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)McClelland and Stewart, Toronto: p.33)
environmental valuesenvironmental values
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• appropriate technologyappropriate technology
• matching the scope and scale of technologymatching the scope and scale of technology to the task at handto the task at hand
• principles of durability and efficiencyprinciples of durability and efficiency
• recognition that new technology brings bothrecognition that new technology brings both benefits benefits andand problems problems
environmental valuesenvironmental values
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
•appropriate scaleappropriate scale
• appropriate sizes for institutions, socialappropriate sizes for institutions, social organizations, communitiesorganizations, communities
•accessible and accountable decision-makingaccessible and accountable decision-making
in public and private sectorsin public and private sectors