T H E S E A R C H F O R

THE SUSTAINABLE CITY

Being a sustainable city means "improving the quality of life in a city, including ecological, cultural, political,

institutional, social and economic components without leaving a burden on future generations”

SUSTAINABLE CITY

SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITYMinimum ecological disruption, practice conservation, maintain a constant population

TRADITIONAL CITYContemporary pattern of world urbanization = un sustainable

"Sustainable community development is the ability to make development choices which respect the relationship between

the three "E's"-economy, ecology, and equity:

Economy - Economic activity should serve the common good, be self-renewing, and build local assets and self-reliance.

Ecology - Human are part of nature, nature has limits, and communities are responsible for protecting and building natural assets.

Equity - The opportunity for full participation in all activities, benefits, and decision-making of a society."

- Mountain Association for Community Economic Development (MACED): Hart Environmental Data

SUSTAINABLE CITY

NOW

ECOLOGICAL CITY1970s

GARDEN CITY1900s

IN SEARCH OF

GARDEN CITY

GARDEN CITY-Background: Industrial Revolution created slums

-Creator: Ebenezer Howard

-Inspired from Garden City of To-morrow

-Example: Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn (1920)

-Garden City: Integration of Town and Country

-Combine economic and social advantages of an energetic and active TOWN life with all the beauty and the delight of the COUNTRY

social CITY

NEOTECHNIC CITY-Urban sustainability as completeness of relation of organism, function and environment

-Background: Dysfunctional city of early 20th century

-Creator: Patrick Geddes

-Seeing City as a Whole

-Planning city = sustainable water = sustainable resources

-The sustainability of cities and the quality of human life are closely interlinked

BROADACRE CITY-Urban sustainability as decentralized democratization in an urban form nearest organic as possible

-Creator: Frank Llyod Wright

-Newly born suburbia

-Opposite Transit Oriented Development

BIOTECHNIC CITY-Urban sustainability as decentralized in a life-centered order

-Creator: Lewis Mumford

-Urban form, small, rural, genial & integrated

-Regional but compact

-Central biological needs for the family

IN SEARCH OF

ECOLOGICAL CITY

DESIGN WITH NATURE-Urban sustainability as environmentally sensitive planning

-Background: Ugliness, disorder, modern economic

-Creator: Ian McHarg

-There were many factors that went into the broad field of social values, including historic, water, forest, wildlife, scenic, recreation, residential, institutional, and land values.

-Cluster Development

-Linked natural and social value

-Geographical Information System

SUSTAINABLE LAND USE

OPTIMAL SITE

COST ACCOUNTING OF NATURE

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

SYMBIOTIC COMMUNITY-Urban sustainability as design based on natural carrying capacity

-Location: Cerro Gordo, Oregon

-Creator: Chris Canfield

-Symbiosis with the biosphere

VILLAGE HOMESDAVIS, CALIFORNIA – THE ECOLOGICAL CITY

-Urban sustainability as solar design, natural drainage and edible landscape

-Creator: Michael Corbett (1975)

-Inspired by medieval village of Spain

-Solar design should cut daily family energy budget

-When residential developments implement sustainable principles -> both economic and environment benefits follow

PERMACULTUREPERMANENT AGRICULTURE

-Urban sustainability as a perennial system of agrourbanism

-Creator: Bill Mollison

-Permaculture: is a urban design strategy over time that integrates community patterns with ecological imperatives, organizing indigenous knowledge and experience with resources available in a community.

-Emphasize complex interlinked between landscape and the built environment through food, waste, water and energy

-Nature’s own system

3 questions on PERMACULTUREPERMANENT AGRICULTURE

1. How do geology and geography interact with the sun, water, wind and nutrient cycling of the living landscape

2. How can water harvesting, food production, and other unique attributes influence and contribute to design of the housing space?

3. What can be done without disrupting the natural order of things?

THE SEARCH OF

SUSTAINABLE CITY

NEO TRADITIONAL TOWN PLANNING

-Urban sustainability as the control of regional growth

-Creator: Peter Calthorpe (1989)

-New Urbanism: creating new community space that is dense, diverse and convenient

-Return to traditionalist America town planning (before 1940s): a close proximity between uses and an interlocking grid of streets.

-Critique: community feature not a natural feature

NEW URBANISM

1.Walking Distance2.Use Public Transit3.Live closer to activity node

=

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTIN FILL AREASREDEVELOP

DENSITY

EC’S URBAN GREEN PAPER-Urban sustainability as urban compactness and regeneration

Principal approaches in contemporary urban sustainability:

-Revitalizing cities by making them more compact

-Regenerating existing urban land

RECOMMENDATIONS:

-Heterogeneity, physical beauty, compactness of historic cities

LIVABLE CITY

Nash’s Island Civilization

-Urban sustainability as a global civilization of 1.5 billion humans living in 500 compact cities.

-Creator: Roderick Nash(1991)

-Urban compactness as an essential element of sustainability

-Buckminster Fuller, MVRDV, Paolo Soleri

-Human presence on earth to endure

-Advance the rights of nature

-Preserve wilderness between cities

-Global population to maximize their intellectual and technology

CIRCULAR METABOLISM

-Urban sustainability as a closed natural resource cycle

CIRCULAR METABOLISM OF SUSTAINABLE CITIES

VSLINEAR METABOLISM OF MODERN CITIES

CLEAN ENERGY, RECYCLED MATERIALS, AUGMENTED FOREST, ETC

SUSTAINABLY DESIGN CITIES

-Urban sustainability as the control of regional growth

-Creator: William McDonough(1992)

-Achieving a sustainable civilization is a design problem

NATURE’S 3 PRINCIPLES-Nature produces no waste – only food – Cradle to Cradle

-Nature promotes maximum diversity

-Nature relies on its solar energy account

HANNOVER PRINCIPLESA GUIDE TO THE SEARCH OF SUSTAINABILITY:

Insist on human rights and sustainability.Recognize the interaction of design with the environment.Consider the social and spiritual aspects of buildings and

designed objects.Be responsible for the effect of design decisions.

Ensure that objects have long-term value.Eliminate waste and consider the entire life-cycle of designed

objects.Make use of "natural energy flows" such as solar power and

its derivatives.encourage open communic

Be humble, and use nature as a model for design.Share knowledge, strive for continuous improvement, and

encourage open communication among stakeholders.

Tangye Masterplan,China

Sustainable city within a sustainability watershed

-Urban sustainability holistic, diverse, fractal and evolutionary

-Creator: Margot McDonald(1993)

-Project: Transformation of Los Osos, California

-Holistic: composed of interdependent and interconnected subsystems at multiple scales

-Diverse: decisions should enhance biological, social, cultural and economic diversity at all scales

-Fractal: design with nature based on chaos pattern of geometry

-Evolutionary: seeks efficiency through iteration

HABITAT STUDIOAdvanced Integrated Pond System

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

-Urban sustainability as regenerative urban systems

-Creator: John T. Lyle (1994)

-Urban sustainability will only be achieved: society incorporates regenerative energy and water flow systems of nature into its city.

CONCLUSION: SUSTAINABLE CITY …-Is a garden city that integrates town and country (Howard, 1992)

-Possesses the vital form of medieval city (Geddes, 1915)

-Has a form nearest as organic as possible (Wright, 1935)

-Is designed with nature (McHarg, 1969)

-Does not exceed nature’s carrying capacity (Canfield, 1993)

-Features solar design, natural drainage, edible landscape (Corbett and Corbett, 1984)

-Is a permaculture (Mollison, 1978)

-Uses transit oriented development to control growth (Calthorpe, 1993)

-Is compact and regenerative of damaged or derelict urban land (CEC, 1990)

-Is made compact to allow surrounding wilderness to flourish (Nash, 1991)

-Has a circular metabolism (Girardet, 1992)

-Makes no waste, seeks biodiversity, relies on the sun (McDonough, 1992)

-Is holistic, diverse, fractal and evolutionary (McDonald, 1994)

-Is comprised of Green Infrastructures (Lyle, 1994)

CASE STUDY

DongTan, Shanghai

-Wetland development

-Zero green-house emission transit

-Self-sufficient water

-Self-sufficient energy systems

-Village-style neightbourhoods

-Energy centre: wind turbines, bio-fuels, recycled organic material

-Waste reused

Sociopolis, Valencia, Spain

ECOLOGY + HOUSING

Total Area : 35 haLandscape Area : 16.5 haTotal Building Footprint Area : 12 haTotal Units : ±3000 units

The architects:Vicente Guallart,

Abalos & Herreros, Manuel Gausa, Eduardo Arroyo,

José María Torres Nadal, Sogo Arquitectos,

Willy Muller, Antonio Lleyda / Eduardo de la Peña,

Toyo Ito, MVRDV,

Greg Lynn FORM, Duncan Lewis,

José Luis Mateo, Kim Young-Joon,

JM Lin, Jose Maria Lozano and Maria Colomer.

Residential Concepts

the needs of the new types of family unit (young people, the elderly, single-parent families, etc.)

both owner-occupied and rented in a quality urban setting in which the landscaped areas, social

amenities and good architecture generate urban excellence.

Vicente GuallartRent Apartment for Young

Willy MullerPile Tower: Rent Apartment + Sport

Manuel GausaResidential Topography + Kindergarten

MVRDVHuerta Tower – Stacked Housing Units +

Fruit Trees

Toyo ItoApartments for the Elderly